Mahmud Hasan Deobandi - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:45, 1 December 2022
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	{{good article}}		{{good article}}
	{{Distinguish\|Mahmudul Hasan\|Mahmud Deobandi}}		{{Distinguish\|Mahmudul Hasan\|Mahmud Deobandi}}
	{{Short description\|Indian Muslim scholar and ~~independence~~ activist (1851–1920)}}		{{Short description\|Indian Muslim scholar and activist (1851–1920)}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=July ~~2016~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~July 2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2022}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\|name = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi		\|name = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
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	\|module = {{Infobox religious biography\|embed = yes\|religion=Islam		\|module = {{Infobox religious biography\|embed = yes\|religion=Islam
	\|birth_date = 1851		\|birth_date = 1851
	\|birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Company rule in India\|British India]]		\|birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Company rule in India\|British India]]
	\|death_date = {{date of death and age\|1920\|11\|30\|1851\|df=y}}		\|death_date = {{date of death and age\|1920\|11\|30\|1851\|df=y}}
	\|death_place = [[Delhi]], British India		\|death_place = [[Delhi]], British India
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	\|ethnicity = [[Indian people\|Indian]]		\|ethnicity = [[Indian people\|Indian]]
	\|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]		\|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
	\|main_interests = [[Tafsir\|~~Exgesis~~]], [[Indian freedom movement]]		\|main_interests = [[Tafsir\|Exegesis]], [[Indian freedom movement]]
	\|notable_ideas = [[Silk Letter Movement]]		\|notable_ideas = [[Silk Letter Movement]]
	\|notable_works = {{bulleted list\|''Tarjuma Shaykh al-Hind''\|''Adilla-e-Kāmilah''\|''Īzah al-adillah''}}		\|notable_works = {{bulleted list\|''Tarjuma Shaykh al-Hind''\|''Adilla-e-Kāmilah''\|''Īzah al-adillah''}}
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	}}}}		}}}}

	'''Mahmud Hasan Deobandi''' (also known as '''Shaykh al-Hind'''; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the [[Indian ~~freedom struggle\|~~independence movement]], who co-founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and launched the [[Silk Letter Movement]] for the freedom of India. He was the first student to study at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. His teachers included [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] and [[Mahmud Deobandi]], and he was authorized in [[Sufism]] by [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].		'''Mahmud Hasan Deobandi''' (also known as '''Shaykh al-Hind'''; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the [[Indian independence movement]], who co-founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] university and launched the [[Silk Letter Movement]] for the freedom of India. He was the first student to study at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] seminary. His teachers included [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] and [[Mahmud Deobandi]], and he was authorized in [[Sufism]] by [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].

	Hasan served as the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the [[Quran]] in [[Urdu]] and authored books such as ''Adilla-e-Kāmilah'', ''Īzah al-adillah'', ''Ahsan al-Qirā'' and ''Al-Jahd al-Muqill''. He taught [[hadith]] at the Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]''. His major students ~~include~~ [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]].		Hasan served as the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the [[Quran]] in [[Urdu]] and authored books such as ''Adilla-e-Kāmilah'', ''Īzah al-adillah'', ''Ahsan al-Qirā'' and ''Al-Jahd al-Muqill''. He taught [[hadith]] at the Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]''. His major students included [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]].

