Mallikarjuna Temple, Kuruvatti - Revision history

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	\| subdivision_name2 = [[~~Bellary~~ District]]		\| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara District]]
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	[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]		[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]

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	According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the existing tower (''[[shikhara]]'') is a later day re-construction.<ref name="kuruvatti"/><ref name="mainstream"/>		According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the existing tower (''[[shikhara]]'') is a later day re-construction.<ref name="kuruvatti"/><ref name="mainstream"/>

	But the art historian Henry Cousens feels the superstructure and its ''[[Kalasha]]'' (decorative structure at the peak of tower) are original, though the tower has been whitewashed in more recent times.<ref name="white">Cousens (1926), p103</ref> The temple consists of a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''), an [[antechamber]] (also called [[Vestibule (architecture)\|vestibule]] or ''[[antarala]]'') which connects the sanctum to a gathering hall (''sabhamantapa''), two halls (''mukhamantapa'') on either side, and independent of the main temple complex and to the east, a hall (''nandi[[mantapa]]'') containing a sculpture of [[Nandi (bull)\|Nandi]] (the bull, a companion of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]).<ref name="kuruvatti"/> The outer walls of the shrine and hall ([[mantapa]]) have been provided with projections and recesses giving rise to niches, in which, in [[relief]], are [[pilaster]]s (including a new Chalukyan variety), miniature decorative towers ([[turrets]] or ''[[aedicule]]''), sculptures of Hindu gods, and women displaying stylized feminine features (''[[salabanjika]]'' or ''madanika''). According to Cousens, the presence of miniature decorative towers on the shrine walls is noteworthy because most other Western Chalukya constructions have these reliefs only on the superstructure over the shrine.<ref name="white"/> Cousens feels the specimens of ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)\|makara]]'' (mythical beasts) on the shrine walls are exceptionally delicate with "tails of flowing arabesque" standing out free from the background material.<ref name="white"/> Inside, the entrance to the antechamber has a highly decorated [[lintel]] with motifs of aquatic creatures (''makara'' ''[[torana]]'').<ref name="kuruvatti"/>		But the art historian Henry Cousens feels the superstructure and its ''[[Kalasha]]'' (decorative structure at the peak of tower) are original, though the tower has been whitewashed in more recent times.<ref name="white">Cousens (1926), p103</ref> The temple consists of a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''), an [[antechamber]] (also called [[Vestibule (architecture)\|vestibule]] or ''[[antarala]]'') which connects the sanctum to a gathering hall (''sabhamantapa''), two halls (''mukhamantapa'') on either side, and independent of the main temple complex and to the east, a hall (''nandi[[mantapa]]'') containing a sculpture of [[Nandi (bull)\|Nandi]] (the bull, a companion of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]).<ref name="kuruvatti"/> The outer walls of the shrine and hall ([[mantapa]]) have been provided with projections and recesses giving rise to niches, in which, in [[relief]], are [[pilaster]]s (including a new Chalukyan variety), miniature decorative towers ([[Turret (architecture)\|turrets]] or ''[[aedicule]]''), sculptures of Hindu gods, and women displaying stylized feminine features (''[[salabanjika]]'' or ''madanika''). According to Cousens, the presence of miniature decorative towers on the shrine walls is noteworthy because most other Western Chalukya constructions have these reliefs only on the superstructure over the shrine.<ref name="white"/> Cousens feels the specimens of ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)\|makara]]'' (mythical beasts) on the shrine walls are exceptionally delicate with "tails of flowing arabesque" standing out free from the background material.<ref name="white"/> Inside, the entrance to the antechamber has a highly decorated [[lintel]] with motifs of aquatic creatures (''makara'' ''[[torana]]'').<ref name="kuruvatti"/>

	==Gallery==		==Gallery==

->Flod logic: /* Temple plan */ spelling

2021-04-23T19:37:03Z

Temple plan: spelling

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mallikarjuna Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = Mallikarjuna temple (11th century) at Kuruvatti.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mallikarjuna temple (1100 A.D.) at Kuruvatti in [[Bellary district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bellary District]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
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}}
The '''Mallikarjuna''' temple is located in the town of Kuruvatti (also spelt Kuruvathi) in the [[Bellary district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. The temple was constructed in the early 12th century rule of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] (also known as the Later or Kalyani Chalukya empire).<ref name="kuruvatti">{{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/davanagere-6.html|title=Mallikarjuna Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

Art historian Adam Hardy classifies the architectural style and guild involved in the construction of the temple as a "trans-[[Tungabhadra]] branch" of the "mainstream [[Lakkundi]] school" of the [[Western Chalukya architecture|Later Chalukya style of architecture]].

