imported>Eievie: /* Consonants */ Links to the sounds

2021-07-07T04:30:48Z

Consonants: Links to the sounds

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This page describes the grammar of [[Maithili language]], which has a complex verbal system, nominal declension with a few inflections, and extensive use of honoroficity. It is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] native to the [[Maithili people]] and is spoken in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] with some speakers in [[Jharkhand]] and nearby states.The language has a large number of speakers in [[Nepal]] too, which is second in number of speakers after Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Yadav|first=Ramawatar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6k03mvHoBwC&pg=PA103|title=A Reference Grammar of Maithili|date=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-014558-8|language=en}}</ref>

Maithili has the following characteristic morphological features:

*Number is not grammatically marked.
*Gender distinctions are also absent in verbs and pronouns.
*There is a lexical distinction of gender in the third person pronoun.
*Transitive verbs are distinguished from intransitive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yadav|first=Ramawatar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6k03mvHoBwC&pg=PA103|title=A Reference Grammar of Maithili|date=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-014558-8|language=en}}</ref>

==Phonology==
{{Main|Maithili phonology}}
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|प {{IPA link|p}}
|त {{IPA link|t}}
|ट {{IPA link|ʈ}}
|च {{IPA link|tɕ}}
|क {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|फ {{IPA link|pʰ}}
|थ {{IPA link|tʰ}}
|ठ {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|छ {{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
|ख {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|ब {{IPA link|b}}
|द {{IPA link|d}}
|ड {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|ज {{IPA link|dʑ}}
|ग {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
![[voiced aspirated]]
|भ {{IPA link|bʱ}}
|ध {{IPA link|dʱ}}
|ढ {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|झ {{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
|घ {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|फ़ ({{IPA link|ɸ}}~{{IPA link|f}})
|स {{IPA link|s}}
|ष ({{IPA link|ʂ}})
|श ({{IPA link|ɕ}})
|ख़ ({{IPA link|x}})
| ः -({{IPA link|h}})*
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|ज़ ({{IPA link|z}})
|
|झ़ ({{IPA link|ʑ}})
|
|ह ({{IPA link|ɦ}})
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|म {{IPA link|m}}
|न {{IPA link|n}}
|ण {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|ञ ({{IPA link|ɲ}})
|ङ {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Flap]] and [[Trill consonants]]
|
|र {{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|ड़ ({{IPA link|ɽ}})
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|व ({{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}})
|ल {{IPA link|l}}
|
|य ({{IPA link|j}})
|
|
|}

* Fricative sounds {{IPA|[ʂ, ɕ]}} only occur marginally, and are typically pronounced as a dental fricative /{{IPA|s}}/ in most styles of pronunciation.ः is always added after a vowel.
* In most styles of pronunciation, the retroflex flap {{IPA|[ɽ]}} occurs marginally, and is usually pronounced as an alveolar tap /{{IPA|r}}/ sound.
* A retroflex nasal sound {{IPA|[ɳ]}} only occurs before a voiced retroflex /{{IPA|ɖ}}/ sound.
* Approximant sounds {{IPA|[ʋ, w, j]}} and fricative sounds {{IPA|[ɸ, f, z, ʑ, x]}}, mainly occur in words that are borrowed from Sanskrit or in words of Perso-Arabic origin. From Sanskrit, ''puʂp(ə)'' as ''puɸp(ə)''. Conjunct of ''ɦj'' as ''ɦʑ'' as in ''graɦjə'' as ''graɦʑə''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Grierson|first1=George Abraham|url=http://archive.org/details/introductiontoma00grierich|title=An introduction to the Maithili dialect of the Bihari language as spoken in North Bihar|last2=Asiatic Society (Calcutta|first2=India) Journal and proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|date=1909|publisher=Calcutta : Asiatic Society|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

====Non syllabic Vowels====
There are four non-syllabic vowels in Maithili-
i̯, u̯, e̯, o̯ written in Devanagari as य़, व़, य़ॆ, व़ॊ. Most of the times, these are written without nukta.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|इ {{IPA|ɪ}}
|ई {{IPA|i}}ː
|
|
|उ {{IPA|ʊ}}
|ऊ {{IPA|u}}ː
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|ऎ {{IPA|e}}
|ए {{IPA|eː}}
|अ
{{IPA|ə}}~{{IPA|ɐ}}
|अऽ {{IPA|əː}}
|ऒ {{IPA|o}}
|ओ {{IPA|oː}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|ऍ
{{IPA|æ}}~{{IPA|ɛ}}
|ꣾ {{IPA|ɛː}}
|ॴ {{IPA|a}}̈
|आ {{IPA|äː}}
|अऽ {{IPA|ɔ}}
|ॵ {{IPA|ɔː}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Diphthongs]]
|
|ꣾ əɪ̯
|
|
|
|ॵ əʊ̯
|-
|
|ऐ aːɪ̯
|
|
|
|औ aːʊ̯
|}

* All vowels have nasal counterparts, represented by "~" in IPA and ँ on the vowels, like आँ ãː .
*All vowel sounds are realized as nasal when occurring before or after a nasal consonant.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Reference Grammar of Maithili|last=Yadav|first=Ramawatar|publisher=Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.|year=1996|location=Trends in Linguistics: Documentation, 11.|pages=15–27}}</ref>
* Sounds ɛː and ɔː are often replaced by diphthongs əɪ̯ and əʊ̯ in most of the dialects.
*æ is a recent development.
*ɔ is replaced by ə or even ə̯ in northern dialects and by o in southernmost dialects.
*There are three short vowels, as described by Grierson, but not counted by modern grammarians. But they could be understood as syllable break :- ॳ / ɘ̆ /, इऺ/ ɪ̆ /, उऺ/ ʊ̆ / . Or as syllable break ऺ in Devanagari and "." in IPA.
* ꣾ is a Unicode letter in Devanagari, (IPA /əɪ̯/) which is not supported currently on several browsers and operating systems, along with its mātrā (vowel sign).


====Diphthongs====

अय़(ꣾ) / əi̯ / ~ /ɛː/ - अय़सनऺ (ꣾ सनऺ) / əi̯sənᵊ / ~ /ɛːsɐnᵊ/ 'like this' अव़(ॵ) / əu̯ / ~ /ɔː/- चव़मुुखऺ(चॏमुखऺ) / tɕəu̯mʊkʰᵊ / ~ /tɕɔːmʊkʰᵊ/ 'four faced' अयॆ / əe̯ / - अयॆलाः / əe̯la:h / 'came' अवॊ (अऒ) / əo̯ / - अवॊताः / əo̯ta:h / 'will come' '''ऐ / a:i̯ / - ऐ / a:i̯ / 'today' औ / a:u̯ / - औ / a:u̯ / 'come please'''' आयॆ (आऎ) / a:e̯ / - आयॆलऺ / a:e̯l / 'came' आवॊ (आऒ) / a:o̯ / - आवॊबऺ / a:o̯bᵊ / 'will come' यु (इउ) / iu̯/ - घ्यु / ghiu̯ / 'ghee' यॆ (इऎ) / ie̯ / - यॆः / ie̯h / 'only this' यॊ (इऒ) / io̯ / - कह्यो / kəhio̯ / 'any day' वि (उइ) / ui̯ / - द्वि / dui̯ / 'two' वॆ (उऎ) /ue̯/ - वॆ: / ue̯h / 'only that'

===Svarabhakti (Vowel Epenthesis)===
A peculiar type of phonetic change is recently taking place in Maithili by way of epenthesis i.e. backward transposition of final i and u in all sort of words.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Maithili/Maithili.html|title=Maithili|website=lisindia.ciil.org|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> Thus:

'''Standard Colloquial -''' Common Pronunciation

'''अछि / əchi / -''' अइछऺ / əich / 'is'

'''रवि / rəbi / -''' रइबऺ / rəib / 'sunday'

'''मधु / mədhu / -''' मउधऺ / məudh / 'honey'

'''बालु / ba:lu / -''' बाउलऺ / ba:ul / 'sand'

==Nominals==
Nouns are inflected for several cases. Grammarians consider only few of them to be pure inflection.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Case name
!Postpositions
!Examples
!English translation
!Singular Inflection
!Plural Inflection*
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
({{lang-sa2|कर्ता}} ''kartā'')
|
|'''नेनऽ''' खैतऺ छे।
|Boy is eating.
|∅ (Inherent Vowel)
| -(अ)नऺ,
-(अ)निऺ

(ə)nᵊ, (ə)nɪ̆
|-
! rowspan="2" |Accusative
({{lang-sa2|कर्म}} ''karma'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Maithili/Maithili.html|title=Maithili|website=lisindia.ciil.org|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>
!Definite Object
(without determiners)
|के ke
|ऊ '''नेनाके''' खिलैैतꣿ।
|He/she will feed the boy.
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
←
|-
!Indefinite
Object
|
|बियाहकऺ बादऺ ऊ पालऺतꣿ '''नेना'''।
|He/she nurture a boy, after marriage
| colspan="2" |∅
|-
! colspan="2" |Instrumental
({{lang-sa2|करण}} ''karaṇa'')
|सँऽ sɔ̃
|'''नेनासँऽ''' गिरलऺ रहꣿ।
|It was fallen by the boy.
| -एँ ẽː**
| -(अ)न्हिऺ
(ə)nʰɪ̆
|-
! colspan="2" |Dative
({{lang-sa2|सम्प्रदान}} ''sampradāna'')
|कॅ, लॅ, लेलऺ
kæ læ, leːlᵊ
|'''नेनाकॅ''' खाना खिलौ।
|Feed the boy the food.
| -(अ)ल
(ə)lə
|Postposition used ←
|-
! colspan="2" |Ergative<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Maithili/Maith_vari.html|title=Maithili Variation|website=lisindia.ciil.org|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>
(सापेक्ष)‡
|न, नॆ nə, ne
|'''नेनेँ''' पेड़ दॆखलऺकꣿ।
|The boy saw the tree.
| -एँ ẽː, nasalised vowel
| rowspan="2" |No forms
|-
! colspan="2" |Ablative
({{lang-sa2|अपादान}} ''apādāna'')
|तोँ tõː (mostly for comparative)
सॆ se

|'''पेड़ऺसॆ''' फलऺ गिरलकꣿ।
|Fruit fell from the tree.
| -(अ)तः
(ə)təh

-(अ)हु*
|-
! colspan="2" |Genitive
({{lang-sa2|सम्बन्ध}} ''sambandha'')
|करऺ kərᵊ
|'''नेनाकऺ''' खॆॆलॏनऽ छिकꣿ।
|The toy is of the boy.
| -(अ)कऺ
(ə)kᵊ

-(अ)रऺ (ə)rᵊ
| -केरऺ, -आँँकऺ
keːrᵊ, ãːkə̆ᵊ
|-
! colspan="2" |Locative
({{lang-sa2|अधिकरण}} ''adhikaraṇa'')
|तऽ təː
मेँ, मँऽ

(Inessive)

पर्, पॅ pər, pæ (Superessive)
|'''छतऺपर्''' रखऺने छꣿ। 
|It is placed on the terrace.
| -ए eː** -(अ)हि*
| -आँ ãː
|-
! colspan="2" |Postpositional
(परसर्गीय parasargīya)§
|
|अगऺलऽ '''महीना'''मेँ हॊय़तꣿ।
|It will happen in next month.
|∅
(In र, ड़, ढ़, ल, न, ब stems

-आ aː)
| rowspan="2" | -(अ)नऺ,
-(अ)निऺ

(ə)nᵊ, (ə)nɪ̆

(ə)nᵊ, (ə)nɪ̆
|-
! colspan="2" |Vocative
({{lang-sa2|सम्बोधन}} ''sambodhana'')
|
|'''रॏ नेनऽ'''! औ।
|O boy! Come.
|∅
|}

*<nowiki>*These forms are abundant in literature, but are less used in spoken language.</nowiki>
*
*
*
*‡'''Ergative''' is more used in eastern and southern dialects. Maithili also has parallel accusative structure and both can be used. If '''ergative''' is used, then nominative is used as '''absolutive'''.
*<nowiki>**Used only in neuter and inanimates.</nowiki>
*§It is used, when a postposition is added to the word. Some other postpositions are-

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Case name
!Postposition
|-
! colspan="2" |Allative
| दक dəkə
|-
! colspan="2" |Terminative
|तकऺ, लऻ təkᵊ, laː
|-
! colspan="2" |Abessive
|बिनु bɪnʊ
|-
! colspan="2" |Adverbial
|जकऻँ , सोँ dʑəkãː, sõː
|-
! rowspan="3" |Genitive adjectives
!Masculine object
|कऽ, रऽ kɔ, rɔ
|-
!Feminine object
|कि, रि kɪ, rɪ
|-
!Neuter object
|कऽ, रऽ kəː, rəː
|}
Some postpositions are added to the genitive too.

*Inflectional plural is less in use than the Periphrastic one, and is mostly found in literature.
*Periphrastic Plural is made by suffixes like सभऺ səbʰᵊ; लोकनिऺ loːknɪ̆, सबहिऺ səbəɦɪ̆, गण ɡəɳᵊ, जन dʑənᵊ could be used for animates and आरनिऺ aːrənɪ̆, सनि sənɪ for all.

===Common vowel stem ===

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Case name
! colspan="3" |Singular Inflection
! colspan="3" |Plural Inflection
|-
!Feminine
!Masculine
!Neuter
!Feminine
!Masculine
!Neuter
|-
!Nominative
| -इ ɪ
| -अऽ ɔ
| -अऽ əː
| -इनऺ ɪnᵊ
| -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
| rowspan="2" | -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
|-
!Accusative
(Indefinite)
| -ई iː
| colspan="2" | -अऽ əː
| -ई iː
| -अऽ əː
|-
!Instrumental
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
| -एँ ẽː
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
| -अन्हिऺ
ənʰɪ̆
|-
! rowspan="2" |Dative
| colspan="6" |Postposition used
|-
| -इल ɪlə
| colspan="2" | -अल ələ
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |No forms
|-
!Ergative
| -इयेँ ɪẽː
| colspan="2" | -एँ ẽː
|-
!Ablative
| -इतः ɪtəh
| colspan="2" | -अतः
ətəh
|-
!Genitive
| -इकऺ ɪkᵊ, इर॑ ɪrᵊ
| colspan="2" | -अकऺ əkᵊ, -अरऺ ərᵊ
| -ईंकऺ ĩːkᵊ
| colspan="2" | -आँँकऺ
ãːkᵊ
|-
!Locative
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
| -ए eː
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
| -आँ
ãː
|-
!Vocative
| -इ ɪ/ई iː
| colspan="2" | -अऽ əː
| -इनऺ ɪnᵊ
| colspan="2" | -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
|}