	Hasan was a staunch opponent of the [[British Raj]]. He launched movements to overthrow their power in India but was arrested in 1916 and imprisoned in [[Malta]]. He was released in 1920, and was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the [[Khilafat movement\|Khilafat committee]]. He wrote religious edicts in support of the [[Non-cooperation movement]] and travelled various parts of India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom movement. He presided the second general meeting of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in November 1920 and was appointed its president. The [[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] is named in his memory. In 2013, the Government of India released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postal stamp]] on his Silk Letter Movement.		Hasan was a staunch opponent of the [[British Raj]]. He launched movements to overthrow their power in India but was arrested in 1916 and imprisoned in [[Malta]]. He was released in 1920, and was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the [[Khilafat movement\|Khilafat committee]]. He wrote religious edicts in support of the [[Non-cooperation movement]] and travelled various parts of India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom movement. He presided the second general meeting of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in November 1920 and was appointed its president. The [[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] is named in his memory. In 2013, the Government of India released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postal stamp]] on his Silk Letter Movement.
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	===Jamia Millia Islamia===		===Jamia Millia Islamia===
	{{See also\|Jamia Millia Islamia}}		{{See also\|Jamia Millia Islamia}}
	Hasan was asked to preside over the foundational ceremony of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], then known as the National Muslim University.{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}} The University was established by Hasan alongside [[Muhammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]],<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Basheer \|first1=Intifada P. \|title=Jamia Millia Islamia: A University That Celebrates Diversity \|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-jamia-millia-islamia-a-university-that-celebrates-diversity/363184 \|access-date=30 July 2021 \|work=Outlook India \|date=29 October ~~2020~~}}</ref> who were motivated by the demands of students of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) who were disappointed with the AMU's pro-[[British Raj\|British]] bias and who wanted a new university.{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}}<ref name="milli">{{cite news \|title=Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle \|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13779-shaikhul-hind-mahmood-hasan-symbol-of-freedom-struggle/ \|access-date=27 July 2021 \|work=Milli Gazette \|date=12 February ~~2016~~}}</ref> Hasan's servants, however, urged him not to accept the offer as he had grown increasingly weak and pale from his time of incarceration in Malta.{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=29}}{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}} Hasan stated, in response to their concerns, "If my president-ship pains the British, then I shall definitely take part in this ceremony."{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}} He was subsequently brought to Deoband railway station in a [[palanquin]], from where he traveled to [[Aligarh]].{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}}		Hasan was asked to preside over the foundational ceremony of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], then known as the National Muslim University.{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}} The University was established by Hasan alongside [[Muhammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]],<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Basheer \|first1=Intifada P. \|title=Jamia Millia Islamia: A University That Celebrates Diversity \|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-jamia-millia-islamia-a-university-that-celebrates-diversity/363184 \|access-date=30 July 2021 \|work=Outlook India \|date=29 October 2022}}</ref> who were motivated by the demands of students of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) who were disappointed with the AMU's pro-[[British Raj\|British]] bias and who wanted a new university.{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}}<ref name="milli">{{cite news \|title=Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle \|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13779-shaikhul-hind-mahmood-hasan-symbol-of-freedom-struggle/ \|access-date=27 July 2021 \|work=Milli Gazette \|date=12 February 2022}}</ref> Hasan's servants, however, urged him not to accept the offer as he had grown increasingly weak and pale from his time of incarceration in Malta.{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=29}}{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}} Hasan stated, in response to their concerns, "If my president-ship pains the British, then I shall definitely take part in this ceremony."{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}} He was subsequently brought to Deoband railway station in a [[palanquin]], from where he traveled to [[Aligarh]].{{sfn\|Deobandi\|p=144}}

	Hasan was not able to write anything, and asked his student [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] to prepare his presidential speech. He then made corrections and improvements to the prepared speech, and sent it to print. On 29 October 1920, this speech was read aloud by Usmani in the foundational ceremony of the university,{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=291}} after which Hasan laid the foundation stone of the Jamia Millia Islamia.{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=29}} Hasan said in the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst you are well aware that my elders and predecessors never issued an edict of disbelief over learning of a foreign language or acquiring the academic sciences of other nations. Yes, it was said that the final last effect of the English-education is that its seekers either colour themselves in that of the Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists through their atheistic insolence, or they worship the current government; then it is better to remain ignorant instead of seeking such education."{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=33}} He concurred with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean as the milk, but mixed with a little bit of poison" and considered the Muslim National University, as an alembic which would separate this poison from academia.{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=33}}		Hasan was not able to write anything, and asked his student [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] to prepare his presidential speech. He then made corrections and improvements to the prepared speech, and sent it to print. On 29 October 1920, this speech was read aloud by Usmani in the foundational ceremony of the university,{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=291}} after which Hasan laid the foundation stone of the Jamia Millia Islamia.{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=29}} Hasan said in the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst you are well aware that my elders and predecessors never issued an edict of disbelief over learning of a foreign language or acquiring the academic sciences of other nations. Yes, it was said that the final last effect of the English-education is that its seekers either colour themselves in that of the Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists through their atheistic insolence, or they worship the current government; then it is better to remain ignorant instead of seeking such education."{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=33}} He concurred with [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean as the milk, but mixed with a little bit of poison" and considered the Muslim National University, as an alembic which would separate this poison from academia.{{Sfn\|Nizami\|2011\|p=33}}
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	===Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd===		===Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd===
	The written manuscripts of the ''[[Sihah Sittah]]'' were preserved in the libraries of Islamic nations, with the majority held at [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=369}} The Indian scholar [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] copied the manuscripts that existed in Mecca, and then studied them with [[Shah Muhammad Ishaq]]. When he returned to India he started publishing the copyedited editions of these [[hadith]] ~~manuscripts~~ from his press.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2016\|pp=22–23}} His pupil [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] continued the practice of copyediting the hadith manuscripts until all of the books were published in India.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=369}}		The written manuscripts of the ''[[Sihah Sittah]]'' were preserved in the libraries of Islamic nations, with the majority held at [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=369}} The Indian scholar [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] copied the manuscripts that existed in Mecca, and then studied them with [[Shah Muhammad Ishaq]]. When he returned to India he started publishing the copyedited editions of these [[hadith manuscripts]] from his press.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2016\|pp=22–23}} His pupil [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] continued the practice of copyediting the hadith manuscripts until all of the books were published in India.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=369}}

	Later there was a push to copyedit the ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]'', one among the six major books of the [[Sihah Sittah\|hadith]]. However, the editions that were published and the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=369}} Hasan thus collected all the available manuscripts, copyedited the text and had several editions of it published in book form. These were published in 1900 from the Mujtabai Press in Delhi.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=370}}		Later there was a push to copyedit the ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]'', one among the six major books of the [[Sihah Sittah\|hadith]]. However, the editions that were published and the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=369}} Hasan thus collected all the available manuscripts, copyedited the text and had several editions of it published in book form. These were published in 1900 from the Mujtabai Press in Delhi.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=370}}
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	On 30 October 1920, a day after the foundation of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled to [[Delhi]] at the request of [[Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari]]. Several days later his health deteriorated and he received treatment from Ansari at his home in [[Daryaganj]].{{Sfn\|Saad Shuja'abadi\|2015\|p=24-25}}{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=309}} He died on 30 November 1920 in [[Delhi]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–311}} As the news of his death was announced, Hindus and Muslims closed their shops and gathered outside Ansari's house to pay tributes to Hasan.{{Sfn\|Saad Shuja'abadi\|2015\|p=26}} Ansari then asked Hasan's brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan if he preferred Mahmud Hasan to be buried in Delhi with arrangements to be made at the [[Mehdiyan\|Mehdiyan cemetery]], or if preferred to bury him at [[Deoband]] with arrangements made for moving the body.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–311}} It was decided to bury him at Deoband because of his wish that he be buried near the grave of his teacher [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–312}} His funeral prayers were offered multiple times. The people of Delhi offered the prayers outside Ansari's house, and then the body was moved to Deoband. As they reached the Delhi railway station, a plethora of people gathered and offered funeral prayers. Subsequently, prayers were offered at the [[Meerut City railway station]] and [[Meerut Cantt railway station]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–312}} His fifth and last funeral prayer was led by his brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan and he was buried in the [[Qasmi cemetery]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–312}}		On 30 October 1920, a day after the foundation of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled to [[Delhi]] at the request of [[Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari]]. Several days later his health deteriorated and he received treatment from Ansari at his home in [[Daryaganj]].{{Sfn\|Saad Shuja'abadi\|2015\|p=24-25}}{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=309}} He died on 30 November 1920 in [[Delhi]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–311}} As the news of his death was announced, Hindus and Muslims closed their shops and gathered outside Ansari's house to pay tributes to Hasan.{{Sfn\|Saad Shuja'abadi\|2015\|p=26}} Ansari then asked Hasan's brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan if he preferred Mahmud Hasan to be buried in Delhi with arrangements to be made at the [[Mehdiyan\|Mehdiyan cemetery]], or if preferred to bury him at [[Deoband]] with arrangements made for moving the body.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–311}} It was decided to bury him at Deoband because of his wish that he be buried near the grave of his teacher [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–312}} His funeral prayers were offered multiple times. The people of Delhi offered the prayers outside Ansari's house, and then the body was moved to Deoband. As they reached the Delhi railway station, a plethora of people gathered and offered funeral prayers. Subsequently, prayers were offered at the [[Meerut City railway station]] and [[Meerut Cantt railway station]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–312}} His fifth and last funeral prayer was led by his brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan and he was buried in the [[Qasmi cemetery]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|pp=310–312}}

