Main Frontal Thrust - Revision history

Felorox: enhanced details for consistency

2025-08-02T11:07:35Z

enhanced details for consistency

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, 2 August 2025
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	[[File:Himalayas landsat 7.png\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 1. Satellite view of the Himalayas. The Main Frontal Thrust run parallel to the glaciated peaks, north of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].]]		[[File:Himalayas landsat 7.png\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 1. Satellite view of the Himalayas. The Main Frontal Thrust run parallel to the glaciated peaks, north of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].]]
	~~The '''~~Main Frontal Thrust ~~(MFT)''', also known as the '''~~Himalayan Frontal Thrust ~~(HFT)''' is a geological~~ [[~~Fault (geology)\|fault~~]] ~~in the~~ [[~~Himalayas~~]] ~~that defines the boundary between the~~ [[ ~~Himalayan foothills~~]] ~~and~~ [[~~Indo-Gangetic Plain~~]]~~.<ref name="Paul_&_Bhakuni_">{{Cite web~~\|~~last~~=~~Paul~~\|~~first~~=R.\|~~last2~~=~~Bhakuni~~\|~~first2~~=~~S.S~~.\|~~title~~=~~Structural analysis of main boundary thrust and Himalayan frontal thrust around Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya: Implications of neotectonics\|url=http:/~~/~~reports.ias.ac.in/report/18600/structural-analysis-of-main-boundary-thrust-and-himalayan-frontal-thrust-around-dehra-dun-nw-himalaya-implications-of-neotectonics~~\|~~access-date~~=~~21 October 2020~~\|~~website~~=~~Summer Research Fellowship Programme~~ of ~~India's Science Academies}}</ref> The fault is well expressed on~~ the ~~surface thus could be seen via satellite imagery~~. ~~It is~~ the ~~youngest and southernmost [[Thrust fault\|thrust]] structure in the Himalaya [[Thrust tectonics\|deformation front]]. It~~ is ~~a splay branch of~~ the ~~[[Main Himalayan Thrust]] (MHT) as the root [[décollement]].~~		{{Infobox fault\|name=Main Frontal Thrust\|other_name=Himalayan Frontal Thrust\|country=[[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bhutan]]\|length=2,400 km\|range=[[Himalayas]]\|type=Thrust\|map_image=Himalayan Tectonic Summary.png\|displacement=15-21 mm/yr\|status=Active\|image_caption=Map of the Himalaya region with earthquakes M6+ from 1900-2014. the MFT is at the continuous black line running along}}

	~~{{Infobox fault\|name=~~Main Frontal Thrust~~\|other_name=~~Himalayan Frontal Thrust~~\|country=~~[[~~Nepal~~]], [[~~India~~]], [[~~Pakistan~~]], [[~~Bhutan~~]]\|~~length~~=~~2,400 km~~\|~~range~~=~~[[Himalayas]]~~\|~~type~~=~~Thrust~~\|~~map_image~~=Himalayan ~~Tectonic Summary~~.~~png~~\|~~displacement~~=15-21 mm/yr\|status=~~Active~~\|~~image_caption=Map of~~ the Himalaya ~~region with earthquakes M6+ from 1900-2014~~. the ~~MFT is at~~ the ~~continuous black line running along~~.}}		The '''Main Frontal Thrust (MFT)''', also known as the '''Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT)''', is a geological [[Fault (geology)\|fault]] in the [[Himalayas]] that defines the boundary between the [[Himalayan foothills]] and [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref name="Paul_&_Bhakuni_">{{Cite web\|last1=Paul\|first1=R.\|last2=Bhakuni\|first2=S.S.\|title=Structural analysis of main boundary thrust and Himalayan frontal thrust around Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya: Implications of neotectonics\|url=http://reports.ias.ac.in/report/18600/structural-analysis-of-main-boundary-thrust-and-himalayan-frontal-thrust-around-dehra-dun-nw-himalaya-implications-of-neotectonics\|access-date=21 October 2020\|website=Summer Research Fellowship Programme of India's Science Academies\|archive-date=21 October 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021095249/http://reports.ias.ac.in/report/18600/structural-analysis-of-main-boundary-thrust-and-himalayan-frontal-thrust-around-dehra-dun-nw-himalaya-implications-of-neotectonics\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fault is well expressed on the surface thus could be seen via satellite imagery. It is the youngest and southernmost [[Thrust fault\|thrust]] structure in the Himalaya [[Thrust tectonics\|deformation front]]. It is a splay branch of the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] (MHT) as the root [[décollement]].

