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{{About|Mars in Hindu astrology}}
{{Short description|Deity of Planet Mars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Angraka graha.JPG
| caption = Mangala riding on his mount [[Sheep|Ram]]
| name = Mangala
| Devanagari = मंगल
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Mangala
| affiliation = [[Graha]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| god_of = [[Mars]]
| abode = Mangala loka
| deity_of = God of Aggression, <br>'''[[Mars]]'''
| number =
| planet = Mars
| day = Tuesday
| mantra = Om Angakaraya Namah
| colour = Red
| father = [[Varaha]]
| mother = [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]]
| consort =
| mount = [[Sheep|Ram]]
| member_of = [[Navagraha]]
}}

'''Mangala''' ([[Devanagari|Sanskrit]]: मङ्गल, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Maṅgala}}) is the name for [[Mars]], the red planet, in [[Hindu texts]].<ref name="Dalal2010p240">{{cite book|author=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA240|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=240}}</ref> Also known as '''Lohit''' (meaning: red), he is the god of anger, [[celibate]] and sometimes linked to god [[Kartikeya]] (Skanda).<ref name="Dalal2010p240"/> His origins vary with different mythological texts; in most texts, he is the son of [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]], the Earth Goddess and Vishnu, born when he raised her from the depths of water in [[Varaha]] avatar. In other myths, he is born from [[Shiva]]'s sweat or blood drop.<ref name="Dalal2010p240"/>

==Astrology and worship==

[[Jyotisha]] is Hindu astrology, which entails concept of [[Nakshatra]] (see also [[List of Natchathara temples]]), [[Navagraha]] (see also [[Navagraha temples|List of Navagraha temples]] and [[Saptarishi]] included in the [[list of Hindu deities]] whose [[List of Hindu temples|dedicated temples]] are found at various [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]] to which Hindus take pilgrimage [[yatra]].

==Planet==
Mangala as a planet appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in [[Sanskrit]], such as the 5th century ''Aryabhatiya'' by [[Aryabhata]], the 6th century ''Romaka'' by Latadeva and ''Panca Siddhantika'' by Varahamihira, the 7th century ''Khandakhadyaka'' by [[Brahmagupta]] and the 8th century ''Sisyadhivrddida'' by Lalla.<ref name="Burgess1989vii">{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=vii–xi}}</ref> These texts present Mangala as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/> Other texts such as ''Surya Siddhanta'' dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/>

The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Mangala's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel D. Barnett|title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x40mwFwgK44C&pg=PA190 |year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0530-5 |pages=190–192 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=ix-xi, xxix}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J Fleet | title=Arbhatiya|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LssAAAAIAAJ|year=1911|publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society|pages=794–799}}</ref>

The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Mangala, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:<ref name="Burgess198926">{{cite book|author=Ebenezer Burgess|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2|pages=26–27}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Sanskrit and other texts: How many days for Mangala (Mars) to complete its orbit?
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | Source
| width=340px | Estimated time per sidereal revolution<ref name="Burgess198926"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | ''Surya Siddhanta''
| width=340px | 686 days, 23 hours, 56 minutes, 23.5 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | ''Siddhanta Shiromani''
| width=340px | 686 days, 23 hours, 57 minutes, 1.5 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | [[Ptolemy]]
| width=340px | 686 days, 23 hours, 31 minutes, 56.1 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px | 20th century calculations
| width=340px | 686 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes, 41.4 seconds
|}

==Calendar and zodiac==
Mangala is the root of the word 'Mangalavara' or [[Tuesday]] in the Hindu calendar.<ref name="Dalal2010p240"/> The word ''मंगल'' also means "auspicious" but the planet मंगल is considered malefic.

Similarly, the names of Tuesday in other Indo-European languages are often derived from the Roman god Mars,<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard L. Thompson|title=Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oi64rTVwNMC&pg=PA88|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1954-2 |pages=88 }}</ref> (such as the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''Martis'' "Tuesday") or a god ascribed with similar characteristics. The root of the English word Tuesday, for instance, is the old [[List of Germanic deities|Germanic god]] of war and victory, [[Tīw]], also known as Týr.<ref>{{cite book|author=Linda T. Elkins-Tanton|title=Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ3y870Hxp4C|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0726-4|pages=v–vi}}</ref>

Mangala is part of the [[Navagraha]] in Hindu zodiac system. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the [[Vedanga Jyotisha]] which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE.
[[File:OSIRIS Mars true color.jpg|thumb|Mangala as the malefic planet [[Mars]]|299x299px]]
Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the [[Vedic period]] and was recorded in the [[Vedas]]. The [[Classical planet|classical planets]], including Mars, were referenced in the [[Atharvaveda]] from the second millennium BCE. The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from [[Western Asia]], including [[Zoroastrian calendar|Zoroastrian]] and [[Hellenistic astrology|Hellenistic]] influences. The [[Yavanajataka]], or 'Science of the [[Yavana|Yavanas]]', was written by the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] named "[[Yavanesvara]]" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the [[Western Kshatrapa]] king [[Rudrakarman I]]. The Yavanajataka written in 120 CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the [[Shaka era]] with the [[Saka]], or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the [[Indian national calendar]], which is also called the Saka calendar.

==Iconography==
He is painted red or flame colour, four-armed, carrying a trident (Sanskrit: ''[[trishula|trishūla]]''), [[Gada (mace)|mace]] (Sanskrit: ''gadā''), lotus (Sanskrit: ''[[Padma (attribute)|Padma]]'') and a spear (Sanskrit: ''[[Shula (spear)|shūla]]''. His mount (Sanskrit: ''[[vahana]]'') is a ram. He presides over ([[Tuesday]]).<ref>''Mythology of the Hindus'', Charles Coleman, p. 132</ref>

== Other Names ==
Mars (Mangala) is also called:
* '''Angāraka''' (अङ्गारक) - one who is red in colour also called
* '''Raktavarna''' (रक्तवर्ण) - whose color is like blood.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.0.soas.82184
|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121215002336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.0.soas.82184
|url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=aṅgāraka 126 |access-date=21 February 2010 |last=Turner |first=Sir Ralph Lilley |author-link=Ralph Lilley Turner |year=1962 |work=A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago |page=7 |quote=aṅgāraka 126 aṅgāraka '(hypothetical) red like embers', masculine 'charcoal'. 2. masculine 'the planet Mars'. [áṅgāra -- ]1. Pali aṅgāraka -- 'red like charcoal'; Sanskrit aṅārī 2. Pali aṅgāraka -- masculine 'Mars',; Sanskrit aṅāro masculine [[Tuesday]]. }}</ref>
* '''Bhauma''' (भौम) - son of Bhumi.
* '''Lohitānga''' (लोहिताङ्ग) - red bodied (Loha also means Iron, so could also mean Iron Bodied).
* '''Kuja''' (कुज) - he who is born from Earth.
* '''Bha''' (भ) - shining.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/75 75]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

==Mangala verses==
The word ''Mangala'' is ancient, first appearing in the Rigveda (2nd millennium BCE), and mentioned by grammarian Patanjali (~2nd century BCE), but not as an astrological term, rather to mean "auspicious-successful" (''siddha'') structure in literary arts. Panini too mentions it in verse I.3.1 in a similar context.<ref name="Slaje2008p22">{{cite book|author=Walter Slaje|title=Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fD0Ypvxmzj8C&pg=PA22 |year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05645-8|pages=22–24}}</ref> In the Vedic texts, states Christopher Minkowski, there is no mention of auspicious rituals, or auspicious start or timing of a ritual, rather the "mangala" as auspicious practices likely emerged in the Indian traditions during the medieval era (after mid 1st millennium CE), thereafter found in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.<ref name=minkowski8>{{cite book|editor=Walter Slaje|author = Christopher Minkowski |title=Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fD0Ypvxmzj8C&pg=PA22 |year=2008| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05645-8|pages=8–24}}</ref> The ritualistic [[Mimamsa]] school of Hinduism did not include any ''mangala'' (auspicious) verses, related to plane "Mangala" in any of its text throughout the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=minkowski8/>

The Markendeya Puran has "मङ्गल्कवचम् स्तोत्र " referring to planet "Mangal".

==See also==

* [[Jyotisha]]
* [[Navagraha]]
** [[Navagraha temples|List of Navagraha temples]]
* [[Nakshatra]]
** [[List of Natchathara temples]]
** [[Saptarishi]]
* [[List of Hindu deities]]
* [[List of Hindu temples]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|List of Hindu pilgrimage sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal | last=Pingree | first=David | title=The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy | publisher=SAGE | volume=4 | issue=1 | year=1973 | doi=10.1177/002182867300400102 }}
*{{cite book|last=Pingree |first= David | title= Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz| year= 1981| isbn= 978-3447021654 }}
*{{cite book|author=Yukio Ohashi|editor=Johannes Andersen|title=Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC|year=1999|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4}}
*''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola

{{Navagraha}}
{{Hindu astrology}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Navagraha]]
[[Category:War gods]]
[[Category:Martian deities]]

Mangala - Revision history

2405:201:5804:A05E:B10F:315F:CD26:31E5 at 16:00, 6 January 2023

58.182.176.169: section added for context