	Mahmud Hasan has had a number of honours. [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of the World).<ref name="thanwi">{{cite book \|last1=Thanwi \|first1=Ashraf Ali \|editor1-last=Usmani \|editor1-first=Mahmood Ashraf \|title=Malfūzāt Hakīm al-Ummat \|volume= 5\|publisher=Idāra Tālīfāt-e-Ashrafia \|location=Multan \|page=300 \|url=https://archive.org/details/Malfoozat-e-Hakeem-ul-Ummatr.a-Volumes1To12-ShaykhAshrafAli/Malfoozat-e-Hakeem-ul-Ummatr.a-Volume5-ShaykhAshrafAliThanvir.a \|language=ur}}</ref> Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, he is the Leader of India, [[Sindh]], the [[Arabs\|Arab]] and the [[Ajam]]".<ref name="thanwi"/> A medical college in [[Saharanpur]] was named [[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] after him.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saharanpur medical college to be named after Madni \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Saharanpur-medical-college-to-be-named-after-Madni/articleshow/26286915.cms \|access-date=27 July 2021 \|work=Times of India \|date=24 November ~~2013~~}}</ref> In January 2013, the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a commemorative postal stamp on Hasan's [[Silk Letter Movement]].<ref name="bs">{{cite news \|title=Prez releases special stamp on 'Silk Letter Movement' \|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/prez-releases-special-stamp-on-silk-letter-movement-113011100608_1.html \|access-date=29 July 2021 \|work=Business Standard \|date=29 January ~~2013~~}}</ref>		Mahmud Hasan has had a number of honours. [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of the World).<ref name="thanwi">{{cite book \|last1=Thanwi \|first1=Ashraf Ali \|editor1-last=Usmani \|editor1-first=Mahmood Ashraf \|title=Malfūzāt Hakīm al-Ummat \|volume= 5\|publisher=Idāra Tālīfāt-e-Ashrafia \|location=Multan \|page=300 \|url=https://archive.org/details/Malfoozat-e-Hakeem-ul-Ummatr.a-Volumes1To12-ShaykhAshrafAli/Malfoozat-e-Hakeem-ul-Ummatr.a-Volume5-ShaykhAshrafAliThanvir.a \|language=ur}}</ref> Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, he is the Leader of India, [[Sindh]], the [[Arabs\|Arab]] and the [[Ajam]]".<ref name="thanwi"/> A medical college in [[Saharanpur]] was named [[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] after him.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saharanpur medical college to be named after Madni \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Saharanpur-medical-college-to-be-named-after-Madni/articleshow/26286915.cms \|access-date=27 July 2021 \|work=Times of India \|date=24 November 2022}}</ref> In January 2013, the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] released a commemorative postal stamp on Hasan's [[Silk Letter Movement]].<ref name="bs">{{cite news \|title=Prez releases special stamp on 'Silk Letter Movement' \|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/prez-releases-special-stamp-on-silk-letter-movement-113011100608_1.html \|access-date=29 July 2021 \|work=Business Standard \|date=29 January 2022}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 16 June 2022
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	{{Distinguish\|Mahmudul Hasan\|Mahmud Deobandi}}		{{Distinguish\|Mahmudul Hasan\|Mahmud Deobandi}}
	{{Short description\|Indian ~~freedom struggle leader~~ and ~~scholar~~}}		{{Short description\|Indian Muslim scholar and independence activist (1851–1920)}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}
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	'''Mahmud Hasan Deobandi''' (also known as '''Shaykh al-Hind'''; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the [[Indian freedom struggle\|independence movement]], who co-founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and launched the [[Silk Letter Movement]] for the freedom of India. He was the first student to study at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. His teachers included [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] and [[Mahmud Deobandi]], and he was authorized in [[Sufism]] by [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].		'''Mahmud Hasan Deobandi''' (also known as '''Shaykh al-Hind'''; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the [[Indian freedom struggle\|independence movement]], who co-founded the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and launched the [[Silk Letter Movement]] for the freedom of India. He was the first student to study at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. His teachers included [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] and [[Mahmud Deobandi]], and he was authorized in [[Sufism]] by [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].

	Hasan served as the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the [[Quran]] in [[Urdu]] and authored books such as ''Adilla-e-Kāmilah'', ''Īzah al-adillah'', ''Ahsan al-Qirā'' and ''Jahd al-~~Muqil~~''. He taught [[hadith]] at the Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]''. His major students include [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]].		Hasan served as the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the [[Quran]] in [[Urdu]] and authored books such as ''Adilla-e-Kāmilah'', ''Īzah al-adillah'', ''Ahsan al-Qirā'' and ''Al-Jahd al-Muqill''. He taught [[hadith]] at the Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]''. His major students include [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]].

	Hasan was a staunch opponent of the [[British Raj]]. He launched movements to overthrow their power in India but was arrested in 1916 and imprisoned in [[Malta]]. He was released in 1920, and was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the [[Khilafat movement\|Khilafat committee]]. He wrote religious edicts in support of the [[Non-cooperation movement]] and travelled various parts of India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom movement. He presided the second general meeting of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in November 1920 and was appointed its president. The [[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] is named in his memory. In 2013, the Government of India released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postal stamp]] on his Silk Letter Movement.		Hasan was a staunch opponent of the [[British Raj]]. He launched movements to overthrow their power in India but was arrested in 1916 and imprisoned in [[Malta]]. He was released in 1920, and was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the [[Khilafat movement\|Khilafat committee]]. He wrote religious edicts in support of the [[Non-cooperation movement]] and travelled various parts of India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom movement. He presided the second general meeting of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in November 1920 and was appointed its president. The [[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] is named in his memory. In 2013, the Government of India released a [[Commemorative stamp\|commemorative postal stamp]] on his Silk Letter Movement.
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	Gangohi's work received criticism from the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=345}} Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt that the language of these works was insolent, and wrote a lengthy book, entitled ''Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā'' ({{trans\|''The Best Discourse in The Elucidation of The Strongest Ring''}}), in response.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=346}}		Gangohi's work received criticism from the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=345}} Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt that the language of these works was insolent, and wrote a lengthy book, entitled ''Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā'' ({{trans\|''The Best Discourse in The Elucidation of The Strongest Ring''}}), in response.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=346}}

	===Jahd al-~~Muqil~~===		===Al-Jahd al-Muqill===
	[[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] and his companions who worked for the reformation of Muslims from [[Bidʻah]] (religious innovations), received wide criticism from the people who were associated with these innovations.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=347}} Dehlvi was in particular accused of blasphemy and was [[Takfir\|excommunicated]] from Islam.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=347}} Subsequently, Islamic scholar [[Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri]] wrote ''Tanzih al-Raḥmān'' ({{trans\|''The Glorification of the Merciful''}}), in which he mentioned Dehlvi to be a member of extreme group of the [[Muʿtazila]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=348}} Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote ''Jahd al-~~Muqil~~ fī Tanzīhi al-Mu'izzi wa al-~~muzil~~'' ({{trans\|''An Effort of an Insignificant on the Glorification of One who Graces and Disgraces''}}), in two volumes.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=349}} The book discusses the attributes and qualities of [[Allah]] with the terminology of the [[Ilm al-Kalam]], following the accent of [[Al-Taftazani]]'s commentary ''Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi'', on [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi\|al-Nasafi's]] creed.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=348}} Hasan has responded to the allegations made against Shah Ismail Dehlvi and other such scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=349}}		[[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] and his companions who worked for the reformation of Muslims from [[Bidʻah]] (religious innovations), received wide criticism from the people who were associated with these innovations.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=347}} Dehlvi was in particular accused of blasphemy and was [[Takfir\|excommunicated]] from Islam.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=347}} Subsequently, Islamic scholar [[Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri]] wrote ''Tanzih al-Raḥmān'' ({{trans\|''The Glorification of the Merciful''}}), in which he mentioned Dehlvi to be a member of extreme group of the [[Muʿtazila]].{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=348}} Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote ''Al-Jahd al-Muqill fī Tanzīhi al-Mu'izzi wa al-muzill'' ({{trans\|''An Effort of an Insignificant on the Glorification of One who Graces and Disgraces''}}), in two volumes.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=349}} The book discusses the attributes and qualities of [[Allah]] with the terminology of the [[Ilm al-Kalam]], following the accent of [[Al-Taftazani]]'s commentary ''Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi'', on [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi\|al-Nasafi's]] creed.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=348}} Hasan has responded to the allegations made against Shah Ismail Dehlvi and other such scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.{{Sfn\|Adrawi\|2012\|p=349}}

