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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|Monarchy\|History\|Hinduism~~
	}}
	* [[Rajput resistance to Muslim conquests]]		* [[Rajput resistance to Muslim conquests]]
	* [[Udaipur State]]		* [[Udaipur State]]

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{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar from 1572–1597}}
{{For|the 2012 film|Maharana Pratap: The First Freedom Fighter}}
{{Other people|Pratap Singh|Pratap Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Maharana Pratap
|title = '''[[Maharana]]''' <br/> '''Mewari Rana''' <br/> '''Kika'''
|image = File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg
|caption = Portrait of Pratap by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
|succession = {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} 13th [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]]
|reign = 1572 - 1597<ref name=brittanica>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh|title=Rana Pratap Singh – Indian ruler|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616003537/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|coronation = 28 February 1572
|predecessor = [[Udai Singh II]]
|successor = [[Amar Singh I]]
|birth_date = {{birth-year|9 May 1540}}
|birth_place = [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Mewar]]<ref name=brittanica /><ref>{{cite book |title=Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality |editor1-first=Klaus-Peter |editor1-last=Köpping |editor2-first=Bernhard |editor2-last=Leistle |editor3-first=Michael |editor3-last=Rudolph |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2006 |page=286 |isbn=978-3-82588-042-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC&pg=PA286 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412063214/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC&pg=PA286 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>(present day: Kumbhal Fort, [[Rajsamand District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])
|death_date = {{death date and age|1597|1|19|1540|5|9|df=yes}}<ref name=brittanica />
|death_place = [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]], [[Mewar]]<ref name=brittanica /><br/>(Present day:Chavand, [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, India)
|spouse = 11<ref name="c9o">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/maharana-pratap-jayanti-know-the-real-life-story-of-the-brave-rajput-warrior-2174403.html|title=Maharana Pratap Jayanti: Know the Real-life Story of the brave Rajput warrior|website=News18|date=6 June 2019|access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nahar|2011|p=7}} including
Ajabde Punwar

Phool Bai Rathore

Amarbai Rathore

Jasobai Chauhan

Alamdebai Chauhan

Champabai Jhati

Lakhabai

Khichar Asha bai

Solankhinipur Bai

Shahmatibai Hada

Ratnawatibai parmar

|issue = 22 (including [[Amar Singh I]] and Bhagwan Das) and 5 daughters<ref name="c9o" />
|full name = Maharana Pratap Singh Sisodiya
|dynasty = [[Sisodias of Mewar]]
|father = [[Udai Singh II]]
|mother = Maharani Jaiwanta Bai
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|regent = [[Bhamashah]]
|reg-type = Ministers
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
'''Pratap Singh I''', popularly known as '''Maharana Pratap''' (c. 9 May 1540 - 19 January 1597), was a king of [[Mewar]] from the [[Sisodias of Mewar|Sisodia dynasty]]. Pratap became a folk hero for his military resistance against the expansionism of the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Akbar]] through [[guerrilla warfare]] which proved inspirational for later rebels against [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] including [[Shivaji]].

== Early life and accession ==
Maharana Pratap was born to [[Udai Singh II]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]] and [[Jaiwanta Bai]].{{sfn|Rana|2004|pp=28, 105}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|isbn=978-8-12500-333-5|page=48|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Daryanani|first=Mohan B.|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps| year=1999|isbn=978-8-49311-010-9|page=302}}</ref> His younger brothers were [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]], Vikram Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had 2 stepsisters: Chand Kanwar and Man Kanwar. He was married to Ajabde Punwar of Bijolia<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Rajendra Shankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Maharana Pratap|date=2005|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-4339-4|language=en}}</ref> and he had married 10 other women and was survived by 17 sons and 5 daughters including [[Amar Singh I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3twgPwAACAAJ|title=Maharana Pratap: A Biography|date=2002|publisher=Hope India Publ.|isbn=978-81-7871-005-1|language=en}}</ref> He belonged to the Royal Family of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharana Pratap & his times|first1=Gopi Nath|last1=Sharma|first2=M. N.|last2=Mathur|publisher=Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti|location=[[Udaipur State]]|page=29}}</ref> After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai wanted her son [[Jagmal Singh|Jagmal]] to succeed him<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zExuAAAAMAAJ|title=Akbar|publisher=Vikas Publishers|year=1980|isbn=978-0-70691-076-6|location=[[University of Michigan]]|page=135}}</ref> but senior courtiers preferred Pratap, [[primogeniture|as the eldest son]], to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed. Udai Singh died in 1572, and Prince Pratap ascended the throne as Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of [[Mewar]] in the line of the [[Sisodia|Sisodia Rajputs]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Augustus|1y=1890|1p=190|2a1=Rana|2y=2004|2p=17}} Jagmal swore revenge and left for [[Ajmer]], to join the armies of [[Akbar]], and obtained the town of [[Jahazpur]] as a ''[[Jagir]]'' as a gift in return for his help.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=234}}

