Manda, Jammu - Revision history

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	{{Reflist\|2}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

	== ~~Other websites~~ ==		== External links ==
	[https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]		* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]

	[[Category:Archaeological sites]]		[[Category:Archaeological sites]]
	[[Category:History of India]]		[[Category:History of India]]
	[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]		[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]

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	{{Infobox ancient site\|name=Manda\|event=\|built=400BC <ref>{{Cite web \|title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization \|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ \|last=Kumar \|first=Sudershan \|year=2012 \|publisher=Daily Excelsior \|language=English \|access-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-date=2019-10-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>\|abandoned=300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book \|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf \|title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE \|page=162 \|access-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-date=2018-04-15 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063512/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref>\|epochs=2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')		{{Infobox ancient site\|name=Manda\|event=\|built=400BC <ref>{{Cite web \|title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization \|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ \|last=Kumar \|first=Sudershan \|year=2012 \|publisher=Daily Excelsior \|language=English \|access-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-date=2019-10-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>\|abandoned=300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book \|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf \|title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE \|page=162 \|access-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-date=2018-04-15 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063512/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref>\|epochs=2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')

	(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>		(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>

	78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 \|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations \|last=Higham \|first=Charles \|date=2014-05-14 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|isbn=9781438109961 \|pages=212 \|language=en \|access-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180437/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 \|url-status=live }}</ref>\|cultures=\|dependency_of=\|occupants=\|excavations=1976-77\|builder=\|archaeologists=[[J. P. Joshi]]\|condition=Abandoned\|ownership=\|management=\|public_access=\|website=<!-- {{URL\|example.com}} -->\|material=\|height=\|alternate_name=\|relief=\|image=\|alt=\|caption=\|map_type=India Jammu and Kashmir\|map_alt=India\|map_size=270\|coordinates={{coord\|32\|56\|00\|N\|74\|48\|00\|E\|display=inline,title}}\|area=\|location=Manda, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]\|region=India\|type=Town\|part_of=[[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]\|length=\|width=\|notes=}}'''Manda''' is a village and an [[archaeological]] site in [[Jammu]]. Jammu is in the [[India~~\|Indian~~]] [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains the [[ruins]] of an ancient [[Indus Valley civilization\|Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf\|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>		78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 \|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations \|last=Higham \|first=Charles \|date=2014-05-14 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|isbn=9781438109961 \|pages=212 \|language=en \|access-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-date=2020-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180437/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 \|url-status=live }}</ref>\|cultures=\|dependency_of=\|occupants=\|excavations=1976-77\|builder=\|archaeologists=[[J. P. Joshi]]\|condition=Abandoned\|ownership=\|management=\|public_access=\|website=<!-- {{URL\|example.com}} -->\|material=\|height=\|alternate_name=\|relief=\|image=\|alt=\|caption=\|map_type=India Jammu and Kashmir\|map_alt=India\|map_size=270\|coordinates={{coord\|32\|56\|00\|N\|74\|48\|00\|E\|display=inline,title}}\|area=\|location=Manda, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]\|region=India\|type=Town\|part_of=[[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]\|length=\|width=\|notes=}}'''Manda''' is a village and an [[archaeological]] site in [[Jammu]]. Jammu is in the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India during 1976-77. The survey was done by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains the [[ruins]] of an ancient [[Indus Valley civilization\|Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf\|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

	== Excavation ==		== Excavation ==
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	== Historical significance ==		== Historical significance ==
	Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28 km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of the [[Indus Valley civilization\|Harappan Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1">{{Cite web\|title=Archaeological Survey of India\|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp\|archive-date=2 April 2015\|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> It is also considered the northmost site of [[Indus Valley civilization\|Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kumar\|first=Sudershan\|year=2012\|title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization\|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/\|publisher=Daily Excelsior\|language=English\|access-date=2020-11-08\|archive-date=2019-10-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212\|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations\|last=Higham\|first=Charles\|date=2014-05-14\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=9781438109961\|pages=212\|language=en\|access-date=2020-11-08\|archive-date=2020-11-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180443/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Shinde\|first=Vasant\|date=Feb 1, 2016\|title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde\|url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/\|at=Origin and Extent\|access-date=November 8, 2020\|archive-date=August 5, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805100348/https://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware\|last=Roy\|first=T.N\|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)\|year=1984\|volume=34\|pages=127–137\|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969\|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization\|last=Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava\|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)\|~~page~~=~~442-455~~\|access-date=2020-11-08\|archive-date=2020-11-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180439/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969_Archaeobotanical_evidence_of_millets_in_the_Indian_subcontinent_with_some_observations_on_their_role_in_the_Indus_civilization\|url-status=live}}</ref>		Manda is on the right river bank of Chenab River. The river is at the foot of Pir Panjal mountain range. Manda is 28 km northwest of Jammu. It was thought to be the northernmost limit of the [[Indus Valley civilization\|Harappan Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1">{{Cite web\|title=Archaeological Survey of India\|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp\|archive-date=2 April 2015\|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> It is also considered the northmost site of [[Indus Valley civilization\|Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kumar\|first=Sudershan\|year=2012\|title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization\|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/\|publisher=Daily Excelsior\|language=English\|access-date=2020-11-08\|archive-date=2019-10-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008172514/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212\|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations\|last=Higham\|first=Charles\|date=2014-05-14\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=9781438109961\|pages=212\|language=en\|access-date=2020-11-08\|archive-date=2020-11-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180443/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Shinde\|first=Vasant\|date=Feb 1, 2016\|title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde\|url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/\|at=Origin and Extent\|access-date=November 8, 2020\|archive-date=August 5, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805100348/https://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware\|last=Roy\|first=T.N\|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)\|year=1984\|volume=34\|pages=127–137\|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969\|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization\|last=Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava\|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)\|pages=442–455\|access-date=2020-11-08\|archive-date=2020-11-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180439/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969_Archaeobotanical_evidence_of_millets_in_the_Indian_subcontinent_with_some_observations_on_their_role_in_the_Indus_civilization\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to do [[logging]] to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>		Manda is likely a town that is set up by people of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They likely use it to do [[logging]] to get wood from Himalayan Sub mountains. They use the river near the town to send the wood to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Manda
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_alt = India
| map_size = 270
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Manda, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| region = India
| type = Settlement
| part_of = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = 400BC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>
| abandoned = 300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEI R MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162}}</ref>
| epochs = 2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')

(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>

78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1976-77
| archaeologists = [[J. P. Joshi]]
| condition = Abandoned
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Manda''' is a village and an archaeological site in [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]] in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The site contains ruins of an ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf |date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Excavation==
Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3 m wide street.<ref name=archaeology1>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.<ref name=archaeology/>

==Historical significance==
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the [[Harappan Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1"/> It is considered the northmost site of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/ |title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde |last=Shinde |first=Vasant |date=Feb 1, 2016 |at=Origin and Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware |last=Roy |first=T.N |year=1984 |volume=34 |pages=127–137 |language=English|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|author=Pokharia, Anil K,Jeewan Singh Kharakwal,Alka Srivastava|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|page=442-455}}</ref>

It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>

==Artefacts==
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.<ref name=archaeology/>

Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.<ref name="archaeology" />

==Further scope==
Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name=archaeology/>

==See also==
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
*[[Bhagatrav]]
*[[Alamgirpur]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=alamgirpur#v=onepage&q=Manda&f=false]

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu district]]