	===Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd===		===Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd===
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	[[Category:Burials at Mazar-e-Qasmi]]		[[Category:Burials at Mazar-e-Qasmi]]
	[[Category:Deobandi good articles]]		[[Category:Deobandi good articles]]
			[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]

->Owais Al Qarni at 20:05, 11 January 2022

2022-01-11T20:05:39Z

Show changes

>Davey2010: (GR) File renamed: File:Bab..e.Maulana Mahmud Hasan (cropped).jpeg → File:Maulana Mahmud Hasan gate at JMI.jpg Criterion 2 (meaningless or ambiguous name) · fixing the name in English language

2021-06-25T22:53:52Z

(GR) File renamed: File:Bab..e.Maulana Mahmud Hasan (cropped).jpeg → File:Maulana Mahmud Hasan gate at JMI.jpg Criterion 2 (meaningless or ambiguous name) · fixing the name in English language

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{{Distinguish|Mahmudul Hasan|Mahmud Deobandi}}
{{Short description|Indian freedom struggle leader and scholar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
|image = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi.jpg
|honorific_prefix = Shaykh al-Hind, Maulana
|office1= 3rd Principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|term_start1= 1890
|term_end1= 1915
|predecessor1 = Syed Ahmad Dehlavi
|successor1= [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam
|birth_date = 1851
|birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
|death_date = {{date of death and age|1920|11|30|1851|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Qasmi]]
|ethnicity = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|main_interests = Tafseer, [[Indian Freedom Movement]], [[Politics]]
|notable_ideas = Fatwa on non-cooperation with British, [[Silk Letter Movement]]
|notable_works = ''Tarjuma Shaykh al-Hind'', ''Adilla-e-Kamilah'', ''Idaahul Adillah''
|teachers = [[Mahmud Deobandi]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]]
|influences = [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]]
|influenced = [[List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi|His students]], [[Deobandis]]
|disciple_of = [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]<br/>[[Haji Imdadullah]]
| disciples = [[List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chishtiya]]-[[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari|Sabiriya]]-[[Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki|Imdadiya]]
}}}}

'''Mahmud Hasan Deobandi''' also known as '''Shaykh al-Hind''' (1851 – 30 November 1920) was a [[Sunni Muslim]] [[ulama|scholar]] who was active against [[British Raj|British rule]] in [[India]].

Born in [[Bareilly]] in 1851, Hasan completed his studies from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] where he was the first student. He became the principal of Darul Uloom in 1890. He began the [[Silk Letter Movement]] and was arrested afterwards for it in [[Hejaz]] in December 1916 and was released in the first half of 1920. He was given the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" by the [[Khilafat Movement|Central Khilafat Committee]] upon his arrival in India in June 1920. He presided the foundation ceremony of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in [[Aligarh]]. He laid the foundation stone of this university on 29 October 1920. Deobandi moved to Delhi at the request of [[Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari]] where he died on 30 November 1920. He was buried in [[Mazar-e-Qasmi]] in [[Deoband]].

Deobandi's major students include [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]].

