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{{short description|Indian pole-related sport}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = November 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{External links|date=November 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{copy edit|date=November 2022}}
}}
[[File:Malakhambha pradarshana Nudisir 2015 02.JPG|thumb|300px|A mallakhamba team performs on the pole, 2015]]
'''Mallakhamba''' or '''mallakhamb''' is a [[Traditional games of India|traditional sport]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], in which a [[gymnast]] performs aerial [[yoga]] or [[gymnastic]] postures and [[wrestling]] grips in concert with a vertical stationary or hanging wooden pole, cane, or rope. The word "mallakhamb" also refers to the pole used in the sport.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gamessportscultu0000unse/page/96|title=Games, sports and cultures|date=2000|publisher=Berg|others=Dyck, Noel.|isbn=1-85973-312-3|location=Oxford|oclc=44485325|page=[https://archive.org/details/gamessportscultu0000unse/page/96 96]}}</ref> The pole is usually made from [[sheesham]] (Indian rosewood) polished with [[castor oil]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yWVYAAAAYAAJ&q=mallakhamb Sport in the USSR. - Issues 1-12; Issues 286-297, pp.9]</ref> Three popular versions of mallakhamb are practiced using a sheesham pole, cane, or rope.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sport across Asia: politics, cultures, and identities|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|others=Bromber, Katrin., Krawietz, Birgit., Maguire, Joseph.|isbn=978-0-415-88438-9|location=New York|oclc=800447515|page=137}}</ref> The origins of [[pole dancing]] can be traced back to the sport of mallakhamb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapur |first=Mallika |date=2017-09-11 |title=Aarifa Bhinderwala: India's pioneering pole dancer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/11/asia/aarifa-bhinderwala-her-india/index.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

The name mallakhamb derives from the terms ''malla'', meaning wrestler, and ''khamb'', which means a pole. Literally meaning "wrestling pole", the term refers to a traditional training implement used by wrestlers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.evergalax.com/content/mallakhamb|title=Mallakhamb – History, Indian Gymnastic Pole, Information In English|date=12 September 2018|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>

On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] declared mallakhamba the state sport. {{As of|2017}}, more than 20 other states in India have followed suit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-mallakamb-the-art-of-aerial-yoga/photo-P5Ml0CXIN6UMPP5846OexJ.html|title=Mallakamb: The art of aerial yoga|date=2017-06-11|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114212901/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-mallakamb-the-art-of-aerial-yoga/photo-P5Ml0CXIN6UMPP5846OexJ.html|archive-date=November 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Chandraketugarh]] pottery (Dated 2nd century BCE - 1st century CE) with narrative figures carved on them show a couple exhibiting gymnastics by hanging on a pole like structure in the shape of a T which is held by another person. In 7th century CE, Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang|Xuanzhang]] provides evidence of pole climbing of the pillar cult which he witnessed at Prayagraj, he states that Hindu ascetics climbed the top of a pole situated at Prayagraj clinging onto it with one hand and one foot while other hand and foot stretched out in the air and watched sunset with their heads turned right as it set which indicates a solar rite.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Irwin|first=John|date=1983|title=The Ancient Pillar-Cult at Prayāga: Its Pre-Aśokan Origins|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25211537|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=115|issue=2|pages=253–280|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00137487|jstor=25211537|s2cid=162953368 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> The earliest literary known mention of mallakhamb is in the 1135 CE Sanskrit classic ''[[Manasollasa]]'', written by a Western Chalukya king [[Someshvara III]]. A [[Rajput]] painting from 1610 CE shows athletes performing various [[acrobatics]], including [[pole climbing]] while dancing to Raga Desahka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=123705001&objectId=183952&partId=1|title=painting|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155955/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=123705001&objectId=183952&partId=1|archive-date=February 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A Mughal painting from 1670 depicts wrestlers or athletes practicing [[Indian club|club swinging]], weightlifting, and pole climbing similar to mallakhamb.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/15059|title=Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art|last=Ashmolean Museum|first=University of Oxford|website=jameelcentre.ashmolean.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231438/http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/15059|archive-date=February 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The art form since remained dormant until it was given a new lease on life by Balambhatta Dada Deodhar, the teacher of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]]. During the first half of the 19th century, [[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi]] learned mallakhamb with her childhood friends [[Nana Saheb]] and [[Tantia Tope]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rani Lakshmibai: the valiant queen of Jhansi|last=Agarwal|first=Deepa|date=2009|publisher=Puffin|isbn=978-0-14-333084-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=666466167}}</ref>

Mallakhamb as a competitive sport was first time developed by the Mallakhamb Federation of India in January 1981 and the rules and regulations were also introduced for the first time in the First National Championships held from 28 to 29 January 1981.

