LavernRuss601: enhanced references for consistency and cleaned formatting

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enhanced references for consistency and cleaned formatting

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← Older revision		Revision as of 07:01, 26 June 2022
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	=== Early life ===		=== Early life ===
	Varma was born on 24<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stQL9KgVZHg&t=464s&ab_channel=PrasarBharatiArchives\|title = Mahadevi Verma \| कवयित्री \| जीवन और लेखन \| हिन्दी \| भाग - 1\|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> March 1907{{sfn\|Singh\|2007\|p=39-40}} in a Hindu [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]]<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3CgKqpJmBcC&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA1 \|title=Mahadevi Varma \|publisher=Cambria Press \|isbn=978-1-62196-880-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYlRAQAAIAAJ&q=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth \|title=Mahadevi Varma and the chhayavad age of modern Hindi poetry \|date=1983 \|isbn=978-0-520-04255-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Kīkuci \|first=Tomoko \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC8D677EDGkC&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA17 \|title=Mahādevī Varmā kī viśvadr̥shṭi \|date=2009 \|publisher=Kitabghar Prakashan \|isbn=978-81-88121-95-3 \|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Anantharam \|first=Anita \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4qiAgAAQBAJ&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA38 \|title=Bodies That Remember: Women's Indigenous Knowledge and Cosmopolitanism in South Asian Poetry \|date=2012-01-30 \|publisher=Syracuse University Press \|isbn=978-0-8156-5059-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Menon \|first=Visalakshi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV2fumLhRGwC&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA37 \|title=Indian Women and Nationalism, the U.P. Story \|date=2003 \|publisher=Har-Anand Publications \|isbn=978-81-241-0939-7 \|language=en}}</ref> family of [[Farrukhabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Schomer\|first=Karine\|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/TerrwAEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg9oid0-fwAhV1meYKHb_XBlgQ8fIDMBJ6BAgGEAM\|title=Mahadevi Varma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry\|publisher=University of California Press\|year=1983\|isbn=9780520042551\|location=Berkeley\|pages=}}</ref> Her father Govind Prasad Varma was a professor in a college in Bhagalpur. Her mother's name was Hem Rani Devi. Her mother was a religious, passionate and vegetarian woman with a keen interest in music.{{sfn\|Singh\|2007\|p=39-40}} Her mother would recite for many hours of [[Ramayana]], [[Gita]] and ''Vinay patrika''. On the contrary, her father was a scholar, music lover, atheist, a hunting enthusiast and a cheerful person. [[Sumitranandan Pant]] and [[Suryakant Tripathi\|Suryakant Tripathi ''Nirala'']] were close friends of Mahadevi Varma.<ref>{{cite web \|title=जो रेखाएँ कह न सकेंगी- महादेवी वर्मा \|url=http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/sansmaran/2004/jo_rekhayen.htm \|website=www.abhivyakti-hindi.org \|publisher=Abhivyakti \|access-date=7 December 2020\|language=hi}}</ref> It is said that for 40 years Varma kept tying [[Raksha Bandhan\|Rakhis]] to [[Suryakant Tripathi\|Nirala]].{{sfn\|Pandeya\|2020\|p=10}}		Varma was born on 26<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stQL9KgVZHg&t=464s&ab_channel=PrasarBharatiArchives\|title = Mahadevi Verma \| कवयित्री \| जीवन और लेखन \| हिन्दी \| भाग - 1\|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> March 1907{{sfn\|Singh\|2007\|p=39-40}} in a Hindu [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]]<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3CgKqpJmBcC&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA1 \|title=Mahadevi Varma \|publisher=Cambria Press \|isbn=978-1-62196-880-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYlRAQAAIAAJ&q=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth \|title=Mahadevi Varma and the chhayavad age of modern Hindi poetry \|date=1983 \|isbn=978-0-520-04255-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Kīkuci \|first=Tomoko \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC8D677EDGkC&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA17 \|title=Mahādevī Varmā kī viśvadr̥shṭi \|date=2009 \|publisher=Kitabghar Prakashan \|isbn=978-81-88121-95-3 \|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Anantharam \|first=Anita \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4qiAgAAQBAJ&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA38 \|title=Bodies That Remember: Women's Indigenous Knowledge and Cosmopolitanism in South Asian Poetry \|date=2012-01-30 \|publisher=Syracuse University Press \|isbn=978-0-8156-5059-1 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Menon \|first=Visalakshi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV2fumLhRGwC&dq=mahadevi+verma+Kayasth&pg=PA37 \|title=Indian Women and Nationalism, the U.P. Story \|date=2003 \|publisher=Har-Anand Publications \|isbn=978-81-241-0939-7 \|language=en}}</ref> family of [[Farrukhabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Schomer\|first=Karine\|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/TerrwAEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg9oid0-fwAhV1meYKHb_XBlgQ8fIDMBJ6BAgGEAM\|title=Mahadevi Varma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry\|publisher=University of California Press\|year=1983\|isbn=9780520042551\|location=Berkeley\|pages=}}</ref> Her father Govind Prasad Varma was a professor in a college in Bhagalpur. Her mother's name was Hem Rani Devi. Her mother was a religious, passionate and vegetarian woman with a keen interest in music.{{sfn\|Singh\|2007\|p=39-40}} Her mother would recite for many hours of [[Ramayana]], [[Gita]] and ''Vinay patrika''. On the contrary, her father was a scholar, music lover, atheist, a hunting enthusiast and a cheerful person. [[Sumitranandan Pant]] and [[Suryakant Tripathi\|Suryakant Tripathi ''Nirala'']] were close friends of Mahadevi Varma.<ref>{{cite web \|title=जो रेखाएँ कह न सकेंगी- महादेवी वर्मा \|url=http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/sansmaran/2004/jo_rekhayen.htm \|website=www.abhivyakti-hindi.org \|publisher=Abhivyakti \|access-date=7 December 2020\|language=hi}}</ref> It is said that for 40 years Varma kept tying [[Raksha Bandhan\|Rakhis]] to [[Suryakant Tripathi\|Nirala]].{{sfn\|Pandeya\|2020\|p=10}}

