Rudra2020: Article updated with improved flow

2025-10-07T13:53:04Z

Article updated with improved flow

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-20T19:12:30Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:42, 21 June 2022
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[File:Mandukya Upanisad verses 1-3, Atharvaveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.25\|''Mandukya Upanisad'' manuscript page, Verses 1–3, ''Atharvaveda'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)]]		[[File:Mandukya Upanisad verses 1-3, Atharvaveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.25\|''Mandukya Upanisad'' manuscript page, Verses 1–3, ''Atharvaveda'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)]]
	{{Upanishads}}		{{Upanishads}}
	The '''Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad''' (~~[[Sanskrit]]:~~ माण्डूक्य उपनिषद्, {{IAST\|Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad}}) is the shortest of all the [[Upanishads]], and is assigned to [[Atharvaveda]].<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> It is listed as number 6 in the [[Muktikā]] canon of 108 Upanishads.<ref name=muktika/>		The '''Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad''' ({{lang-sa\|माण्डूक्य उपनिषद्}}, {{IAST\|Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad}}) is the shortest of all the [[Upanishads]], and is assigned to [[Atharvaveda]].<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> It is listed as number 6 in the [[Muktikā]] canon of 108 Upanishads.<ref name=muktika/>

	It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> It discusses the syllable [[Aum]]; presents the theory of four states of consciousness; and asserts that ''Aum'' is Brahman – which is the Whole – and that ''Brahman'' is this self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)\|ātman]]'').<ref name=pauldeussenfull>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-637</ref><ref name=humefull>{{citation\|first=Robert Ernest\|last=Hume\|~~title~~=[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up ''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads'']\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1921\|pages=391–393}}</ref>		It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars.<ref name=pauldeussenintro/> It discusses the syllable [[Aum]]; presents the theory of four states of consciousness; and asserts that [[Om\|''Aum'']] is ''[[Brahman]]'' – which is the Whole – and that ''Brahman'' is this self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)\|ātman]]'').<ref name=pauldeussenfull>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-637</ref><ref name=humefull>{{citation\|first=Robert Ernest\|last=Hume\|url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up \|title=''The Thirteen Principal Upanishads''\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1921\|pages=391–393}}</ref>

	The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for having been recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, through two central characters of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain [[moksha]], and as first in its list of eleven principal Upanishads.<ref name=muktika>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120814691}}, pages 556-557</ref> The text is also notable for inspiring [[Gaudapada]]'s ''Karika~~'',~~ a classic for the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism.<ref name=muktika/> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the often cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism.{{sfn\|Nakamura\|2004\|p=284-286}}{{sfn\|Comans\|2000\|p=97}}		The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for having been recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, through two central characters of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain [[moksha]], and as first in its list of eleven principal Upanishads.<ref name=muktika>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120814691}}, pages 556-557</ref> The text is also notable for inspiring [[Gaudapada#Mandukya_Karika\|Gaudapada's Mandukya Karika]] a classic for the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism.<ref name=muktika/> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the often cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism.{{sfn\|Nakamura\|2004\|p=284-286}}{{sfn\|Comans\|2000\|p=97}}

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The root of ''Mandukya'' is sometimes considered as ''Manduka'' (Sanskrit: मण्डूक) which has several meanings. Some of its ~~meaning~~ include "frog", "a particular breed of horse", "the sole of horse's hoof", or, "Spiritual distress" <ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche maNDUka] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> Some writers<ref name="Sacred animals of india">{{cite book \|title=Sacred animals of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC&q=meaning+of+mandukya+upanishad+frog&pg=PA144 \|access-date=March 11, 2015\|author= Nanditha Krishna \|year=2010 \|publisher= Penguin books\|location=India \|pages=144–145 \|isbn = 9780143066194}}</ref> have suggested that "frog" is the etymological root for Mandukya Upanishad.		The root of ''Mandukya'' is sometimes considered as ''Manduka'' (Sanskrit: मण्डूक) which has several meanings. Some of its meanings include "frog", "a particular breed of horse", "the sole of horse's hoof", or, "Spiritual distress" <ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche maNDUka] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> Some writers<ref name="Sacred animals of india">{{cite book \|title=Sacred animals of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC&q=meaning+of+mandukya+upanishad+frog&pg=PA144 \|access-date=March 11, 2015\|author= Nanditha Krishna \|year=2010 \|publisher= Penguin books\|location=India \|pages=144–145 \|isbn = 9780143066194}}</ref> have suggested that "frog" is the etymological root for Mandukya Upanishad.

	Another root for the Upanishad's name is ''Mānduka'' (Sanskrit: '''मा'''ण्डूक) which literally is "a Vedic school" or means "a teacher".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche mANDUka] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> [[Paul Deussen]] states the etymological roots of Mandukya Upanishad to be a "half lost school of [[Rigveda]]".<ref name=pauldeussenintro>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-609</ref> This school may be related to the scholar named Hrasva Māṇḍūkeya, whose theory of semivowels is discussed in Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.<ref>Charles W. Kreidler, Phonology: Critical Concepts, Volume 1, Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-0415203456}}, page 9</ref>		Another root for the Upanishad's name is ''Mānduka'' (Sanskrit: '''मा'''ण्डूक) which literally is "a Vedic school" or means "a teacher".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche mANDUka] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> [[Paul Deussen]] states the etymological roots of Mandukya Upanishad to be a "half lost school of [[Rigveda]]".<ref name=pauldeussenintro>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120814691}}, pages 605-609</ref> This school may be related to the scholar named Hrasva Māṇḍūkeya, whose theory of semivowels is discussed in Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.<ref>Charles W. Kreidler, Phonology: Critical Concepts, Volume 1, Routledge, {{ISBN\|978-0415203456}}, page 9</ref>
Line 21:		Line 21:
	The chronology of Mandukya Upanishad, like that of other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/><ref name=olivelleintro>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0195124354}}, Introduction Chapter</ref>		The chronology of Mandukya Upanishad, like that of other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/><ref name=olivelleintro>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0195124354}}, Introduction Chapter</ref>

