Mandu, Madhya Pradesh - Revision history

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	* [http://traveltwosome.com/mandu/ Mandu - A Mesmerising Heritage Experience]		* [http://traveltwosome.com/mandu/ Mandu - A Mesmerising Heritage Experience]

	~~{{Portal\|India}}~~

	{{Indore Division}}		{{Indore Division}}

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	His son, [[Hoshang Shah]], shifted the capital from [[Dhar]] to Mandu and raised it to its greatest splendour. His son and third and last ruler of Ghuri dynasty, Mohammed, ruled for just one year till his poisoning by the militaristic Mohammed Khalji.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}}		His son, [[Hoshang Shah]], shifted the capital from [[Dhar]] to Mandu and raised it to its greatest splendour. His son and third and last ruler of Ghuri dynasty, Mohammed, ruled for just one year till his poisoning by the militaristic Mohammed Khalji.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}}

	Mohammed Khalji established the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Khalji dynasty of Malwa]] (1436-1531) and went on to rule for the next 33 years. However, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.<ref name=poole>{{cite book\|last1=Lane-Poole\|first1=Stanley\|title=Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764)\|date=1970\|publisher=Haskell House\|location=New York\|isbn=9780838311967\|page=174\|url=https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764~~}}{{dl~~\|date=~~July 2021~~}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Ghiyath Shah\|Ghiyas-ud-din]], in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned at age 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his son.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}}		Mohammed Khalji established the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Khalji dynasty of Malwa]] (1436-1531) and went on to rule for the next 33 years. However, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.<ref name=poole>{{cite book\|last1=Lane-Poole\|first1=Stanley\|title=Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764)\|date=1970\|publisher=Haskell House\|location=New York\|isbn=9780838311967\|page=174\|url=https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764\|access-date=21 January 2016\|archive-date=30 September 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131752/https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764\|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Ghiyath Shah\|Ghiyas-ud-din]], in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned at age 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his son.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}}
	In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] who conquered Mandu 28 March 1531. In 1530 Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under [[Humayun]]'s rule and he ordered large scale massacre of prisoners there.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt\|title = Mughal Rule in India\|year = 1953}}</ref> Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude<ref>''The Mughal Throne'' by Abraham Eraly pg 47</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end [[Baz Bahadur]] emerged on top.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2019}}		In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] who conquered Mandu 28 March 1531. In 1530 Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under [[Humayun]]'s rule and he ordered large scale massacre of prisoners there.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt\|title = Mughal Rule in India\|year = 1953}}</ref> Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude<ref>''The Mughal Throne'' by Abraham Eraly pg 47</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end [[Baz Bahadur]] emerged on top.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2019}}

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	After Akbar added Mandu to the Mughal empire, it kept a considerable degree of independence, until taken by the [[Marathas]] in 1732 by [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]]. The capital of Malwa was then shifted back to [[Dhar]] by [[Marathas]] under Maharaja [[Pawar]], re-establishing Hindu rule.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2019}}		After Akbar added Mandu to the Mughal empire, it kept a considerable degree of independence, until taken by the [[Marathas]] in 1732 by [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]]. The capital of Malwa was then shifted back to [[Dhar]] by [[Marathas]] under Maharaja [[Pawar]], re-establishing Hindu rule.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2019}}

	[[File:Darya khan Tomb 2.jpg\|thumb\|Darya khan Tomb ]]		[[File:Darya khan Tomb 2.jpg\|thumb\|Darya khan Tomb]]

	==Places of interest==		==Places of interest==
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	'''Jahaz Mahal/Ship Palace'''		'''Jahaz Mahal/Ship Palace'''
	Situated between two artificial lakes, this two-storied architectural marvel is so named as it appears as a ship floating in water. Built by Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Khalji, it served as a harem for the sultan. This is The Water Palace shown in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832 together with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].		Situated between two artificial lakes, this two-storied architectural marvel is so named as it appears as a ship floating in water. Built by Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Khalji, it served as a harem for the sultan. This is The Water Palace shown in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832, from a painting by [[Copley Fielding]] together with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].<ref> {{cite book\|last =Landon\|first=Letitia Elizabeth\|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832\|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PT16\|section=picture\|year=1831\|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book\|last =Landon\|first=Letitia Elizabeth\|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832\|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PT19\|section=poetical illustration\|year=1831\|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>
			Apart from the enthralling architecture, Jahaz Mahal<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Tourism \|first1=Madhya Pradesh \|title=Jahaz Mahal: The Stagnant Watercraft of Mandu {{!}} Madhya Pradesh Tourism \|url=https://www.mptourism.com/jahaz-mahal-a-must-visit-palace-in-mandu-madhya-pradesh.html \|website=www.mptourism.com \|publisher=MP Tourism \|access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> is also a significant venue for the vibrant colours of the Mandu festival. With a series of adventure activities, music shows, lights, and balloon festivals that happen every year in the winter season. Along with a colourful celebration, the sound and light show at the Jahaz Mahal is another interesting event that holds the eyes of every tourist.

	'''Hindola Mahal'''		'''Hindola Mahal'''
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	{{Wikivoyage}}		{{Wikivoyage}}
	{{Wikiquote}}		{{Wikiquote}}
	{{wikisource\|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Water Palace\|The Water Palace, Mandoo (L. E. L.)}}		{{wikisource\|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Water Palace\|The Water Palace, Mandoo, a poetical illustration by L. E. L. to a picture by Copley Fielding}}
	{{Commons category}}		{{Commons category}}
	*{{wikivoyage-inline\|Mandu}}		*{{wikivoyage-inline\|Mandu}}
	[http://traveltwosome.com/mandu/ Mandu - A Mesmerising Heritage Experience]{{Portal\|India}}		* [https://www.mptourism.com/destination-mandu.php Mandu - A Historical Tourist Destination in Madhya Pradesh]
			* [http://traveltwosome.com/mandu/ Mandu - A Mesmerising Heritage Experience]

			{{Portal\|India}}

	{{Indore Division}}		{{Indore Division}}
	{{Forts in India}}		{{Forts in India}}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:58, 7 October 2021
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	Mohammed Khalji established the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Khalji dynasty of Malwa]] (1436-1531) and went on to rule for the next 33 years. However, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.<ref name=poole>{{cite book\|last1=Lane-Poole\|first1=Stanley\|title=Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764)\|date=1970\|publisher=Haskell House\|location=New York\|isbn=9780838311967\|page=174\|url=https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764}}{{dl\|date=July 2021}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Ghiyath Shah\|Ghiyas-ud-din]], in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned at age 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his son.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}}		Mohammed Khalji established the [[Malwa Sultanate\|Khalji dynasty of Malwa]] (1436-1531) and went on to rule for the next 33 years. However, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.<ref name=poole>{{cite book\|last1=Lane-Poole\|first1=Stanley\|title=Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764)\|date=1970\|publisher=Haskell House\|location=New York\|isbn=9780838311967\|page=174\|url=https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764}}{{dl\|date=July 2021}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Ghiyath Shah\|Ghiyas-ud-din]], in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned at age 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his son.{{citation needed\|date=November 2019}}
	In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] who conquered Mandu 28 March 1531. In 1530 Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under [[Humayun]]'s rule and he ordered large scale massacre of prisoners there.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt</ref> Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude<ref>''The Mughal Throne'' by Abraham Eraly pg 47</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end [[Baz Bahadur]] emerged on top.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2019}}		In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] who conquered Mandu 28 March 1531. In 1530 Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under [[Humayun]]'s rule and he ordered large scale massacre of prisoners there.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt\|title = Mughal Rule in India\|year = 1953}}</ref> Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude<ref>''The Mughal Throne'' by Abraham Eraly pg 47</ref>{{full citation needed\|date=November 2019}} Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end [[Baz Bahadur]] emerged on top.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?\|date=November 2019}}

	By this time Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah Suri and had fled India. Sher Shah Suri died in 1545 and his son [[Islam Shah]] died in 1553. Islam Shah's 12-year-old son Feroz Khan became the king but was killed by [[Adil Shah Suri]] within 3 days. Adil Shah appointed [[Hemu]], also known as 'Hemof Army and Prime Minister. [[Hemu]] had a rapid rise during Sur regime. A grain supplier to Sher Shah Suri's army and then Chief of Intelligence or Daroga-i-Chowki (Superintendent of Post) under Islam Shah, he became the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Army (Sher Shah Suri's army) under the reign of Adil Shah Suri. Adil Shah Suri was an incompetent ruler and many rebellions occurred against his rule. Hemu was sent to quell these rebellions. During this period Hemu attacked Mandu also and Baz Bahadur ran away from Mandu. Hemu appointed his own Governor here. During this period Humayun had returned to India and in 1555 was again the emperor. In 1556 Humayun died after falling while descending a staircase.		By this time Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah Suri and had fled India. Sher Shah Suri died in 1545 and his son [[Islam Shah]] died in 1553. Islam Shah's 12-year-old son Feroz Khan became the king but was killed by [[Adil Shah Suri]] within 3 days. Adil Shah appointed [[Hemu]], also known as 'Hemof Army and Prime Minister. [[Hemu]] had a rapid rise during Sur regime. A grain supplier to Sher Shah Suri's army and then Chief of Intelligence or Daroga-i-Chowki (Superintendent of Post) under Islam Shah, he became the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Army (Sher Shah Suri's army) under the reign of Adil Shah Suri. Adil Shah Suri was an incompetent ruler and many rebellions occurred against his rule. Hemu was sent to quell these rebellions. During this period Hemu attacked Mandu also and Baz Bahadur ran away from Mandu. Hemu appointed his own Governor here. During this period Humayun had returned to India and in 1555 was again the emperor. In 1556 Humayun died after falling while descending a staircase.
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	[[File:Darya khan Tomb 2.jpg\|thumb\|Darya khan Tomb ]]		[[File:Darya khan Tomb 2.jpg\|thumb\|Darya khan Tomb ]]

	==Places of interest==		==Places of interest==
	{{Main\|Mandav#Places of interest}}		{{Main\|Mandav#Places of interest}}

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2021-08-02T01:39:22Z

I added image to this article #WPWP

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{{For|the present-day city|Mandav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandu
| other_name = Mandav
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = File:JahazMahal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jahaz Mahal
| nickname = mahal ka shahar
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|20|7|N|75|24|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhar district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malwa]] and [[Nimar]]

| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 =
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| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mandu''' or '''Mandavgad''' is an ancient city in the present-day [[Mandav]] area of the [[Dhar district]]. It is located in the [[Malwa]] and [[Nimar]] region of western [[Madhya Pradesh]], India, at 35 km from [[Dhar]] city. In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/RoyalcomplexreportJan11.pdf|title=REPORT ON DEMONSTRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS AT ROYAL FORTRESS, MANDU|website=Mnre.gov.in|access-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214851/http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/RoyalcomplexreportJan11.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This fortress town on a rocky outcrop about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Indore]] is celebrated for its [[architecture]].

==History==
[[File:The Defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Troops, Akbarnama.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Mughal forces led by [[Adham Khan]], enter the fort of Baz Bahadur of [[Malwa]], 1561, ''[[Akbarnama]]'' ca 1590–95]]
[[File:Rupmati Mahal.jpg|thumb|right|Roopmati's Pavilion]]
[[File:Kapoor Talao 0940394.jpg|thumb|The Kapoor Talao situated in the Madu Fort]]
[[File:Baz Bahadur's Palace 09.jpg|thumb|right|Main court of Baz Bahadur's Palace.]]
[[File:Rewa Kund, Mandu.jpg|thumb|Rewa Kund - a reservoir that supplies water to Roopmati's Pavilion.]]
[[File:Mandu, Jami Masjid.jpg|thumb|The courtyard of the Jami Masjid.]]
[[File:Hoshang Shah's Tomb 02.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Hoshang Shah]]
[[File:Jahaz Mahal 10.jpg|thumb|Jahaz Mahal]]
[[File:Dai ki Mahal.jpg|thumb|Dai ki Mahal]]
[[File:Hindola Mahal 04.jpg|thumb|The arches of Hindola Mahal]]
An inscription discovered from Talanpur (around 100 km from Mandu) states that a merchant named Chandra Simha installed a statue in a temple of [[Parshvanatha]] located in the Mandapa Durg.<ref name="APS_1994"/> While "Durg" means "Fort", the word "Mandu" is a [[Prakrit]] corruption of "''mandapa''", meaning "hall, temple".<ref>{{cite book |title=Mandu: Travel Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuinp98E4sYC&pg=PA7 |year=2009 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-81-87780-94-6 |page=7 }}</ref> The inscription is dated 612 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] (555 CE), which indicates that Mandu was a flourishing town in 6th century.<ref name="APS_1994">{{cite book |author1=Ajai Pal Singh |author2=Shiv Pal Singh |title=Monuments of Mandu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7320-004-5 |page=8 }}</ref>

Mandu gained prominence in 10th and 11th century under the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]. The town of Mandu, situated at an elevation of 633 metres (2,079 feet), is perched on the [[Vindhya Range]] extending for {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} while overlooking the plateau of Malwa to the north and the valley of the [[Narmada River]] to the south which acted as natural defences for the fort-capital the Paramaras. As "Mandapa-Durga", Mandu is mentioned as the royal residence in the inscriptions of the Paramara kings starting from [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]]. It is possible that Jayavarman or his predecessor [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi]] moved from the traditional Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Mandu, because of attacks from the neighbouring kingdoms. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], the general of the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Delhi]]'s Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasir-ud-din]], had reached the northern frontier of the Paramara territory by this time. Around the same time, the Paramaras also faced attacks from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king Krishna of Deogiri and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Visaladeva of [[Gujarat]]. Compared to Dhara, which is located in the plains, the hilly area of Mandu would have offered a better defensive position.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |page=203}}</ref>

In 1305, the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|captured Malwa]], the Paramara territory. [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], the newly appointed Governor of Malwa, was sent to expel the Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] from Mandu and cleanse that place from "the odour of infidelity". With the help of a spy, Multani's forces found a way to enter the fort secretly. Mahalakadeva was killed while attempting to flee, on 24 November 1305.<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry Miers |last=Elliot |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719 |year=1871 |publisher=Trübner and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719/page/n85 76] }}</ref>{{npsn|date=November 2019}}<ref>{{cite book |first=V. S. |last=Krishnan |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ratlam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x8LAQAAIAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=33 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}

When [[Timur]] captured Delhi in 1401, the Afghan Dilawar Khan, governor of Malwa, set up his own little kingdom and the Ghuri dynasty was established,<ref name=lonelyplanet>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/madhya-pradesh-and-chhattisgarh/mandu/history |title=History of Mandu - Lonely Planet Travel Information |website=Lonelyplanet.com |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}
His son, [[Hoshang Shah]], shifted the capital from [[Dhar]] to Mandu and raised it to its greatest splendour. His son and third and last ruler of Ghuri dynasty, Mohammed, ruled for just one year till his poisoning by the militaristic Mohammed Khalji.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Mohammed Khalji established the [[Malwa Sultanate|Khalji dynasty of Malwa]] (1436-1531) and went on to rule for the next 33 years. However, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.<ref name=poole>{{cite book|last1=Lane-Poole|first1=Stanley|title=Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764)|date=1970|publisher=Haskell House|location=New York|isbn=9780838311967|page=174|url=https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764}}{{dl|date=July 2021}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyas-ud-din]], in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned at age 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his son.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] who conquered Mandu 28 March 1531. In 1530 Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under [[Humayun]]'s rule and he ordered large scale massacre of prisoners there.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt</ref> Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude<ref>''The Mughal Throne'' by Abraham Eraly pg 47</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2019}} Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end [[Baz Bahadur]] emerged on top.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}

By this time Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah Suri and had fled India. Sher Shah Suri died in 1545 and his son [[Islam Shah]] died in 1553. Islam Shah's 12-year-old son Feroz Khan became the king but was killed by [[Adil Shah Suri]] within 3 days. Adil Shah appointed [[Hemu]], also known as 'Hemof Army and Prime Minister. [[Hemu]] had a rapid rise during Sur regime. A grain supplier to Sher Shah Suri's army and then Chief of Intelligence or Daroga-i-Chowki (Superintendent of Post) under Islam Shah, he became the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Army (Sher Shah Suri's army) under the reign of Adil Shah Suri. Adil Shah Suri was an incompetent ruler and many rebellions occurred against his rule. Hemu was sent to quell these rebellions. During this period Hemu attacked Mandu also and Baz Bahadur ran away from Mandu. Hemu appointed his own Governor here. During this period Humayun had returned to India and in 1555 was again the emperor. In 1556 Humayun died after falling while descending a staircase.

