Mahishya - Revision history

2409:4051:217:768C:0:0:1366:20B1: Sudhar kiya gaya

2026-09-17T06:22:59Z

Sudhar kiya gaya

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:52, 17 September 2026
Line 9:		Line 9:

	==History==		==History==
	The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many chasi Kaibartas ~~([[Farmer]])~~,alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />		The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many chasi Kaibartas,alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

	At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahishya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>		At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahishya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>

2409:4051:217:768C:0:0:1366:20B1: Sudhar kiya gaya

2026-09-17T06:21:53Z

Sudhar kiya gaya

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:51, 17 September 2026
Line 9:		Line 9:

	==History==		==History==
	The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaibartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />		The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many chasi Kaibartas ([[Farmer]]),alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

	At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahishya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>		At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahishya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>

2409:4051:217:768C:0:0:1366:20B1: Sudhar kiya gaya hai

2026-09-17T06:16:53Z

Sudhar kiya gaya hai

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 17 September 2026
Line 9:		Line 9:

	==History==		==History==
	The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many ~~Kaivartas~~, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />		The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaibartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

	At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name ~~Mahisya~~ sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>		At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahishya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahishya was an incredibly diverse caste. In [[24 Parganas]] they constituted the bulk of 'lathdar' landholders of sundarbans. In [[Nadia district]], they formed the lower middle class and some had become rich by working as 'sarkars' to the European indigo planters. In [[Calcutta]] there was a large mahishya contingent working as traders.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chakrabarty\|first=Bidyut\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2tuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=Local Politics and Indian Nationalism, Midnapur, 1919-1944\|date=1997\|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors\|isbn=978-81-7304-158-7\|language=en}}</ref> There were the legendary rajas of Midnapore or major landed families in Calcutta. On the other hand, Mahisyas had a substantial number of lawyers and industrialists too, and numerous modest entrepreneurs in the iron foundry sector in Howrah in the mid-20th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|title=Mahisyas and the new caste question in West Bengal politics\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/mahisyas-and-the-new-caste-question-in-west-bengal-politics-1780517-2021-03-18\|access-date=2021-11-13\|website=India Today\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|date=2021-04-05\|title=In Bengal, the battle for Mahishya vote and the politics of turning OBC\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/in-bengal-the-battle-for-mahishya-vote-and-the-politics-of-turning-obc-101617600433681.html\|access-date=2021-11-13\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en}}</ref> Although among mahishyas there were numerous peasants with large landholdings, large number of them were small peasants and sharecroppers. Landless among them worked as agricultural labourers and daily-wage earners.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Singh\|first1=K. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=India's Communities\|last2=India\|first2=Anthropological Survey of\|date=1998\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahishya was an incredibly diverse caste. In [[24 Parganas]] they constituted the bulk of 'lathdar' landholders of sundarbans. In [[Nadia district]], they formed the lower middle class and some had become rich by working as 'sarkars' to the European indigo planters. In [[Calcutta]] there was a large mahishya contingent working as traders.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chakrabarty\|first=Bidyut\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2tuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=Local Politics and Indian Nationalism, Midnapur, 1919-1944\|date=1997\|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors\|isbn=978-81-7304-158-7\|language=en}}</ref> There were the legendary rajas of Midnapore or major landed families in Calcutta. On the other hand, Mahisyas had a substantial number of lawyers and industrialists too, and numerous modest entrepreneurs in the iron foundry sector in Howrah in the mid-20th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|title=Mahisyas and the new caste question in West Bengal politics\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/mahisyas-and-the-new-caste-question-in-west-bengal-politics-1780517-2021-03-18\|access-date=2021-11-13\|website=India Today\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|date=2021-04-05\|title=In Bengal, the battle for Mahishya vote and the politics of turning OBC\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/in-bengal-the-battle-for-mahishya-vote-and-the-politics-of-turning-obc-101617600433681.html\|access-date=2021-11-13\|website=Hindustan Times\|language=en}}</ref> Although among mahishyas there were numerous peasants with large landholdings, large number of them were small peasants and sharecroppers. Landless among them worked as agricultural labourers and daily-wage earners.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Singh\|first1=K. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=India's Communities\|last2=India\|first2=Anthropological Survey of\|date=1998\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2\|language=en}}</ref>