	Nakamura ~~dates~~ the Mandukya Upanishad to "about the first or second centuries A.D."{{sfn\|Nakamura\|2004\|p=286}} Richard King too ~~dates~~ the Mandukya Upanishad at the first two centuries of the Common Era.{{sfn\|King\|1995\|p=52}} Olivelle states, "we have the two late prose Upanisads, the Prasna and the Mandukya, which cannot be much older than the beginning of the common era".{{sfn\|Olivelle\|1998\|p=13}}		Several academics have dated the Mandukya Upanishad to the early centuries of the [[Common Era]]. The Japanese academic of Vedic, Hindu and Buddhist scriptures, [[Hajime Nakamura]] has dated the Mandukya Upanishad to "about the first or second centuries A.D."{{sfn\|Nakamura\|2004\|p=286}} The scholar of South Asian religions, [[Richard E. King]] too has dated the Mandukya Upanishad at the first two centuries of the Common Era.{{sfn\|King\|1995\|p=52}} Indologist and Sanskrit scholar [[Patrick Olivelle]] states, "we have the two late prose Upanisads, the Prasna and the Mandukya, which cannot be much older than the beginning of the common era".{{sfn\|Olivelle\|1998\|p=13}}

	Mahony, on the other hand, states that Mandukya Upanishad probably emerged in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BCE, along with [[Prashna Upanishad\|Prashna]] and Maitri Upanishads.<ref>WK Mahony (1987), Upanishads, in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2005), MacMillan, {{ISBN\|978-0028659978}}, page 9483</ref> Phillips lists Mandukya Upanishad before and about the time the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, the Maitri Upanishad, as well as the first Buddhist Pali and Jaina canonical texts were composed.<ref name=stephenphillips/> Ranade<ref>RD Ranade, [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy], Chapter 1, pages 13-18</ref> posits a view similar to Phillips, placing Mandukya's chronological composition in the fifth, that is the last group of ancient Principal Upanishads.		Mahony, (writing for the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion) on the other hand, states that Mandukya Upanishad probably emerged in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BCE, along with [[Prashna Upanishad\|Prashna]] and Maitri Upanishads.<ref>WK Mahony (1987), Upanishads, in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2005), MacMillan, {{ISBN\|978-0028659978}}, page 9483</ref> Phillips lists Mandukya Upanishad before and about the time the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, the Maitri Upanishad, as well as the first Buddhist Pali and Jaina canonical texts were composed.<ref name=stephenphillips/> [[Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade\|R D Ranade]]<ref>RD Ranade, [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy], Chapter 1, pages 13-18</ref> posits a view similar to Phillips, placing Mandukya's chronological composition in the fifth, that is the last group of ancient Principal Upanishads.

	===Chronological roots===		===Chronological roots===
Line 47:		Line 47:
	'''Aum as all states of Atman'''		'''Aum as all states of Atman'''

	In verse 2, states the Upanishad, "this ''brahman'' is the Whole. ''Brahman'' is this self (''ātman''); that [''brahman''] is this self (''ātman''), consisting of four corners."{{sfn\|Olivelle\|1998\|p=289}}<ref name=pauldeussenfull/>		In verse 2, states the Upanishad, "this ''brahman'' is the Whole. ''Brahman'' is this self (''ātman''); that [''brahman''] is this self (''ātman''), consisting of four corners."{{sfn\|Olivelle\|1998\|p=289}}<ref name=pauldeussenfull/>

	'''Aum as all states of consciousness'''		'''Aum as all states of consciousness'''
Line 128:		Line 128:

	====Madhvacharya====		====Madhvacharya====
	Madhvacharya, the propounder of [[Dvaita]] Vedanta, has written commentaries on Mandukya Upanishad and offers an emotional and [[Theology\|theistic]] perspective of the scripture, and attributes them to [[Śruti]], his commentary based on [[bhakti yoga]] and uses [[Vishnu]] and his attributes as a similes for deciphering the shlokas of the Mandukya Upanishad <ref name="Madhvacharya">{{cite book \|last1=D. Sonde \|first1=Nagesh \|pages=1–5 \|title=Sri Madhva Mandukya Upanishad \|url=http://nageshsonde.com/images/Sri_Madhva_Mandukya_Upanishad.pdf \|access-date=March 3, 2015\|location=India }}</ref>		Madhvacharya, the propounder of [[Dvaita]] Vedanta, has written commentaries on Mandukya Upanishad and offers an emotional and [[Theology\|theistic]] perspective of the scripture, and attributes them to [[Śruti]], his commentary based on [[bhakti yoga]] and uses [[Vishnu]] and his attributes as a similes for deciphering the shlokas of the Mandukya Upanishad <ref name="Madhvacharya">{{cite book \|last1=D. Sonde \|first1=Nagesh \|pages=1–5 \|title=Sri Madhva Mandukya Upanishad \|url=http://nageshsonde.com/images/Sri_Madhva_Mandukya_Upanishad.pdf \|access-date=March 3, 2015\|location=India }}</ref>

	===Modern commentators===		===Modern commentators===

ImportMaster: robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata

2022-02-03T13:50:40Z

robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata

Show changes

Mandukya Upanishad - Revision history

Rudra2020: Article updated with improved flow

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

ImportMaster: robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata