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Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 4 templates: hyphenate params (4×);

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mallikarjuna Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = Mallikarjuna Temple at Basaral.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mallikarjuna temple (1234 A.D.) at Basaralu in [[Mandya district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandya District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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}}
The '''Mallikarjuna temple''', dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], is in [[Basaralu]], a small town in the [[Mandya district]], Karnataka state, India. Basaralu is close to [[Nagamangala]] and about 65 km from the culturally important city of [[Mysore]]. The temple was built by Harihara Dhannayaka around 1234 A.D. during the rule of the [[Hoysala Empire]] King [[Vira Narasimha II]].<ref name="hassan">Foekema (1996), p43</ref><ref name="harihara">{{cite web|url=http://www.mandya.nic.in/tourism.htm#Basaral|title=Basaralu Temple|work=Mandya district Tourism|publisher=National Informatics center|access-date=4 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521201725/http://www.mandya.nic.in/tourism.htm#Basaral|archive-date=21 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka - Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>

==Temple plan==

===Overview===
[[File:Vimana (shrine and superstructure) of the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu, Mandya district.jpg|thumb|left|Stellate vimana (shrine and superstructure) of the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu]]
[[File:Front view of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu, Mandya district.jpg|thumb|right|View of the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu from entrance]]
The temple is highly ornate example of [[Hoysala architecture]]. The temple plan is that of a ''trikuta'' (three shrined),<ref name="steps">Foekema (1996), p25</ref> though only the middle one has a superstructure (tower or ''[[Sikhara|shikhara]]'') and a ''sukhanasi'' (nose or tower over the [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]).<ref name="sukha">Foekema (1996), p22</ref><ref name="nose">Foekema (1996), pp43-45</ref><ref name="keynote1">Kamath (2001), p134</ref> The three shrines are connected by a common hall (''[[mantapa]]'') which is unique in that it mixes characteristics of an open and a closed hall. The lateral shrines are connected directly to the hall while the middle shrine has a vestibule that connects the sanctum (cella or ''vimana'') to the hall.<ref name="keynote1"/><ref name="vimana">Foekema (1996), p21</ref><ref name="vestibule">Foekema (1996), p45</ref>

Since the lateral shrines have no tower over them and are directly connected to the hall without a vestibule and its corresponding tower like projection, they do not appear like shrines from the outside. Rather, they are absorbed into the walls of hall. The central shrine on the contrary is highly visible because of its tower and the ''sukhanasi'' that projects prominently from the tower.<ref name="vestibule"/> The cella in the central shrine has a ''[[linga]]'' (the universal symbol of the god [[Shiva]]) while the lateral shrines contain an image of ''[[surya]]'' (the sun) and a pair of ''[[Nāga|nagas]]'' (snakes).<ref name="eaves"/>

The temple stands on a platform called ''[[jagati (temple)|jagati]]'', a feature common to many Hoysala temples. The platform, in addition to its visual appeal, is meant to provide devotees a path for [[circumambulation]] (''[[pradakshina]]patha'') around the temple. It closely follows the outline of the temple, giving it a good elevated look. It has two flights of steps leading to each lateral entrance of the temple.<ref name="steps">Foekema (1996), p25</ref><ref name="vestibule"/><ref name="pradakshina">Kamath (2001), p135</ref> The tower over the central shrine and the vestibule (''sukhanasi'' or nose) are intact and highly decorative. The other standard features of a Hoysala temple; the large domed roof over the tower (called "helmet" or ''amalaka''), the ''kalasa'' on top of it (the decorative water-pot at the apex of the helmet) and the Hoysala crest (emblem of the Hoysala warrior stabbing a lion) over the ''sukhanasi'' are all intact, adding to the decorative look.<ref name="vestibule"/><ref name="kalasa">Foekema (1996), p27</ref> The dome is actually a heavy, well sculptured "helmet" over the tower and is the largest piece of sculpture in the temple (2x2 meters). Its shape usually follows that of the shrine and hence can be either square or star shaped.<ref name="kalasa"/>
[[File:Close up rear profile of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu, Mandya district.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Profile of ''[[vesara]]'' style ''vimana'' (shrine and superstructure) in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu]]
[[File:Molding frieze and wall panel relief under eves in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|thumb|upright|Close up of wall relief articulation comprising (from bottom to top) molding friezes, above which is the panel of Hindu deities below the lower eve, and decorative [[aedicula]] between lower and upper eves in Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu]]