	Although many are still involved in traditional work in rural areas, within a generation Mahishyas gave up agriculture in large numbers in favour of engineering and skilled labour in the urbanised areas of [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]]. In Howrah, the Mahishyas are the most numerous and successful businesspeople. At the turn of the 20th century, much of the land and factories were owned by [[Kayastha]]s; but by 1967, the [[~~Mahisya~~]] community owned 67 percent of the engineering businesses in the district.<ref name="Vaishyas">{{cite journal		Although many are still involved in traditional work in rural areas, within a generation Mahishyas gave up agriculture in large numbers in favour of engineering and skilled labour in the urbanised areas of [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]]. In Howrah, the Mahishyas are the most numerous and successful businesspeople. At the turn of the 20th century, much of the land and factories were owned by [[Kayastha]]s; but by 1967, the [[Mahishya]] community owned 67 percent of the engineering businesses in the district.<ref name="Vaishyas">{{cite journal
	\| author = Lessinger, Johanna M.		\| author = Lessinger, Johanna M.
	\| title = ''The New Vaishyas''.		\| title = ''The New Vaishyas''.

2409:4051:217:768C:0:0:1366:20B1: Sudhar kiya gaya hai

2026-09-17T06:13:49Z

Sudhar kiya gaya hai

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 17 September 2026
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	==History==		==History==
	The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />		The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Chasi Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

	At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>		At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>

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	{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}		{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}

	'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahishya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally ~~Warrior~~ [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] warrior [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahishya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] warrior [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>

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	{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}		{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}

	'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''~~Mahisya~~ kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahishya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] warrior [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>

202.142.65.130: correction

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:48, 1 September 2026
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	==History==		==History==
	The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Das ~~ParasarDas~~ Mahishya in some regions Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />		The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Dāsa, Parasar Das Mahishya in some regions Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

	At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>		At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>

2405:204:3395:26E4:0:0:43B:90B0: Sudhar kiya gaya hai

2026-08-10T07:56:18Z

Sudhar kiya gaya hai

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:26, 10 August 2026
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	==History==		==History==
	The group now known as ~~Mahishyas~~ were originally known as Das ParasarDas Mahishya in some regions Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />		The group now known as Mahishya/Mahishya kshatriya were originally known as Das ParasarDas Mahishya in some regions Kaibartas. From eighth to thirteenth century, there are numerous examples of Kaibartas holding posts of administrators and legal officers.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=207\|language=en}}</ref> During [[Pala Empire\|Pala regime]], many Kaivartas, alternately with many Brahmins, acted as ministers in royal courts.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sarma \|first=Jyotirmoyee \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ \|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus \|date=1980 \|publisher=Firma KLM \|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7 \|pages=7 \|language=en}}</ref> In eleventh century, in a rebellious hostility, Divya, originally a feudal chief ([[Samanta]]), killed [[Mahipala II]] , seized [[Varendra\|Varendri]] and established a regime there. For a short time Varendri bowed to the supremacy of three Kaibarta kings - Divya, Rudok and Bhima.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Ray\|first=Niharranjan\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivarta\|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period\|date=1994\|publisher=Orient Longman\|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9\|pages=179\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sur\|first1=Atul Krishna\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb09AAAAIAAJ&q=Kaivarta\|title=History and Culture of Bengal\|last2=Sur\|first2=Atul Kumar\|date=1963\|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=MAJUMDAR\|first=R. C.\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287\|title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL\|date=1971\|publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA}}</ref> According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], this is perhaps the first peasant rebellion in Indian history.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA501\|title=The Past Before Us\|date=2013-10-14\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Thapar\|first=Romila\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=kaivarta+revolt&pg=PA410\|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300\|date=February 2004\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Majumdar\|first=Ramesh Chandra\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kaivarta\|title=Ancient India\|date=1977\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=kaivarta\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=221–226\|language=en}}</ref> In his rule Bhima dispossessed the brahmanical and other beneficiaries and levied taxes from them, and prioritized the interests of the peasants.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Sharma\|first1=R. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&q=Bhima\|title=Early Medieval Indian Society (pb)\|last2=Sharma\|first2=Ram Sharan\|date=2003\|publisher=Orient Blackswan\|isbn=978-81-250-2523-8\|pages=224\|language=en}}</ref> During eleventh and twelfth centuries some of the Kaibartas were versed in [[Sanskrit]] and composed [[poetry]].<ref name=":0" />

	At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>		At the end of 19th century scholars appeared to differ on the rank of the Mahisyas in Bengal society. Sankritist and antiquarian Rajendralal Mitra appeared to believe that Mahisyas were a caste of small farmers and could not afford forces of modernity such as school education. But Jogendranath Bhattacharya, who published a major book on castes and sects in Bengal in 1896, wrote that in the district of Midnapore they may be reckoned among the local aristocracy and in other districts their position was next only to the Kayasthas.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Sengupta \|first=Saswati \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKkPEAAAQBAJ \|title=Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights \|date=2020-11-30 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-099325-2 \|pages=109 \|language=en}}</ref> They were counting among them quasi-royal families in [[Midnapore]] and a large number of professionals including lawyers and university graduates. These advanced individuals, who were then known as Chashi Kaibartas, assumed the caste name Mahisya sometime during the late 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Ray \|first1=Rajat Kanta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K15uAAAAMAAJ&q=kaivartas \|title=Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 \|last2=Ray \|first2=Professor and Head of the Department of History Rajat Kanta \|date=1984 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-561654-5 \|pages=76 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ahir \|first=Rajiv \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=a+brief+history+of+modern+india \|title=A Brief History of Modern India \|date=2018 \|publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited \|isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 \|pages=839 \|language=en}}</ref>

2405:204:3395:26E4:0:0:43B:90B0: Sudhar kiya gaya hai

2026-08-10T07:54:32Z

Sudhar kiya gaya hai

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 10 August 2026
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahisya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahisya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahisyas traditionally lived in ~~Bengal~~,[[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Mythology==		==Mythology==

2405:204:3395:26E4:0:0:43B:90B0: Sudhar kiya gaya hai

2026-08-10T07:52:39Z

Sudhar kiya gaya hai

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 10 August 2026
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	'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahisya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahisya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahisyas traditionally lived in Bengal and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahisyas traditionally lived in Bengal,[[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Mythology==		==Mythology==

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:37, 1 September 2026
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	{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}		{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}

	'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahishya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally ~~Warrior~~ [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] warrior [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahishya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] warrior [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 1 September 2026
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	{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}		{{use Indian English\|date=July 2016}}

	'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''~~Mahisya~~ kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Mahishya''', also spelled '''Mahishya kshatriya''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] traditionally Warrior [[agrarian society\|agrarian]] warrior [[caste]],<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Society\|first=Indian Anthropological\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society\|date=2005\|publisher=The Society\|pages=187–191\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd6ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahishyas\|title=Man and Life\|date=1992\|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology\|language=en}}</ref> and formed the largest caste in undivided [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sarma\|first=Jyotirmoyee\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfE_AAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishyas\|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus\|date=1980\|publisher=Firma KLM\|isbn=978-0-8364-0633-7\|pages=119\|language=en}}</ref> Mahisyas were, and are, probably the most diverse Bengali caste counting among themselves all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. <ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Pfeffer\|first1=Georg\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j9LAAAAYAAJ&q=mahishya\|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change\|last2=Behera\|first2=Deepak Kumar\|date=1997\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-642-0\|language=en}}</ref>

	Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>		Mahisyas traditionally lived in West bengal, [[Tripura]] [[Bangladesh]] and [[Orissa]] region.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Ghosh\|first=G.K.\|title=Legends of origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India\|publisher=Firma KLM\|year=2000\|pages=45}}</ref> As per the census report of 1931, Mahishyas were geographically scattered through all of undivided Bengal forming around a quarter of province's Hindu population, and they most predominantly lived in south-western Bengal, especially in the districts of undivided [[Midnapore district\|Midnapore]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district\|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Murshidabad district\|Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Guha \|first=Ayan \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ \|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change \|date=2022-09-26 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 \|pages=121–134 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Chandra \|first1=Uday \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ \|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal \|last2=Heierstad \|first2=Geir \|last3=Nielsen \|first3=Kenneth Bo \|date=2015-09-25 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 \|pages=90 \|language=en}}</ref> As of late twelfth century the Mahisyas were considered as the single most important 'middle-caste' group in south-western Bengal<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Partha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mahishya\|title=The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism\|date=1997\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|page=73\|isbn=978-0-19-563945-2\|language=en}}</ref> and the [[dominant caste]] in lower [[Midnapore district]] and southern [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5oiAAAAMAAJ&q=dominant+caste \|title=Tropical Man \|date=1972 \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Beech\|first1=Robert Paul\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1tAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisya+dominant\|title=South Asia Series Occasional Paper\|last2=Beech\|first2=Mary Jane\|date=1969\|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University\|pages=107\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Chatterjee\|first=Gouripada\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=mahisyas&pg=PA157\|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle\|date=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|pages=158\|language=en}}</ref>