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{{Short description|Astronomy table}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Makaradasarini First Page.jpg|thumb|right|400px|First page of a manuscript of the astronomical table text Makarandasarini ([https://archive.org/details/pFwA_m-1206-makaranda-sarani-kavikulguru-kalidas-sanskrit-university-ramtek-collection/page/n1/mode/2up Internet Archive])]]
'''''Makarandasāriṇi''''' is a Sanskrit astronomical table text composed by the Indian astronomer-mathematician [[Makaranda]] (c.1438-1478) hailing from [[Varanasi]]. In the Sanskrit astronomical literature such table texts are referred to as ''sāriṇi''-s or ''koṣṭhaka''-s. (The word ''sāriṇi'' may be loosely translated as “stream, path, line”.) It is one of the most popular such texts ever composed in Sanskrit.<ref name="Kim">{{cite book |last1=[[Clemency Montelle]] and [[Kim Plofker]] |title=Sanskrit Astronomical Tables |publisher=Springer |location=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-97036-3}}</ref>

==Important features==

''Makarandasāriṇi'' follows the ''Saurapakṣa''. This is the midnight-epoch system embodied in a recension of the ''Sūryasiddhānta'' dating to around the eighth century.<ref name="Kim"/> This is reflected in the choices of the values of the fundamental parameters, like the values of the celestial bodies’ revolution-numbers and consequent mean velocities. Another unique feature of ''Makarandasāriṇi'' is the use of vegetation-themed Sanskrit technical terms for its various tables. The table giving the mean position increments has been called ''vāṭikā'' (garden) and the table giving calendar day/time for mean time unit has been called ''guccha'' (blossom, flower). There are tables named ''valli''-s (creeper) and ''saurabhaṃ''-s (fragrance, perfume). In comparison to most other ''sāriṇi''-s or ''koṣṭhakā''-s, ''Makarandasāriṇi'' has no accompanying set of verses except for an invocatory stanza at the beginning of the text.<ref name="Kim"/>

==Contents==

Among other things, the book has tables relating to the following:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. Rupa, Padmaja Venugopal and S. Balachandra Rao |title=Makarandasarini and allied Saurapaksa tables: A Study |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=2014 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=186–208 |url=https://ancientindianastronomy.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/ijhs-vol49_2_9_krupa.pdf |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>

# the ending moments of ''[[tithi]]'', and ''[[Hindu calendar#Yoga|yoga]]''
# the mean longitudes of the Sun, the Moon and the five ''tārāgraha''-s viz, ''Kuja'' (Mars), ''Budha'' (Mercury), ''Guru'' (Jupiter), ''Śukra'' (Venus) and ''Śani'' (Saturn),
# the ''mandaphala'' (equation of the centre) of each of the heavenly bodies,
# the equation of the conjunction of the five planets,
# the moments of solar ingress (''saṅkarmaṅa'') into the ''rāśi''-s (zodiacal signs) and ''nakṣatra''-s (the twenty-seven asterisms)
# the Sun's declination (''krānti'')
# the latitude (''śara'', '''vikṣepa'') of the Moon
# the angular diameters (''bimba'') of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth’s shadow-cone (''bhūcchāyā'', ''bhūrbhā'') for computing lunar and solar eclipses.

==Commentaries==

There are a large number of commentaries on ''Makarandasāriṇi'' in circulation. These commentaries provide detailed instructions on how to use the tables sometimes with elaborate worked examples. The following is only a partial list of these commentaries.<ref name="Kim"/>

* ''Makarandapañcāṅgopapatti'' of Ḍhuṇḍhirāja (fl. 1590)
* ''Makarandavivaraṇa'' of Divākara (b. 1606)
* ''Makarandapaddhatikārikā'' of Harikarṇa (fl. 1610)
* ''Abhinavatāmarasa'' of Purus.ottama Bhaṭṭa (fl. ca. 1610)
* ''Makarandodāharaṇa'' of Viśvaātha (fl. 1612/1630)
* ''Makarandaṭippaṇa'' of Moreśvara (1622 CE)
* ''Subodhikā'' of Kṣemaṅkara Miśra (fl. 1632)
* ''Makarandakārikā'' of Kṛpārāma Miśra (fl. 1815)
* ''vāsanā'' of Nīlāmbara Jhā (b. 18 July 1823)
* ''udāharaṇa'' of Jīvanātha Jhā (fl. ca. 1846/1900)

==See also==

* [[Mahadevi (astronomy book)]]
* [[Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)]]

==Additional reading==

*{{cite book |last1=[[Clemency Montelle]] and [[Kim Plofker]] |title=Sanskrit Astronomical Tables |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-97036-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/sources-and-studies-in-the-history-of-mathematics-and-physical-sciences-clemency/mode/2up |access-date=20 December 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=David Pingree |title=Sanskrit Astronomical Tables In England |date=1973 |publisher=The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute |location=Madras (Chennai) |url=https://archive.org/details/sanskritastronomicaltablesinenglandmanuscriptsdavidpingree_409_s/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=20 December 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=Vishnunath |title=Makaranda Sarini |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405753/mode/2up |access-date=20 December 2023}} (Name of publisher not mentioned. Digitized from Digital Library of India.)
*{{cite journal |last1=Balachandra Rao S, Rupa K and Padmaja Venugopal |title=An analysis of the mandaphala tables of Makaranda and revision of parameters |journal=Ganita Bharati |date=2013 |volume=35 |issue=1 |url=https://ancientindianastronomy.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/gb-chap-10-may-14vol-15-no-11.pdf |access-date=20 December 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Astronomy in India]]

Makarandasarini - Revision history

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