The art historian Ajay Sinha classifies the Kuruvatti style to be a third idiom, the other two being the Lakkundi and [[Mahadeva Temple, Itagi|Itagi]] (or Ittagi) schools. He describes the overall achievement at Kuruvatti as "majestic", despite a lack of artistic over indulgence. The building material used is [[soapstone]]<ref name="mainstream">Cousens (1926) and Foekema (1987) in Hardy (1995), p335</ref><ref name="majestic">Sinha (2000), p.142</ref> According to Sinha, a 1099 A.D. inscription at the temple claims it was constructed in service of the god "Abhinava Someshvara" and that the temple also went by the name "Ahavamallesvara". He recants that both names are associated with the deceased Chalukya King Someshvara I who committed voluntary suicide at Kuruvatti in 1062. Sinha feels the temple may have been constructed between 1070 and 1100 in his memory by his heir apparent, the King [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref name="majestic"/>

==Temple plan==
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1197 AD) on porch wall in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Old Kannada]] inscription dated 1197 A.D., from the rule of Hoysala King [[Veera Ballala II]], on the porch wall in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti]]
The Mallikarjuna temple has a single shrine with a superstructure or tower (''ekakuta vimana''<ref name="ekakuta">Foekema (1996), p25</ref>) with porched entrances from three sides.

According to the art historian Adam Hardy, the existing tower (''[[shikhara]]'') is a later day re-construction.<ref name="kuruvatti"/><ref name="mainstream"/>

But the art historian Henry Cousens feels the superstructure and its ''[[Kalasha]]'' (decorative structure at the peak of tower) are original, though the tower has been whitewashed in more recent times.<ref name="white">Cousens (1926), p103</ref> The temple consists of a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''), an [[antechamber]] (also called [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] or ''[[antarala]]'') which connects the sanctum to a gathering hall (''sabhamantapa''), two halls (''mukhamantapa'') on either side, and independent of the main temple complex and to the east, a hall (''nandi[[mantapa]]'') containing a sculpture of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull, a companion of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]).<ref name="kuruvatti"/> The outer walls of the shrine and hall ([[mantapa]]) have been provided with projections and recesses giving rise to niches, in which, in [[relief]], are [[pilaster]]s (including a new Chalukyan variety), miniature decorative towers ([[turrets]] or ''[[aedicule]]''), sculptures of Hindu gods, and women displaying stylized feminine features (''[[salabanjika]]'' or ''madanika''). According to Cousens, the presence of miniature decorative towers on the shrine walls is noteworthy because most other Western Chalukya constructions have these reliefs only on the superstructure over the shrine.<ref name="white"/> Cousens feels the specimens of ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'' (mythical beasts) on the shrine walls are exceptionally delicate with "tails of flowing arabesque" standing out free from the background material.<ref name="white"/> Inside, the entrance to the antechamber has a highly decorated [[lintel]] with motifs of aquatic creatures (''makara'' ''[[torana]]'').<ref name="kuruvatti"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Profile of Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|Profile of Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Ganesh sculpture in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|A sculpture of the Hindu god [[Ganesha]] in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Ornate shrine entrance door jamb in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|Ornate shrine entrance [[doorjamb]] inMallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Pillar in mantapa (hall) in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|Lathe turned pillar with ornate base in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Pillared mantapa (hall) in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|Pillared ''mantapa'' in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Sculpture on porch in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|''[[Yali (Hindu Mythology)|Yali]]'' [[balustrade]] on a porch in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Shrine wall frieze and relief in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|Shrine wall relief, molding frieze and miniature decorative tower in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Wall relief in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti.JPG|Wall relief, turret, pilasters with miniature decorative towers in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
File:Wall relief in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti 1.JPG|Wall relief, turret, pilasters with miniature decorative towers in Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kuruvathi_Basaveshwara_temple| Basaveshwara temple, Kuruvathi]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|orig-year= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
* {{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/davanagere-6.html|title=Mallikarjuna Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=12 July 2012}}
* Adam Hardy, ''Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: The Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries'', Abhinav, 1995, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}.
* Ajay Sinha, Imagining architects: creativity in the religious monuments of India, University of Delaware, Associated University Press, 2000, Cranbury, New Jersey {{ISBN|0-87413-684-9}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=12 July 2012}}
* Gerard Foekema, ''A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav'', 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Mallikarjuna Temple, Kuruvatti}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bellary district]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]