==Early life==
{{See also|Darul Uloom Deoband}}
Mahmud Hasan was born in 1851 in the town of [[Bareilly]] (in modern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]) into the [[Usmani family of Deoband]].<ref name=MG>[http://www.milligazette.com/news/13779-shaikhul-hind-mahmood-hasan-symbol-of-freedom-struggle Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle on The Milli Gazette (newspaper)] Published 12 February 2016, Retrieved 23 November 2019</ref><ref name="rizwi"/><ref name=tabassum>{{cite book|last=Tabassum|first=Farhat|title=Deoband Ulema's Movement for the Freedom of India|year=2006|publisher=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7827-147-8|page=98|edition=1st}}</ref> His father, Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi, who co-founded the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], was a scholar of the [[Arabic language]] and worked in the education department of the [[British East India Company]]'s administration in the region.<ref name=JMI>{{cite web|title=Maulana Mahmud al-Hasan (1851–1920)|url=http://jmi.ac.in/MaulanaMehmudHasan.htm|website=Jamia Millia Islamia website|date=11 November 2004|archive-date=14 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714105427/http://jmi.ac.in/MaulanaMehmudHasan.htm | access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>

As a child, Mahmud Hasan was with his father in [[Meerut]] during the [[Mutiny of 1857]].<ref name=tabassum/> He received traditional Islamic education with a strong emphasis on the study of [[Islam]], the [[Persian language]] and [[Urdu]]. His primary education was under his uncle Mahtab Ali.<ref name="adrawi">{{Citation |author1=Asir Adrawi |author-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Hazrat Shaykhul Hind: Hayat awr Karname|trans-title= Shaykhul Hind: Life and Works|pages=38–39 |edition= April 2012 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name=tabassum/> While Mahmud al-Hasan was studying the books ''Mukhtasar al-Quduri'' and ''Sharh-i-Tahdhib'', the college known as [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] was established in 1866.<ref name="rizwi"/> His father sent him to the newly established school, where he was the first student. There he studied with [[Mahmud Deobandi]]<ref name="adrawi"/> and completed his basic studies in 1286 [[Hijri year|AH]] (1869/1870), after which he studied under the guidance of [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]], with whom he studied [[hadith]]. After that, he studied higher level books under his father. He graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband in 1873.<ref name="rizwi">{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband
|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |chapter=Shaikh al-Hind Maulana Mahmud Hasan|pages=19–21 |volume = 2 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=[[Deoband]] |edition=1981}}</ref><ref name=JMI/>

In 1874, Mahmud Hasan joined Darul Uloom Deoband as a teacher and later got promoted to the position of the college principal in 1890.<ref name="rizwi"/><ref name=JMI/><ref name=MG/>

==Revolutionary activities==
{{main|Silk Letter Movement|Khilafat Movement}}
{{See also|Malta exiles|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire}}
Although focused on his work at the school, Maulana Mahmud Hasan developed an interest in the political environment of [[British India]] and the world. When the [[Ottoman Empire]] entered [[World War I]] against the [[British Empire]] in 1914, Muslims across the world were concerned of the future of the [[Sultan]] of Ottoman Empire, who was also the [[caliph]] of Islam and spiritual leader of the global Muslim community. Known as the Khilafat movement, its leaders [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]] and [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] organised protests across the country (see: [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]). Mahmud al-Hasan was fervently active in encouraging Muslim students to join the movement. Hasan organised efforts to start an armed revolution against British rule from both within and outside India. He launched a programme to train volunteers from among his disciples in India and abroad who joined this movement in a large number. The most eminent among them were Maulana [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and Maulana [[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]]. Sending Sindhi to [[Kabul]] and Ansari to the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] to mobilize popular support and recruit volunteers, Mahmud Hasan himself traveled to [[Hijaz|Hejaz]] to secure Turkish support in 1915.<ref name="rizwi"/><ref name=JMI/><ref name=MG/>

Obtaining the Turkish governor Ghalib Pasha's signature on a declaration of war against the British, Mahmud Hasan planned to return to India via [[Baghdad]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] to start the rebellion. The plan, referred to as the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]], however, was leaked and captured by the Punjab CID, and he was arrested in [[Mecca]]. He was imprisoned in [[Malta]], for more than three years before his release in 1920.<ref name=JMI/><ref name=MG/> [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] writes in his ''Tehreek Reshmi Ruman'' (''Silk Letter Movement'') that "Sharif Hussain betrayed the Turks and allied with the English. He detained Mahmud Hasan and his companions and took them to Jeddah. From there the English took them to Egypt

and then imprisoned them in Malta. They were brought to Bombay, three years and seven months later and were released on 8 June 1920".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deobandi |first1=Muhammad Miyan |author1-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |translator=Muhammadullah Qasmi|title=Tehrīk Reshmi Rumāl |year=2013 |trans-title=Silk Letter Movement|publisher=Manak Publications and Shaikhul Hind Academy |isbn=978-93-7831-322-6 |page=61 |edition=1st, 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