Hemu was in Bengal at the time and sensing an opportunity attacked Mughals. Soon Agra, Bihar, Eastern UP, Madhya Pradesh were all won and on 6 October 1556, he won Delhi, defeating Akbar's forces, and had his coronation at [[Purana Quila]], the next day. Akbar defeated and killed Hemu in the second [[Battle of Panipat (1556)|Battle of Panipat]] on 7 November 1556. In 1561, [[Akbar]]'s army led by [[Adham Khan]] and Pir Muhammad Khan attacked [[Malwa]] and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]] on 29 March 1561. One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his love for Rani [[Roopmati]]. Rani Roopmati poisoned herself to death on hearing the news of fall of Mandu. Baz Bahadur fled<ref name=VAS>{{cite book |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605 |last=Smith |first=Vincent, Arthur |year= 1919|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Baz+Bahadur}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2019}} to [[Khandesh]]. Akbar, soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad. Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to [[Burhanpur]] but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: [[Faruqi dynasty#Miran Mubarak Shah II|Miran Mubarak Shah II]] of [[Khandesh]], Tufal Khan of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa. Baz Bahadur regained his kingdom for a short period. In 1562, Akbar sent another army led by Abdullah Khan, an Uzbeg which finally defeated Baz Bahadur. He fled to [[Chittor]]. Baz Bahadur remained a fugitive at a number of courts till he surrendered in November, 1570 to Akbar at [[Nagaur]]. He joined Akbar's service.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007) ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.112-3</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2019}}

After Akbar added Mandu to the Mughal empire, it kept a considerable degree of independence, until taken by the [[Marathas]] in 1732 by [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]]. The capital of Malwa was then shifted back to [[Dhar]] by [[Marathas]] under Maharaja [[Pawar]], re-establishing Hindu rule.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}

[[File:Darya khan Tomb 2.jpg|thumb|Darya khan Tomb ]]
==Places of interest==
{{Main|Mandav#Places of interest}}
Mandu, due to its strategic position and natural defences, was an important place with a rich and varied history. It was an important military outpost and its military past can be gauged by the circuit of the battlemented wall, which is nearly {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is punctuated by 12 gateways. The wall encloses a large number of palaces, mosques, Jain temples of 14th century and other buildings. The oldest mosque dates from 1405; the finest is the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu|Jama Masjid]] or great mosque, a notable example of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] architecture. The marble-domed tomb of this ruler is also magnificent

Some of the notable places, listed in South to North direction are:

'''Roopmati's Pavilion'''
A large sandstone structure originally built as an army observation post it is known today as Roopmati's Pavilion. Rani Roopmati - the love interest of Baaz Bahadur lived here and is said to have gazed at the Baz Bahadur's Palace - situated below and also at [[Narmada River|Narmada river]], flowing through the Nimar plains far below, a river which the queen revered.

'''Baz Bahadur's Palace'''
Built by Baz Bahadur, this 16th-century structure is famous for its large courtyards encompassed by large halls and high terraces.
It is situated below Roopmati's Pavilion and can be seen from the pavilion.

'''Rewa Kund'''
A reservoir constructed by Baz Bahadur for the purpose of supplying water to Rani Roopmati's Pavilion.
The reservoir is situated below the pavilion and hence is considered an architectural marvel.

'''Darya Khan's Tomb complex'''

Darya Khan was a minister in the court of Mahmud Khalji II, and his tomb lies in a walled complex along with another tomb, a mosque, a pond, and an inn. At the centre of the complex is the massive sandstone tomb of Darya Khan. Hathi Paga Mahal or Elephant Leg Palace is located on the south-eastern side of the Darya Khan Complex, and is crowned with a massive dome.