	It runs parallel to other major splays of the MHT; Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). The [[Sunda megathrust\|Sunda Megathrust]], which extends from the Banda Islands to [[Myanmar]] is joined with the MFT.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|~~last~~=Burgess \|~~first~~=W.P. \|last2=Yin \|first2=A. \|last3=Dubey \|first3=C.S. \|last4=Shen \|first4=Z–K. \|last5=Kelty \|first5=T.K. \|date=2012 \|title=Holocene shortening across the Main Frontal Thrust zone in the eastern Himalaya \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/~~256695341_Holocene_shortening_across_the_Main_Frontal_Thrust_zone_in_the_eastern_Himalaya~~ \|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \|volume=357–358 \|pages=152–167 \|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.040}}</ref> The fault [[Strike and dip\|strikes]] in a NW-SE direction and [[Strike and dip\|dips]] at an angle of 20° to 30° in the north.<ref name="Wesnousky_etal_1999">{{Cite journal \|~~last~~=Wesnousky \|~~first~~=S.G. \|last2=Kumar \|first2=S. \|last3=Mohindra \|first3=R. \|last4=Thakur \|first4=V.C. \|date=1999 \|title=Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India \|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999TC900026 \|journal=Tectonics \|volume=18 \|issue=6 \|pages=967–976 \|doi=10.1029/1999TC900026}}</ref>		==Background==
	~~== Main Boundary Thrust ==~~		It runs parallel to other major splays of the MHT, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). The [[Sunda megathrust\|Sunda Megathrust]], which extends from the Banda Islands to [[Myanmar]], is joined with the MFT.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last1=Burgess \|first1=W.P. \|last2=Yin \|first2=A. \|last3=Dubey \|first3=C.S. \|last4=Shen \|first4=Z–K. \|last5=Kelty \|first5=T.K. \|date=2012 \|title=Holocene shortening across the Main Frontal Thrust zone in the eastern Himalaya \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256695341 \|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters \|volume=357–358 \|pages=152–167 \|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.040\|bibcode=2012E&PSL.357..152P }}</ref> The fault [[Strike and dip\|strikes]] in a northwest-southeast direction and [[Strike and dip\|dips]] at an angle of 20° to 30° in the north.<ref name="Wesnousky_etal_1999">{{Cite journal \|last1=Wesnousky \|first1=S.G. \|last2=Kumar \|first2=S. \|last3=Mohindra \|first3=R. \|last4=Thakur \|first4=V.C. \|date=1999 \|title=Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India \|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999TC900026 \|journal=Tectonics \|volume=18 \|issue=6 \|pages=967–976 \|doi=10.1029/1999TC900026\|bibcode=1999Tecto..18..967W \|s2cid=128412302 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
	The ~~'''~~Main Boundary Thrust ~~(MBT)'''~~ is another major thrust fault in the Himalaya orogenic wedge that was active in the [[Cenozoic]].<ref name="Mugnier_etal_1994">{{Cite journal \|~~last~~=Mugnier \|~~first~~=J–L. \|last2=Huyghe \|first2=P. \|last3=Chalaron \|first3=E. \|last4=Mascle \|first4=G. \|date=1994 \|title=Recent movements along the Main Boundary Thrust of the Himalayas: Normal faulting in an over-critical thrust wedge? \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215614466_Recent_movements_along_the_Main_Boundary_Thrust_of_the_Himalayas_Normal_faulting_in_an_over-critical_thrust_wedge#:~:text=The%20Main%20Boundary%20Thrust%20(MBT,along%20most%20of%20its%20length. \|journal=Tectonophysics \|volume=238 \|issue=1–4 \|pages=199–215 \|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(94)90056-6}}</ref> It runs parallel to the MFT with a spacing distance of about 20 km.
			The Main Boundary Thrust is another major thrust fault in the [[Himalayan orogenic zone\|Himalaya orogenic]] wedge that was active in the [[Cenozoic]].<ref name="Mugnier_etal_1994">{{Cite journal \|last1=Mugnier \|first1=J–L. \|last2=Huyghe \|first2=P. \|last3=Chalaron \|first3=E. \|last4=Mascle \|first4=G. \|date=1994 \|title=Recent movements along the Main Boundary Thrust of the Himalayas: Normal faulting in an over-critical thrust wedge? \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215614466 \|journal=Tectonophysics \|volume=238 \|issue=1–4 \|pages=199–215 \|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(94)90056-6\|bibcode=1994Tectp.238..199M }}</ref> It runs parallel to the MFT with a spacing distance of about 20 km.