== Military career ==

=== Background ===
In stark contrast to other Rajput rulers who accommodated and formed alliances with the various Muslim dynasties in the subcontinent, the state of Mewar, led by Pratap Singh, gained distinction for its refusal to form any political alliance with the Mughal Empire and its resistance to Muslim domination. The conflicts between Pratap Singh and Akbar led to the Battle of Haldighati.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeNapoli |first=Antoinette Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43GVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Real Sadhus Sing to God: Gender, Asceticism, and Vernacular Religion in Rajasthan |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-994002-8 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11856-0 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref>

===Battle of Haldighati===
{{Main|Battle of Haldighati}}
The bloody [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567-1568]] had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] range was still under the control of Maharana Pratap. Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Maharana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys, including one by [[Raja Man Singh]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]], entreating him to become a vassal like many other rulers in [[Rajputana]]. When Pratap refused to personally submit to Akbar, war became inevitable.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=75}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=119–120}}

The [[Battle of Haldighati]] was fought on 18 June 1576 between Pratap Singh and Mughal forces led by [[Man Singh I]] of [[Amer, Rajasthan|Amer]]. The Mughals were victorious and inflicted significant casualties among the Mewaris but failed to capture the Pratap.{{sfn|de la Garza|2016|p=56|ps=One year later the Rajputs attempted a similar all-out charge at Haldighati. The result was an even more decisive Mughal victory.}}{{sfn|Raghavan|2018|p=67|ps=Although most of the other Rajput rulers soon entered the Mughal alliance system, the kingdom of Mewar continued its resistance. Udai Singh was followed by his son, Pratap Singh, whose continued opposition to Mughal expansion – despite military defeats, most notably in the battle of Haldighati in 1576...}}<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=428|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The site of the battle was a narrow mountain pass at [[Haldighati]] near [[Gogunda]], modern day Rajsamand in [[Rajasthan]]. Pratap Singh fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. The Mughals were led by Man Singh of Amber, who commanded an army numbering around 10,000 men. After a fierce battle lasting more than three hours, Pratap found himself wounded and the day lost. He managed to retreat to the hills and lived to fight another day.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=77–79}}

Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to kill or capture Pratap, or any of his close family members in [[Udaipur]].{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=121–122}} While the sources also claim that Pratap was able to make a successful escape, Mansingh managed to conquer Gogunda within a week after Haldighati then ended his campaign. Subsequently, [[Akbar]] himself led a sustained campaign against the Rana in September 1576, and soon, [[Gogunda]], [[Udaipur]], and [[Kumbhalmer|Kumbhalgarh]] were all under Mughal control.{{Sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=121-122}}

