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{{short description|Dynasty in northern India}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Mamluk dynasty
|common_name = Mamluk dynasty
|year_start = 1206
|year_end = 1290
|date_start =
|date_end =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|p1 = Chauhan
|image_p1 =
|p2 = Tomara dynasty
|flag_p2 =
|p3 = Ghurid Sultanate
|flag_p3 =
|p4 = Sena Empire
|flag_p4 =
|s3 =
|flag_s3 =
|s1 = Khalji dynasty
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|coa_size =
|image_map = Mamluk dynasty 1206 - 1290 ad.GIF
|image_map_caption = Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (h)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Lahore]] (1206–1210)
*[[Badayun]] (1210–1214)
*[[Delhi]] (1214–1290)}}<ref name=vsoxford2>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911}}, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press</ref>
|government_type = [[Sultanate]]
|legislature =
|title_leader = [[Sultan]]
|leader1 = [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
|year_leader1 = 1206–1210
|leader2 = [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]
|year_leader2 = 1287–1290
|common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2010-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| today =
*[[India]]
*[[Pakistan]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[Nepal]]
}}
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
The '''Mamluk dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|سلطنت مملوک|Salṭanat Mamlūk}}) was directed into [[Northern India]] by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluk]] general from [[Central Asia]]. The Mamluk dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290; it was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule as the [[Delhi Sultanate]] till 1526.<ref name=JE_Walsh_68-70>Walsh, pp. 68-70</ref><ref name=C_Anzalone_100>Anzalone, p. 100</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=72–80}}</ref> Aibak's tenure as a [[Ghurid dynasty]] administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the [[Ganges|Gangetic]] heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

==History==
{{Delhi Sultanate|Mamluk}}
A [[Mamluk]] was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to [[Islam]]. The phenomenon started in the 9th century and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military class in various Muslim societies. Mamluks held political and military power most notably in [[Egypt]], but also in the [[Levant]], [[Iraq]], and [[India]].

In 1206, [[Muhammad of Ghor]], Sultan of the [[Ghurid Empire]], was assassinated.<ref>{{cite book | first1=George F. | last1=Nafziger | first2=Mark W. | last2=Walton | title=Islam at War: A History | url=https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz | url-access=registration | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=2003 | page=[https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz/page/56 56]}}</ref> Since he had no children, his empire split into minor sultanates led by his former Mamluk generals. [[Tajuddin Elduz|Taj-ud-Din Yildoz]] became the ruler of [[Ghazni]], [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]] got [[Bengal]] and [[Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha]] became the sultan of [[Multan]]. [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] became the sultan of [[Delhi]], and that was the beginning of the Slave dynasty.

Aibak rose to power when a Ghurid superior was assassinated.<ref name=JE_Walsh_70>Walsh, p. 70</ref> However, his reign as the [[Sultan of Delhi]] was short lived as he died in 1210 and his son [[Aram Shah]] rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by [[Iltutmish]] in 1211.

The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Mongol invasion of India|his successors]].<ref name=C_Anzalone_100/> Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from [[Rukn ud din Firuz]] to [[Razia Sultana]] until [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external threats to the Sultanate from the [[Chagatai Khanate]] invasions and internal threats from the rebellious sultanate nobles.<ref name=C_Anzalone_100/><ref name=JE_Walsh_70/> The [[Khalji dynasty]] came into being when [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers, [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]], the grandson of Balban, and assumed the throne at Delhi.<ref name=C_Anzalone_101>Anzalone, p. 101</ref>

==Sultans==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}
[[File:Qutab.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Qutb Minar]], an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works.]]

The first Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty was [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] ({{Nastaliq|قطب الدین ایبک}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' ({{Nastaliq|سلطان}}) and reigned from 1206 to 1210. He temporarily quelled the rebellions of [[Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha]] of [[Multan]] and [[Tajuddin Yildoz]] of [[Ghazni]]. Making [[Lahore]] his capital, he consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold over [[Delhi]]. He also initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, the [[Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]] and the [[Qutb Minar]]. In 1210, he died due to injuries received from an accident while playing a game of [[polo]] in Lahore; his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. He was buried near the [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in Lahore.

The second Sultan was [[Aram Shah]] ({{Nastaliq|آرام شاہ}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1210 to 1211. An elite group of forty nobles named ''Chihalgani'' ("the Forty") conspired against Aram Shah and invited [[Shams ud din Iltutmish|Shams-ud-din Iltutmish]], then Governor of [[Badaun]], to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211. It is not quite certain what became of Aram.

The third Sultan was Shams-ud-din [[Iltutmish]] ({{Nastaliq|شمس الدین التتمش}}), who had the titular name of ''Nasir Amir-ul-Mu'minin'' ({{Nastaliq|ناصرامیر المؤمنین }}) and reigned from 1211 to 1236. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer. He defeated Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni, who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi. [[Mongols]] invaded India in pursuit of [[Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni]] who was defeated at the [[Battle of Indus]] by [[Genghis Khan]] in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death, Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories. In 1230, he built the [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] reservoir in [[Mehrauli]], and in 1231 he built [[Sultan Ghari]], which was the first Islamic mausoleum in [[Delhi]].