	== Shortening rate ==		== Shortening rate ==
	Shortening rate varies across the MFT, these figures provide the speed in various locations.<ref name=":0" />		Shortening rate varies across the MFT; these figures provide the speed in various locations.<ref name=":0" />
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!Region		!Region
	!Rate (mm/yr)		!Rate (mm/yr)
	!		!Notes
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Pakistan]]		\|[[Pakistan]]
	\|14 ± 4		\|14 ± 4
	\|~~minor~~ components within the Himalayas also ~~accounts~~ for shortening		\|Minor components within the Himalayas also account for shortening.
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[North India\|Northwestern India]]		\|[[North India\|Northwestern India]]
	\|~~10-14~~		\|12 ± 2
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Bhutan]]		\|[[Bhutan]]
	\|~~15-20~~		\|17.5 ± 2.5
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

	== Seismic activity ==		== Seismic activity ==
	The MFT accommodates almost the entire rate of subduction of the Indian Plate ~~therefore, it is no surprise that~~ numerous earthquakes have occurred along this fault, and is expected to produce ~~very big earthquakes~~ in the future.<ref name=Bilham>{{Cite book\|last1=Bilham \|first1=R. \|editor1-last=Treloar \|editor1-first=P.J. \|editor2-last=Searle \|editor2-first=M.P. \|title=Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis \|chapter=Himalayan earthquakes: a review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential \|series=Geological Society, London, Special Publications \|volume=483 \|pages=423–482 \|doi=10.1144/SP483.16\|isbn = 9781786204059}}</ref> Many earthquakes associated with the MFT has resulted in visible [[Surface rupture\|ground ruptures]], as seen in the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake\|Bihar earthquake of 1934]] and [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake\|1505 magnitude 8.9 earthquake]].		The MFT accommodates almost the entire rate of subduction of the [[Indian Plate]]; numerous large earthquakes have occurred along this fault, and is expected to produce more in the future.<ref name=Bilham>{{Cite book\|last1=Bilham \|first1=R. \|editor1-last=Treloar \|editor1-first=P.J. \|editor2-last=Searle \|editor2-first=M.P. \|title=Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis \|chapter=Himalayan earthquakes: a review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential \|series=Geological Society, London, Special Publications \|year=2019 \|volume=483 \|pages=423–482 \|doi=10.1144/SP483.16\|isbn = 9781786204059\|s2cid=133821585 }}</ref> Many earthquakes associated with the MFT has resulted in visible [[Surface rupture\|ground ruptures]], as seen in the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake\|Bihar earthquake of 1934]] and [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake\|1505 magnitude 8.2–8.8 earthquake]].

	== ~~Reference~~ ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Utkarshsingh234 at 07:01, 29 August 2021

2021-08-29T07:01:46Z

New page

{{Short description|Geological fault in the Himalayas}}

[[File:Himalayas landsat 7.png|thumb|300x300px|Figure 1. Satellite view of the Himalayas. The Main Frontal Thrust run parallel to the glaciated peaks, north of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].]]
The '''Main Frontal Thrust (MFT)''', also known as the '''Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT)''' is a geological [[Fault (geology)|fault]] in the [[Himalayas]] that defines the boundary between the [[ Himalayan foothills]] and [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref name="Paul_&_Bhakuni_">{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=R.|last2=Bhakuni|first2=S.S.|title=Structural analysis of main boundary thrust and Himalayan frontal thrust around Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya: Implications of neotectonics|url=http://reports.ias.ac.in/report/18600/structural-analysis-of-main-boundary-thrust-and-himalayan-frontal-thrust-around-dehra-dun-nw-himalaya-implications-of-neotectonics|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Summer Research Fellowship Programme of India's Science Academies}}</ref> The fault is well expressed on the surface thus could be seen via satellite imagery. It is the youngest and southernmost [[Thrust fault|thrust]] structure in the Himalaya [[Thrust tectonics|deformation front]]. It is a splay branch of the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] (MHT) as the root [[décollement]].