[[File:Performing mallakhamb.jpg|thumb|300px|Performing mallakhamb]]

{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
Competitive mallakhamb at the national level first made its appearance in 1958 at the National Gymnastics Championships (NGCs) held at the Pahadganj Stadium, [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The Gymnastics Federation of India (GFI) proposed to recognize the game and include it in subsequent NGCs. The first national mallakhamb championships were held in 1962 at [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], as part of the NGCs. Around 1968, the game was introduced in the All-India Inter-University Gymnastics Championships. The national mallakhamb championships were organized annually by the GFI until 1976. In 1977, these mallakhamb championships were removed from the GFI, and no major championship games were held until 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ramendra Singh|date=Aug 31, 2020 |title=MP state sport, mallakhamb, makes it to Tokyo Olympics {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-state-sport-mallakhamb-makes-it-to-tokyo-olympics/articleshow/77843860.cms |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Bamshankar Joshi and other mallakhamb enthusiasts at [[Ujjain]], Madhya Pradesh, founded an all-India level organization named the Mallakhamb Federation of India. The first all-India national mallakhamb championships were organized by the new sports association in 1981 from January 28 to 29 at Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. The event brought in representatives from all over India; they participated in these championships and this organisation has been registered on 7 June 1984 as Mallakhamb Federation wide registration number 13752. The national mallakhamb championships have since been organized by different state associations affiliated to this federation.

Competitively, there are several versions but three variations of mallakhamb sport are in practice since 1937:

# Pole mallakhamb
# Hanging mallakhamb
# Rope mallakhamb

All are practiced by both men and women, though pole mallakhamb is more commonly practiced by men and boys, and rope mallakhamb by women and girls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pole dancing, empowerment and embodiment|last=Holland, Samantha.|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-29043-3|location=Houndmills, Balsingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=688185171|page=62}}</ref>
All mallakhamb competitions are organized under the rules made by the Mallakhamb Federation of India, and 28 states are affiliated to the Federation. Himani Uttam Parab won gold medal in rope long set in the first World Mallakhamb Championship 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Shikhar Dhawan to Ankita Raina: A look at players who won prestigious Arjuna award this year |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/from-shikhar-dhawan-to-ankita-raina-a-look-at-players-who-won-prestigious-arjuna-award-this-year-429127 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref>

== Variations and specifications ==
=== Pole mallakhamb ===
In this variation, a vertical wooden pole made of [[teak]] wood or [[sheesham]] is fixed to the ground. The pole is smeared with [[castor oil]], which helps to minimize excessive friction. Participants perform various acrobatic feats and poses while hanging on the pole. Wrestlers mount, dismount, and utilize the pole for various complex [[calisthenics]] designed to develop their grip, stamina, and strength in the arms, legs, and upper body.

There are a number of pillars, although the most common is a free-standing upright pole, some eight to ten inches in diameter, planted into the ground. The pole used in competitions is a straight pole made of teak or sheesham wood, standing {{convert|2.6|m|ft}} in height with a circumference of {{convert|55|cm|in}} at the base. It gradually tapers to a circumference of {{convert|35|cm|in}} at the top.

The specifications of pole mallakhamb are as follows:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Range
!Height (senior group)
!Height (sub-junior group)
|-
|Above the ground
|2600 to 2800
|2400 to 2600
|-
|Under the ground
|800 to 900
|700 to 800
|-
|Neck
|180 to 200
|180 to 200
|-
|Top
|70
|60
|-
|Total length
|3400 to 3700
|3100 to 3400
|-
!colspan="3"|Circumference
|-
|Bottom
|530 to 550
|480 to 500
|-
|Below the neck
|300 to 350
|300 to 350
|-
|Neck
|180 to 200
|180 to 200
|-
|Top
|350
|300
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|}

=== Hanging mallakhamb ===
This type of mallakhamb is similar to pole mallakhamb, but it uses a wooden pole shorter than the standard pole in pole mallakhamb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Mallakhamb |url=https://tamilnadumallakhambassociation.com/about-mallakhamb/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Tamilnadu Mallakhamb Association |language=en-US}}</ref> The pole is hung with hooks and a chain, leaving a gap between the ground and the bottom of the mallakhamb.

The specifications of hanging mallakhamb are as follows:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Range
!Height
|-
|{{Clarify|reason=Missing range|date=November 2019}}
|1700 to 1900
|-
|Neck height
|180 to 200
|-
|Top height
|70
|-
|Distance between bottom and ground
|650 to 700
|-
|Height of the structure
|4600 to 4800
|-
!colspan="2"|Circumference
|-
|Bottom
|4500 to 5000
|-
|Neck
|180 to 200
|-
|Below the neck
|250 to 300
|-
|colspan="2"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|}

=== Rope mallakhamb ===
In this variation, the participant performs exercises while hanging on a rope suspended from a support at the top.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/gallery/mallakhamb-ancient-indian-sport|title=Mallakhamb: Ancient Indian sport|date=5 December 2012|newspaper=MSN News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116105646/http://news.in.msn.com/gallery/mallakhamb-ancient-indian-sport|archive-date=16 January 2013|location=India}}</ref> The rope is typically {{Convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=}} long, and approximately {{Convert|1 to 2|cm|in|abbr=}} in diameter. The rope is caught by the performer in the gap between the big toe and the second toe, along with one or both hands. After climbing upwards on the rope, the performer ties the rope around the body through a sequence of steps. The performer then reaches various positions called ''Udi'' ("to fly"), some of which are imitations of standard [[asana]].