===Decoration and sculptures===
[[File:Close up of molding panel frieze in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Close up of molding bas-relief. The friezes are (from bottom to top) horses, lions, ''[[Purana|puranic]]'' figures, mythical beasts (''makara'') and swans (''hansa'')]]
The decorative plan of the walls of the shrines and the ''[[mantapa]]'' (hall) is of the "new kind", with two eaves that run around the temple. The wall panel images have the same quality of workmanship seen in the more famous temples at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and [[Halebidu]], though the images are smaller and simpler.<ref name="eaves">Foekema (1996), p46</ref> In the "new kind" of decorative articulation, the first heavy eaves runs below the superstructure and all around the temple with a projection of about half a meter. The second eaves runs around the temple about a meter below the first. Between the two eaves are the miniature decorative towers ([[Aedicula]]) on [[pilaster]]s. Below the second eaves are the wall panel of images of Hindu [[deity|deities]] and their attendants in [[relief]].<ref name="deity">Foekema (1996), pp28-29</ref>

Below this, at the base are the six equal width rectangular [[Molding (decorative)|molding]]s ([[frieze]]). Starting from the top, the friezes depict ''hansa'' (birds) in the first frieze, ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'' (aquatic monsters) in the second (though often interrupted with ''[[kirtimukha]]s'' in this temple), epics and other stories in the third (which in this case is from the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharata]], and stories of [[Krishna]]), lions in the fourth (instead of the more commonly seen leafy scrolls), horses in the fifth and elephants at the bottom.<ref name="keynote1"/><ref name="base">Foekema (1996), p29, p46</ref> At the entrance to the hall are elephant balustrades. Notable among the wall panel sculptures and depicting scenes from the epics and puranic stories are the 16-handed Shiva dancing on the head of a demon called Andhakasura, dancing images of a 22-armed [[Durga]] and [[Saraswati]], King [[Ravana]] lifting Mount [[Kailash]], the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]] shooting the fish target, and [[Draupadi]] rushing forth with garland, and the slaying of the demon Gajasura.<ref name="harihara"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=105>
File:Rear of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu, Mandya district.jpg|Rear of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Profile of vesara shikhara (tower) and shrine of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu, Mandya district.jpg|Profile of vesara shikhara (tower) and shrine of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Old Kannada inscription (1235 AD) in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|Old Kannada inscription from the Hoysala period (1235 A.D.) at the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Molding frieze articulation on outer wall in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|Molding frieze articulation in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Molding frieze and wall panel relief under eves in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu 1.JPG|Wall relief articulation in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Elephant baluster and decorative towers over minature shrines in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG| Elephant baluster entrance into the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Ganesha sculpture in the entrance mantapa of Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|Sculpture of [[Ganesha]] in the entrance mantapa in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Relief sculpture the Hindu god Brahma and goddess Saraswati in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|Relief of Hindu god [[Brahma]] with [[Saraswati]] in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Relief sculpture of Hindu deities in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|Panel relief of Hindu deities in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Relief sculpture of a Hindu deity in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu 1.JPG|Relief of Hindu deity in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
File:Relief sculpture of a Hindu deity in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu.JPG|Relief of Hindu deity in the Mallikarjuna temple at Basaralu
</gallery>

==See also==
[[Mallikarjuna Temple, Kuruvatti]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{commons category}}
*Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mandya.nic.in/tourism.htm#Basaral|title=Basaralu Temple|work=Mandya district Tourism|publisher=National Informatics center|access-date=4 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521201725/http://www.mandya.nic.in/tourism.htm#Basaral|archive-date=21 May 2012|url-status=dead}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mandya district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu - Revision history

->Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 4 templates: hyphenate params (4×);