'''Shri Mandavagadh Teerth'''

Shri Mandavagadh Teerth is dedicated to Lord [[Suparshvanatha]]. It belongs to Shwetambar sect of Jainism. The temple has been attractively constructed and looks exquisite. It underwent expansion in 14th century. The idol of Lord Suparshvanath is believed to be much older. The idol is white in complexion and is 91.54 cm (3 feet) in height. It is seated in a ''padmansana'' posture. Apart from this in this same fort there is a fine temple of smaller size of Lord Shantinath. Ruins of many temples and idols can be seen here. As per a reference once there were almost 700 Jain temples here.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/jain-tirth-places/ShriMandavagadhTirtha |title=Shri Mandavagadh Tirtha |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111352/http://www.jainuniversity.org/jain-tirth-places/ShriMandavagadhTirtha |archive-date=16 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Jami Masjid'''
Inspired by the [[Umayyad Mosque|great mosque of Damascus]], this enormous structure is striking in both its simplicity and architectural style-with large courtyards and grand entrances. At the front of Jaami Mosque, there are ruins of Asharfi Palace. There is a seven-story winning memorial at the north-east of the palace, and also a fascinating Ram Temple nearby, which was built by Maharani [[Sakarwar]] Bai Pawar in 1769 CE.

'''Hoshang Shah's Tomb'''
India's first marble structure{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}, it is one of the most refined examples of Afghan architecture.
Its unique features include the beautifully proportioned dome, intricate marble lattice work and porticoed courts and towers. It served as a template for the construction of [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_mp_hoshang.asp |title=Hoshang Shah's Tomb, Mandu - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India |website=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128194059/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_mp_hoshang.asp |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Jahaz Mahal/Ship Palace'''
Situated between two artificial lakes, this two-storied architectural marvel is so named as it appears as a ship floating in water. Built by Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Khalji, it served as a harem for the sultan. This is The Water Palace shown in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832 together with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].

'''Hindola Mahal'''
Hindola Mahal - meaning Swing palace is so named due to its sloping side walls.
The [[Hindola Mahal]] might have been constructed during the reign of Hushang Shah about 1425 C.E. but may date to the end of the 15th century during the reign of Ghiyas al-Din.<ref>Bianca Maria Alfieri, Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (New York:te Neues Publishing Company, 2000), 131-135.</ref> It is one of a set buildings making up the royal palace complex at Mandu, which consists of the Jahaz Mahal, the Hindola Mahal, the Taveli Mahal, and the Nahar Jharokha.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpEZAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=2008-04-24 |access-date=2016-01-22|last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson }}</ref> The Hindola Mahal may have been used as an audience chamber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/mandu1-eng.htm |title=MANDU （I Palace Complex） |website=Ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref>

'''The Darwazas (Gates)'''

The wall encompassing Mandu has 12 major ''darwazas'' or gates. The present road, through which Mandu is reached passes through many of these. Also encountered are smaller gateways built to provide protection to the above-mentioned 12 gates.

== Transport ==
The nearest airport is indore.

=== Sunset Point ===
This a lovely gorge on the way to the fort from Dhar. In monsoon, one can see a lovely waterfalls cascading from the rocks.

=== Sagar Talab ===
Sagar Talab is a beautiful man made lake inside the fort.

==In popular culture==
* A major part of the 1977 [[Bollywood]] movie [[Kinara (film)|Kinara]] and its song "Naam Gum Jaayegaa" were shot in Mandu.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Palace at mandu.jpg|Palace at Mandu
File:PalaceAtMandu.jpg|Palace at Mandu
File:Palace at Mandu1.jpg|Palace at Mandu
File:Rupmati palace, Mandav.jpg|Rupmati palace, Mandav
File:Rupmati palace, Mandu.jpg|Rupmati palace, Mandu
File:Rupmati palace, Mandu 01.jpg|Rupmati palace, Mandu
File:Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh-DSC001.jpg|Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh
File:Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh-DSC003.jpg|Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Mandu|volume=17|page=566}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Water Palace|The Water Palace, Mandoo (L. E. L.)}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Mandu}}
[http://traveltwosome.com/mandu/ Mandu - A Mesmerising Heritage Experience]{{Portal|India}}
{{Indore Division}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Forts in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dhar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhar district]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in India]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]