===Consonant stem===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Case name
! colspan="2" |Singular Inflection
! colspan="2" |Plural Inflection
|-
!Masculine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Neuter
|-
!Nominative
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ∅
| -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
| rowspan="2" | -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
|-
!Accusative
(Indefinite)
| ∅
|-
!Instrumental
|Postposition used
| -एँ ẽː
|Postposition used
| -अन्हिऺ
ənʰɪ̆
|-
! rowspan="2" |Dative
| colspan="4" |Postposition used
|-
| colspan="2" | -अल ələ
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |No forms
|-
!Ergative
| colspan="2" | -एँ ẽː
|-
!Ablative
| colspan="2" | -अतः
ətəh
|-
!Genitive
| colspan="2" | -अकऺ əkᵊ, -अरऺ ərᵊ
| colspan="2" | -आँँकऺ ãːkᵊ kᵊ
kᵊ
|-
!Locative
|Postposition used
| -ए eː
|Postposition used
| -आँ
ãː
|-
!Vocative
| colspan="2" | ∅
| colspan="2" | -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
|}

===Feminine stem -आ aː===
{| class="wikitable"
!Case name
!Singular Inflection
!Plural Inflection
|-
!Nominative
| rowspan="2" | -आ aː
| -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
|-
!Accusative
(Indefinite)
| -आ aː
|-
!Instrumental
| colspan="2" |Postposition used, -एँ ẽː*
|-
! rowspan="2" |Dative
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
|-
| -आल aːlə
| rowspan="3" |No forms
|-
!Ergative
| -आयेँ aːẽː, आँ ãː
|-
!Ablative
| -आतः
aːtəh
|-
!Genitive
| -आकऺ aːkᵊ, -आरऺ aːrᵊ
| -आँँकऺ ãːkᵊ kᵊ
kᵊ
|-
!Locative
| colspan="2" |Postposition used
|-
!Vocative
| -ए eː
| -अनऺ, -अनिऺ
ənᵊ, ənɪ̆
|}
* <nowiki>*Though, used for neuter and inanimates, it is used for female inanimates or abstract.</nowiki>

===Other Vowel stems===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!इ
!ई
!उ
!ऊ
!ऎ
!ऒ
!ए
!ऐ
!ओ
!औ
|-
!Masculine
| ✓
|×
|✓
|×
|✓
|✓
|✓
|×
|✓
|✓
|-
!Feminine
|✓
|✓
|✓
|✓
|×
|×
|✓
|✓
|✓
|✓
|-
!Neuter
|✓
|×
|✓
|×
|✓
|✓
|✓
|×
|✓
|✓
|-
! colspan="11" |Declension irregularities
|-
!Ergative
| colspan="10" |Nasalised vowel or ↓
|-
!Instrumental
(Neuter only)*
| colspan="2" |इयेँ
| colspan="2" |उवेँ
|एँ
|ऒवेँ
|अयेँ
|आयेँ
|अवेँ
|आवेँ
|-
!Locative
(Neuter only)
| colspan="2" |इये
| colspan="2" |उवे
|ए
|ऒवे
|अये
|आये
|अवे
|आवे
|-
!Vocative
|ए
|इ
|ओ
|उ
|ए
|ओ
|ए
|ओ
|ऐ
|औ
|}

* <nowiki>Specifically saying, inanimates.</nowiki>

===Adjectives===
The difference between adjectives and nouns is very minute in Maithili. However, there are marked adjectives there in Maithili.

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
!Definite
| -कऽ kɔ
| -कि/किऺ kɪ/kɪ̆
|कऽ kəː
|-
!Indefinite
| -अऽ ɔ
| -इ/इऺ ɪ/ɪ̆
|ॳ/अऽ ᵊ/əː
|}

==Pronouns==
Pronouns in Maithili are declined in similar way to nominals. However, genetic case has a different form in most of the pronouns.