The fourth Sultan was [[Rukn ud din Firuz|Rukn-ud-din Feroze]] ({{Nastaliq|رکن الدین فیروز}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from April 1236 to November 1236. He ruled for only seven months and his mother, [[Shah Turkan]], for all practical purposes was running the government. He abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry. On 9 November 1236, both Rukn-ud-din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani.

The fifth Sultana was [[Razia Sultana|Razia al-Din]] ({{Nastaliq|رضیہ الدین }}), who had the titular name of ''Jalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana'' ({{Nastaliq|جلالۃ الدین رضیہ سلطانہ }}) and reigned from 1236 to 1240. As the first female Muslim ruler in India, she initially managed to impress the nobles and administratively handled the Sultanate well. However, she began associating with the African [[Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut]], provoking racial antagonism amongst the nobles and clergy, who were primarily Central Asian Turkic and already resented the rule of a female monarch. She was defeated by the powerful nobleman [[Malik Altunia]] whom she agreed to marry. Her half-brother [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz-ud-din Bahram]], however, usurped the throne with the help of the Chihalgani and defeated the combined forces of the Sultana and her husband. The couple fled and reached [[Kaithal]], where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of [[Jat people|Jats]] and were robbed and killed on 14 October 1240.

The sixth Sultan was [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz-ud-din Bahram]] ({{Nastaliq|معز الدین بہرام}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1240 to 15 May 1242. During his reign, the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab and sacked Lahore. Muiz-ud-din Bahram was too weak to take any action against them, and the Chihalgani besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242.

The seventh Sultan was [[Ala ud din Masud|Ala-ud-din Masud]] ({{Nastaliq|علاءالدین مسعود}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1242 to 1246. He was effectively a puppet for the Chihalgani and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the chiefs had become upset with Ala-ud-din Masud's increasing hunger for more power and replaced him with his cousin [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], who was another grandson of Iltutmish.

The eighth Sultan was Nasiruddin Mahmud ({{Nastaliq|نصیر الدین محمود }}), who had the titular name of ''Nasir-ud-din Feroze Shah'' ({{Nastaliq|نصیر الدین فیروز شاہ}}) and reigned from 1246 to 1266. As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and was renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed. It was his Deputy Sultan, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyath-ud-din Balban]], who primarily dealt with state affairs.

The ninth Sultan was [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyath-ud-din Balban]] ({{Nastaliq|غیاث الدین بلبن}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1266 to 1287. Balban ruled with an iron fist and broke up the Chihalgani group of noblemen. He tried to establish peace and order in India and built many outposts with garrisons of soldiers in areas where there had been disorder. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown, so he established an efficient espionage system. He also fought against the Mongols and repelled many invasions by them. He lost his favourite son Prince Muhammad [[Battle of Beas River|in a battle against the Mongols]]

The tenth and final Sultan was [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad]] ({{Nastaliq|معز الدین قیق آباد}}), who had the titular name of ''Sultan'' and reigned from 1287 to 1290. Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, he suffered a paralytic stroke and was later murdered in 1290 by a [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] chief. His three-year-old son Kayumars nominally succeeded him, but the Slave dynasty had ended with the rise of the Khaljis.

==Architecture==
The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes the [[Qutb Minar]] by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] in [[Mehrauli]], the Mausoleum of Prince Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud, eldest son of [[Iltumish]], known as ''[[Sultan Ghari]]'' near [[Vasant Kunj]], the first Islamic Mausoleum (tomb) built in 1231, and [[Balban's tomb]], in the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]].

==See also==
*[[Tughlaq Dynasty]]
*[[Persianate|Persianate states]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite encyclopedia
| title = Delhi Sultanate
| volume = 2
| last = Anzalone
| first = Christopher
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World History
| pages = 100–101
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-0-8160-6386-4
| publisher = Facts on File
| editor = Ackermann, M. E. etc}}
* {{cite book
| last = Walsh
| first = J. E.
| title = A Brief History of India
| url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Facts on File
| year = 2006
| isbn = 0-8160-5658-7}}
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif Dynastic Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 2, ''p. 368.''

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Srivastava
| first = A. L.
| title = The History of India, 1000-1707 A.D.
| publisher = Shiva Lal Agarwala
| url = http://lccn.loc.gov/sa%2065000828
| year = 1967}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)| ]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Mamluks]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1206]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1290s]]
[[Category:1290 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1206 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in India]]

Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) - Revision history

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WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup:

WikiDwarf: Created page with "{{short description|Dynasty in northern India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} {{More citations needed|date=March 2012}} {{Infobox country |native_name = |conventi..."

imported>WoKsClOt at 16:57, 7 July 2021