Rope mallakhamb was historically performed on a [[Cane (grass)|cane]], but due to the lack of good cane, a cotton rope is used. Performers are expected to perform various exercises without knotting the rope in any way.

The specifications of rope mallakhamb are as follows:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!Dimension
!Measurement (Senior Group)
!Measurement (Sub-Junior Group)
|-
|Length
|6000 to 6500
|6000 to 6500
|-
|Thickness
|18 to 20
|12 to 13
|-
|Height of the structure
|5800 to 6000
|5800 to 6000
|-
|colspan="3"|Note: All dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
|}

== Official international organizations ==
* Vishwa Mallakhamb Federation (VMF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/india-hosts-first-ever-world-mallakhamb-championship-in-mumbai-5590757/|title = India hosts first-ever World Mallakhamb Championship in Mumbai|date = February 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/india-win-team-event-at-mallakhamb-world-championship-2039549.html|title = India Win Team Event at Mallakhamb World Championship|date = February 17, 2019}}</ref>
* Mallakhamb Confederation of World (MCW)
* Asian Mallakhamb Federation (AMF)
* South Asian Mallakhamb Federation (SAMF)
* Mallakhamb Federation USA (MFU)

== Official Indian mallakhamb sport national organizations ==
*'''Mallakhamb Federation''' which is widely known as '''Mallakhamb Federation of India (MFI)''', registered on 7 June 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallakhamb Federation Of India - About MFI |url=https://mallakhambfederationofindia.com/about_mfi.php |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=mallakhambfederationofindia.com}}</ref> with Registration No. 13752 in [[Ujjain]], M.P. It is affiliated with Vishwa Mallakhamb Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VISHWA MALLAKHAMB FEDERATION |url=https://vishwamallakhamb.com/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=vishwamallakhamb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallakhamb Federation Of India - World Chapionship |url=https://mallakhambfederationofindia.com/world-championship.php |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=mallakhambfederationofindia.com}}</ref> In September 2022, [[The Times of India]] revealed that following allegations for sexual harassment and the failure to comply with the national sports code of India 2011, the MFI's recognition as a National Sports Federation has been withdrawn and its annual financial grant stopped by the sports ministry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-20 |title=Mallakhamb federation's president resigns over sexual harassment charges |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/mallakhamb-federations-president-resigns-over-sexual-harassment-charges/articleshow/94316158.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*'''Mallakhamb Sports Federation of India (MSFI)''' has been affiliated with Mallakhamb Confederation of World (MCW), Asian Mallakhamb Federation (AMF), South Asian Mallakhamb Federation (SAMF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallakhamba {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/1455914291329179/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bo-taoshi]]
* [[Chinese pole]]
* [[Kalaripayattu]]
* [[Malla-yuddha]]
* [[Pole dance]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Mallakhamb: An Investigation Into the Indian Physical Practice of Rope and Pole Mallakhamb'' by Jon Burtt, Edith Cowan University, 2010.
** {{Cite book|title=Mallakhamb: An Investigation Into the Indian Physical Practice of Rope and Pole Mallakhamb|last=Burtt|first=Jon|work=International Journal of the Arts in Society|publisher=Edith Cowan University|year=2010}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Malkhamb}}
* [http://www.mallakhambindia.com Mallakhamb India website]
* [https://mallakhambinusa.org/ Mallakhamb in USA website]
*{{Cite web|title=IndiaPress.org|work=Listing of traditional games and sports of India|url=http://sports.indiapress.org/mallakhamb.php|accessdate=April 1, 2007}}
*{{Cite web|title=mallkhambindia.com|work=Mallakhamb: The Authentic Indian Sport|url=http://www.mallkhambindia.com/|accessdate=April 1, 2007}}
*{{Cite web|title=aquafishsilver.com|work="MALLAKHAMB" – A Great Traditional Ancient Art of Indian Physical Culture.|url=http://www.aquafishsilver.com/aquafishsilver/mbfwhtml/healthandfitness_mallakhamb_the_complete_body_workout.html|accessdate=April 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702144200/http://www.aquafishsilver.com/aquafishsilver/mbfwhtml/healthandfitness_mallakhamb_the_complete_body_workout.html|archive-date=July 2, 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite book|editor-last=Mujumdar|editor-first=D.C.|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture|publisher=Baroda: Sree Ram Vijaya Printing Press|year=1950}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20101210030821/http://library.thinkquest.org/11372/data/mallakhamb.htm
*https://www.news18.com/news/sports/india-win-team-event-at-mallakhamb-world-championship-2039549.html
*https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/india-hosts-first-ever-world-mallakhamb-championship-in-mumbai-5590757/

[[Category:Gymnastics]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Gymnastics apparatus]]
[[Category:Exercise equipment]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wrestling in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]

Mallakhamba - Revision history

TeresitaBunch: fixed issues

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article