===First and Second Person Pronouns<ref name=":0" />===

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Case name
! colspan="2" |First Person
! colspan="3" |Second Person
|-
!Exclusive
!Inclusive (Plural)
!First Grade Honour
!Honorofic
!High-Honorofic
|-
!Nominative
|हमऺ ɦəmᵊ
| rowspan="6" |Normally Declined अपऺना सभऺ ɐpᵊnaː səbʰᵊ
|तोँहऺ tõːhᵊ
|अहाँ ɐɦãː
| rowspan="7" |Declined Normally अपऺने ɐpᵊneː
|-
!Accusative/Postpositional
|हमऺरा ɦəmᵊraː
|तॊहऺरा/तोरा toɦᵊraː/toːraː
|अहाँ (के) ɐɦãː (keː)
|-
!Instrumental
|हमऺरेँ ɦəmᵊrẽː
|तोहऺरेँ toɦᵊrẽː
|अहेँ ɐɦẽː
|-
! rowspan="2" |Dative
|हमऺरा ɦəmᵊraː
|तोहऺरा/तोरा toɦᵊraː/toːraː
|अहाँ के ɐɦãː ke
|-
|हमऺराल ɦəmᵊraːlə
|तोहऺराल toɦᵊraːlə
|अहाँलॅ ɐɦãːlæ
|-
!Ergative
|हम्मेँ ɦəmmẽː
|तोयेँ/तोहेँ toːẽː/toɦẽː
|अहꣿँ ɐɦə̃ɪ̯̃
|-
!Genitive
|हमरऺ/हम्मरऺ
ɦəmərᵊ/ɦəmmərᵊ
|अपना सभकऺ ɐpᵊnaː səbʰəkə
|तोहरऺ toɦərᵊ
|अहाँकऺ ɐɦãːkᵊ
|}

===Third Person Pronouns<ref name=":0" />===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Case name
! colspan="3" |Proximate
! colspan="3" |Second Person
|-
!First Grade Honour
!Honorofic
!Neuter
!First Grade Honour
!Honorofic
!Neuter
|-
!Nominative
|ई iː
|ए, हिनि eː, ɦɪnɪ
|ए eː
|ऊ, वा uː, ʋaː
|ओ, हुनि oː, ɦʊnɪ
|ऒ o
|-
!Accusative/Postpositional
|ऎकऺरा ekᵊraː
|हिनऺका ɦɪnᵊkaː
|ऎहि, ꣾ, अथि eɦɪ, əɪ, ɐtʰɪ
|ऒकऺरा okᵊraː
|हुनऺका ɦʊnᵊkaː
|ऒहि, ॵ oɦɪ, əʊ
|-
!Instrumental
|ऎकऺरेँ ekᵊrẽː
|हिनऺकेँ ɦɪnᵊkẽː
|एँ ẽː
|ऒकऺरेँ okᵊrẽː
|हुनऺकेँ ɦʊnᵊkẽː
|ओँ õː
|-
! rowspan="2" |Dative
|ऎकऺरा ekᵊraː
|हिनऺका ɦɪnᵊkaː
|ऎहि eɦɪ
|ऒकऺरा okᵊraː
|हुनऺका ɦʊnᵊkaː
|ऒहि oɦɪ
|-
|ऎकऺराल ekᵊraːlᵊ
|हिनऺकाल ɦɪnᵊkaːlᵊ
|एलॅ eːlæ
|ऒकऺराल okᵊraːlᵊ
|हुनऺकाल ɦʊnᵊkaːlᵊ
|ओलॅ oːlæ
|-
!Ergative
|येँ ɪẽː
|येँ, हिनेँ ɪẽː, ɦɪnẽː
|एँ ẽː
| colspan="2" |वेँ ʊẽː
|ओँ õː
|-
!Genitive
|ऎकरऺ ekərᵊ
|हिनऺकरऺ, हिनकऺ ɦɪnᵊkərᵊ, ɦɪnəkᵊ
|ऎःकरऺ ehkərᵊ
|ओकरऺ okərᵊ
|हुनऺकरऺ, हुनकऺ ɦʊnᵊkərᵊ, ɦʊnəkaː
|ऒःकरऺ ohkərᵊ
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Maithili language}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{language grammars}}

[[Category:Maithili language]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]

Maithili grammar - Revision history

imported>Eievie: /* Consonants */ Links to the sounds