{{Infobox fault|name=Main Frontal Thrust|other_name=Himalayan Frontal Thrust|country=[[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bhutan]]|length=2,400 km|range=[[Himalayas]]|type=Thrust|map_image=Himalayan Tectonic Summary.png|displacement=15-21 mm/yr|status=Active|image_caption=Map of the Himalaya region with earthquakes M6+ from 1900-2014. the MFT is at the continuous black line running along.}}

It runs parallel to other major splays of the MHT; Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). The [[Sunda megathrust|Sunda Megathrust]], which extends from the Banda Islands to [[Myanmar]] is joined with the MFT.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Burgess |first=W.P. |last2=Yin |first2=A. |last3=Dubey |first3=C.S. |last4=Shen |first4=Z–K. |last5=Kelty |first5=T.K. |date=2012 |title=Holocene shortening across the Main Frontal Thrust zone in the eastern Himalaya |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256695341_Holocene_shortening_across_the_Main_Frontal_Thrust_zone_in_the_eastern_Himalaya |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=357–358 |pages=152–167 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.040}}</ref> The fault [[Strike and dip|strikes]] in a NW-SE direction and [[Strike and dip|dips]] at an angle of 20° to 30° in the north.<ref name="Wesnousky_etal_1999">{{Cite journal |last=Wesnousky |first=S.G. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Mohindra |first3=R. |last4=Thakur |first4=V.C. |date=1999 |title=Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999TC900026 |journal=Tectonics |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=967–976 |doi=10.1029/1999TC900026}}</ref>
== Main Boundary Thrust ==
The '''Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)''' is another major thrust fault in the Himalaya orogenic wedge that was active in the [[Cenozoic]].<ref name="Mugnier_etal_1994">{{Cite journal |last=Mugnier |first=J–L. |last2=Huyghe |first2=P. |last3=Chalaron |first3=E. |last4=Mascle |first4=G. |date=1994 |title=Recent movements along the Main Boundary Thrust of the Himalayas: Normal faulting in an over-critical thrust wedge? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215614466_Recent_movements_along_the_Main_Boundary_Thrust_of_the_Himalayas_Normal_faulting_in_an_over-critical_thrust_wedge#:~:text=The%20Main%20Boundary%20Thrust%20(MBT,along%20most%20of%20its%20length. |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=238 |issue=1–4 |pages=199–215 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(94)90056-6}}</ref> It runs parallel to the MFT with a spacing distance of about 20 km.

== Shortening rate ==
Shortening rate varies across the MFT, these figures provide the speed in various locations.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Region
!Rate (mm/yr)
!
|-
|[[Pakistan]]
|14 ± 4
|minor components within the Himalayas also accounts for shortening
|-
|[[North India|Northwestern India]]
|10-14
|
|-
|[[Nepal]]
|21 ± 1.5
|
|-
|[[Bhutan]]
|15-20
|
|}

== Seismic activity ==
The MFT accommodates almost the entire rate of subduction of the Indian Plate therefore, it is no surprise that numerous earthquakes have occurred along this fault, and is expected to produce very big earthquakes in the future.<ref name=Bilham>{{Cite book|last1=Bilham |first1=R. |editor1-last=Treloar |editor1-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Searle |editor2-first=M.P. |title=Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis |chapter=Himalayan earthquakes: a review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential |series=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=483 |pages=423–482 |doi=10.1144/SP483.16|isbn = 9781786204059}}</ref> Many earthquakes associated with the MFT has resulted in visible [[Surface rupture|ground ruptures]], as seen in the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|Bihar earthquake of 1934]] and [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake|1505 magnitude 8.9 earthquake]].

== Reference ==
<references />

[[Category:Tectonics]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Active faults]]
[[Category:Structural geology]]
[[Category:Seismic faults]]
[[Category:Seismic faults of Asia]]
[[Category:Thrust faults]]
[[Category:Seismic faults of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geology of the Himalaya]]
[[Category:Subduction zones]]
[[Category:Geology of Asia]]
[[Category:Geology of Nepal]]
[[Category:Geology of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Geology of China]]
[[Category:Geology of Bhutan]]