He laid the foundation stone of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in October 1920, a university founded by Indian nationalists [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]] to develop an institution independent of British control.<ref name=JMI/><ref name=MG/> Mahmud Hasan supported modern education and also supported [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] established in 1893 in [[Lucknow]].<ref name=MG/>

==Death and legacy==
Mahmud Hasan died on 30 November 1920.<ref name=MG/> His endeavours won him the admiration not only of Muslims but also of Indians across the religious and political spectrum. He became an icon of the [[Indian independence movement]], and was given the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" by the Central Khilafat Committee.<ref name=tabassum/> Hasan issued a ''[[fatwa]]'' making it the duty of all Indian Muslims to support and participate with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the [[Indian National Congress]], who had prescribed a policy of [[Non-Cooperation Movement|non-cooperation]] — mass [[civil disobedience]] through [[non-violence]].<ref name=tabassum/>

[[File:Maulana Mahmud Hasan gate at JMI.jpg|thumb|Bab-e-Maulana Mahmud Hasan of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] is named after Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]

[[Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College]] in Saharanpur is named after him. [[Asir Adrawi]] has written his biography entitled ''Shaykh al-Hind Hayat Aur Karname'' which is published by Shaikhul Hind Academy, Deoband. Darul Uloom Deoband has set up a research institute Shaikhul Hind Academy, named after him.

At the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].Muhammad Tayyab wrote a [[Master of Philosophy]] thesis in Political science entitled ''The Role of Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-Ul-Hasan in the Indian Freedom Movement''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Role of Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-Ul-Hasan in the Indian Freedom Movement |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/7137/ |website=ir.amu.ac.in |publisher=AMU Library |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi's major work is his translation of ''Qur'an'' in the Urdu language. He wrote incomplete annotations to this translation, as he had just completed the fourth chapter ''[[An-Nisa]]'', that he died in 1920.<ref name="books">{{Citation|title=Shaykhul Hind: Hayat awr kārnāme|chapter=Tasānīf awr tarjumah Qur'ān|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|pages=332–370}}</ref> This work was completed by his student [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], and is published as ''Tafsir-e-Usmāni''.<ref name="books"/><ref name=MG/> His other works include:<ref name="books"/>
* ''al-abwāb wa al-tarājim li al-Bukhāri''
* ''Adilla-e-Kāmilah''
* ''Ahsan al-Qurā''
* ''Jahd al-Muqil''
* ''Īzah al-adillah''
* ''Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd''

==Notable students==
{{main|List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi}}
Mahmud Hasan is regarded as one of the main figures of [[Deobandi movement]], every Deobandi scholar anywhere in the world traces back his educational lineage to Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] in the science of [[tafsir]], [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] in hadith, [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], [[Husain Ahmad Madani]] and [[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]] in the politics, [[Kifayatullah Dihlawi]], [[Mufti Shafi Usmani]] in fiqh, [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] in Tasawwuf are notable students of Mahmud Hasan.<ref name="aziz1">{{cite book |author1=Azizur Rahman Usmani |author-link=Azizur Rahman Usmani |title=Tadhkirah Mashayikh-e-Deoband |publisher=Madeena Press |location=[[Bijnor]] |page=206}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asīr |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Hazrat Shaykhul Hind Hayāt awr Kārnāme |trans-title=Shaykhul Hind: Life and works|publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=[[Deoband]] |edition=`April 2012 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |author1=Mawlāna Abdur Rasheed Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=434–522 |edition=January 2000 |language=ur |chapter=Shaykhul Hind Mawlāna Mahmūd Hasan}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060714105427/http://jmi.ac.in/MaulanaMehmudHasan.htm JMI biography]
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud Hasan, Deobandi}}
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Deoband]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Quranic exegesis scholars]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband faculty]]
[[Category:Usmani family]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]