===Reconquest of Mewar===
Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] and [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim|Mirza Hakim's]] incursion into the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].But after this Akbar sent [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]] to invade Mewar but he, stopped at Ajmer. In 1582, Pratap Singh attacked and occupied the Mughal post at Dewair (or Dewar) in the Battle of Dewair.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saraswat|first=Akshay|date=9 May 2020|title=Maharana Pratap – The Rajput Warrior who single-handedly fought Akbar's might|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maharana-pratap-rajput-warrior-who-single-handedly-fought-akbars-might-819479|access-date=1 October 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> This led to the automatic liquidation of all 36 Mughal military outposts in Mewar. After this Akbar sent Jagannath Kachhwaha to invade Mewar in 1584. In 1585, Akbar moved to [[Lahore]] and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period. Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered most of Mewar (except its former capital), [[Chittorgarh]] and [[Mandalgarh]] regions by defeating Mughal forces there. During this period, he also built a new capital, [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]], near modern Dungarpur.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}}

==Patronage of art==
Maharana Prataps court at Chanvand had given shelter to many poets, artists, writers and artisans. The Chavand school of art was developed during the reign of Rana Pratap.<ref name=MP>{{Cite book|first= Rima|last= Hooja|title= Maharana Pratap: The Invincible Warrior|publisher= Juggernaut|year= 2018|isbn=9789386228963|pages= 158|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IPYmvwEACAAJ&q=battle+of+dewair|access-date= 10 October 2020}}</ref>

==Revival of Mewar==
Maharana Pratap took refuge in the Chappan area and started attacking the Mughal strongholds. By 1583 he had successfully captured western Mewar, which included Dewar, Amet, Madariya, Zawar and the fort of Kumbalgarh. He then made Chavand his capital and constructed a Chamunda mata temple there. The Maharana was able to live in peace for a short time and started establishing order in Mewar. From 1585 till his death, the Rana had recovered a large part of Mewar. The citizens who had migrated out of Mewar started returning during this time. There was good monsoon which helped to revive the agriculture of Mewar. The economy also started getting better and trade in the area started increasing. The Rana was able to capture the territories west of Chittor but could not fulfill his dream of capturing Chittor itself.<ref name=CP>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|pages=473–474|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20rima%20hooja}}</ref>

==Death==
Reportedly, Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|title=Maharana Pratap|year=2005|isbn=978-8-17871-003-7|page=91}}</ref> at Chavand{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}} on 19 January 1597,<ref name=brittanica /> aged 56.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=R.K.|last2=Bakshi|first2=S.R.|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|year=2008|isbn=978-8-17625-841-8|page=46}}</ref> He was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Amar Singh I]]. On his death bed, Pratap told his son never to submit to the [[Mughals]] and to win [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] back.'''''{{Sfnm|1a1=Rana|1y=2004|1pp=77-79|2a1=Nahar|2y=2011|2pp=198-201}}'''''

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maharana Pratap in [[City Palace, Udaipur]].]]
Maharana Pratap is a prominent figure in both folk and contemporary [[Rajasthani culture]] and is viewed as a celebrated warrior in [[Rajasthan|that state]], as well as in [[India]] as a whole.{{Sfn|Nahar|2011|p=1.2}}

Historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] notes -
{{Blockquote|
''"Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitute a glorious saga of Rajput valour and the spirit of self sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of guerrilla warfare was later elaborated further by [[Malik Ambar]], the Deccani general, and by Emperor Shivaji".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India |url=https://www.slideshare.net/princynavya/medieval-history-of-india-satish-chandra |publisher=National Council for Educational Training and Research |page=153 |date=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Year Book 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEEgEAAAQBAJ&q=rana+pratap+sporadic+warfare&pg=PA1980|last1 = Meena|first1 = R. P.}}</ref>''}}

Bandyopadhyay also seconds Satish Chandra's view with the observation that
{{Blockquote|
Pratap's successful defiance of Mughals using guerrilla strategy also proved inspirational to figures ranging from Emperor Shivaji to anti-British revolutionaries in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Brishti |title=Maharana Pratap: Mewar's Rebel King |date=2007 |publisher=Rupa Co |location=New Delhi}}</ref>''}}

In 2007, a statue of Maharana Pratap was unveiled by former President [[Pratibha Patil]] in the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharana Pratap's statue unveiled |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maharana-pratap-s-statue-unveiled/story-MLuPzzVCikZmx0KbPc3ZbO.html |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2007 |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
===Film and television===
* 1925: ''Rana Pratap''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=978-0-85170-455-5|page=138}}</ref>
* 1929: ''Mewad Nu Moti''
* 1946: ''Maharana Pratap''
* 1958: ''Chetak Aur Rana Pratap'', about the bonding with his warhorse [[Chetak]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Screen World Publication's 75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema: Complete Filmography of All Films (silent & Hindi) Produced Between 1913-1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7UEAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Screen World Publication|page=65}}</ref>
* 1988-1989: ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', broadcast on [[Doordarshan]], where he was played by [[Puneet Issar]].
* 1993: ''Chetak''<ref>{{cite web |title=Director's Biography: V G Samant |url=https://www.cfsindia.org/chetak/ |website=cfsindia.org |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
* 1997–1998: ''Maharana Pratap''<ref>{{cite news |title=Big-budget serial 'Maharana Pratap - The Pride of India' ready to go on air |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19971201-big-budget-serial-maharana-pratap-pride-of-india-ready-to-go-on-air-830982-1997-12-01 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=1 December 1997 |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
* 2010: ''Chetak - The Wonder Horse''<ref>{{cite web |title=Chetak - The Wonder Horse |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/chetak-the-wonder-horse/1000216410 |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |language=en}}</ref>
* 2012: ''[[Maharana Pratap: The First Freedom Fighter]]''
* 2013–2015: ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV serial)|Jodha Akbar]]'', broadcast on [[Zee TV]], where he was played by [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]]
* 2013–2015: ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', broadcast by [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]], where he was portrayed by [[Faisal Khan (actor)|Faisal Khan]] and [[Sharad Malhotra]]
* 2016: [[ABP News]] presented ''Bharatvarsha'', in which episode 8 showcased the story of Maharana Pratap.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharatvarsh: Episode 8: Watch inspirational story of Maharana Pratap, who stood against all odds| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-HqwMEzOlw&list=PL4gSUwMBf0L2oEG95bcHi8dQUaJzE28d6&index=3|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Monarchy|History|Hinduism
}}
* [[Rajput resistance to Muslim conquests]]
* [[Udaipur State]]
*[[Durgadas Rathore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | pages=75–81 | isbn=9780861251551 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India (Part Two): From Sultanat to the Mughals|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|location=|pages=|language=en}}
*{{citation |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |title=Maharana Pratap |year=2004 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=9788128808258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UnRk-rRa4C }}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar/page/n6/mode/2up|title=History and Culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1974|editor-last=Majumdar|editor-first=R. C.|editor-link=R. C. Majumdar|volume=VII |location=Bombay}}
*{{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|url=https://archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta|year=1890|translator=Annette Susannah Beveridge}}
* {{cite book|last=de la Garza|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317245315}}
* {{cite book|title=Attendant Lords: Bairam Khan and Abdur Rahim, Courtiers and Poets in Mughal India|first=T.C.A.|last=Raghavan|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2018}}
*{{Cite book|last=Nahar|first=Vijay|title=हिंडुआ सूरज मेवाड़ रतन|publisher=Pinkcity Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-93-80522-45-6|location=[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]|pages=|language=hi|trans-title=Hindua Suraj Mewar Ratan|author-link=Vijay Nahar}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Pratap Singh I|wikt=no|c=Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=Maharana Pratap|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q2722956|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}
* [http://www.mewarindia.com Official Website for the Royal Family of Udaipur]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sisodia|Sisodia Rajput Clan]]||9 May 1540||19 January 1597}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Udai Singh II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Sisodia|Sisodia Rajput Ruler]]
|years=1572–1597}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Amar Singh I]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Udaipur}}{{Mughal Empire}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap, Maharana}}
[[Category:Maharana Pratap| ]]
[[Category:Rajput rulers]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:1540 births|Singh, Pratap]]
[[Category:1597 deaths|Singh, Pratap]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Hunting accident deaths]]
[[Category:History of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Mewar dynasty]]
[[Category:Rajput era]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Maharana Pratap - Revision history

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