	=== Education ===		=== Education ===
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	=== Literary ===		=== Literary ===
	In 1930, ''Nihar'',<ref name=":0">{{cite book \|last1=Varmā \|first1=Mahādevī \|title=Nīhāra \|year=1962 \|publisher=Sāhitya Bhavana \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/N%C4%ABh%C4%81ra/er9HAAAAMAAJ \|language=hi}}</ref> in 1932, ''Rashmi'',<ref>{{cite book \|last1=वर्मा \|first1=महादेवी \|title=रश्मि \|year=1962 \|publisher=Sāhitya Bhavana \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF/AcBHAAAAMAAJ \|language=hi}}</ref> in 1933, ''Neerja''<ref name=":1">{{cite book \|last1=Varmā \|first1=Mahādevī \|title=Nīrajā \|year=1966 \|publisher=Bhāratī Bhaṇḍāra \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/N%C4%ABraj%C4%81/RnNjAAAAMAAJ \|language=hi}}</ref> were composed by her. In 1935, her collection of poems called ''Sandhyageet''<ref name=":2">{{cite book \|last1=Verma \|first1=Mahadevi \|title=Sandhya Geet \|date=January 2011 \|publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan \|isbn=978-81-8031-120-8 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIee0diGVU8C \|language=hi}}</ref> was published. In 1939, four poetic collections were published with their artworks under the title ''Yama''.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Verma \|first1=Mahadevi \|title=Yama \|date=September 2008 \|publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan \|isbn=978-81-8031-306-6 \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Yama/xeiIQMq3heMC \|language=hi}}</ref> Apart from these, she had written 18 novels and short stories in which ''Mera Parivar'' (My Family), ''Smriti ki ~~Rehaye~~'' (Lines of Memory), ''Patha ke Sathi'' (Path's Companions), ''Srinkhala ke Kariye'' (Series of Links) and ''Atit ke Chalachrit'' (Past Movies) are prominent.<ref name="list">{{cite web \|title=Books by Mahadevi Verma \|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/5450321.Mahadevi_Verma \|website=goodreads.com \|publisher=[[Goodreads]] \|access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref> She is also considered the pioneer of [[feminism]] in India.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Mahadevi Verma \|url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Verma+Mahadevi \|website=www.sawnet.org \|publisher=South Asian Women Writers (SAWnet) \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413033055/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Verma+Mahadevi \|access-date=7 December 2020\|archive-date=13 April 2016 }} Archived from the [http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Verma+Mahadevi original] on 28 September 2007</ref>		In 1930, ''Nihar'',<ref name=":0">{{cite book \|last1=Varmā \|first1=Mahādevī \|title=Nīhāra \|year=1962 \|publisher=Sāhitya Bhavana \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/N%C4%ABh%C4%81ra/er9HAAAAMAAJ \|language=hi}}</ref> in 1932, ''Rashmi'',<ref>{{cite book \|last1=वर्मा \|first1=महादेवी \|title=रश्मि \|year=1962 \|publisher=Sāhitya Bhavana \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF/AcBHAAAAMAAJ \|language=hi}}</ref> in 1933, ''Neerja''<ref name=":1">{{cite book \|last1=Varmā \|first1=Mahādevī \|title=Nīrajā \|year=1966 \|publisher=Bhāratī Bhaṇḍāra \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/N%C4%ABraj%C4%81/RnNjAAAAMAAJ \|language=hi}}</ref> were composed by her. In 1935, her collection of poems called ''Sandhyageet''<ref name=":2">{{cite book \|last1=Verma \|first1=Mahadevi \|title=Sandhya Geet \|date=January 2011 \|publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan \|isbn=978-81-8031-120-8 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIee0diGVU8C \|language=hi}}</ref> was published. In 1939, four poetic collections were published with their artworks under the title ''Yama''.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Verma \|first1=Mahadevi \|title=Yama \|date=September 2008 \|publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan \|isbn=978-81-8031-306-6 \|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Yama/xeiIQMq3heMC \|language=hi}}</ref> Apart from these, she had written 18 novels and short stories in which ''Mera Parivar'' (My Family), ''Smriti ki Rekhaye'' (Lines of Memory), ''Patha ke Sathi'' (Path's Companions), ''Srinkhala ke Kariye'' (Series of Links) and ''Atit ke Chalachrit'' (Past Movies) are prominent.<ref name="list">{{cite web \|title=Books by Mahadevi Verma \|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/5450321.Mahadevi_Verma \|website=goodreads.com \|publisher=[[Goodreads]] \|access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref> She is also considered the pioneer of [[feminism]] in India.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Mahadevi Verma \|url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Verma+Mahadevi \|website=www.sawnet.org \|publisher=South Asian Women Writers (SAWnet) \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413033055/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Verma+Mahadevi \|access-date=7 December 2020\|archive-date=13 April 2016 }} Archived from the [http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Verma+Mahadevi original] on 28 September 2007</ref>

	=== Women's advocacy ===		=== Women's advocacy ===
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	{{div col\|colwidth=22em}}		{{div col\|colwidth=22em}}
	* ''[[Ateet Ke Chalchitr]]'' (1961)		* ''[[Ateet Ke Chalchitr]]'' (1961)
	* ''Smriti ki ~~Rehaye~~'' (1943)		* ''Smriti ki Rekhaye'' (1943)
	* ''Patha ke Sathi'' (1956)		* ''Patha ke Sathi'' (1956)
	* ''Mera Parivar'' (1972)		* ''Mera Parivar'' (1972)
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	[[File:Mahadevi and Prasad stamps.jpg\|thumb\|right\|220px\|Postal stamp released during 1991 in honor of Mahadevi Varma and Jaishankar Prasad]]		[[File:Mahadevi and Prasad stamps.jpg\|thumb\|right\|220px\|Postal stamp released during 1991 in honor of Mahadevi Varma and Jaishankar Prasad]]

	* 1956: [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name=PadmaAwards>{{cite web\|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \|title=Padma Awards \|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \|date=2015 \|access-date=21 July 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~6U68ulwpb?url=~~http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \|archive-date=15 ~~November 2014~~ }}</ref>		* 1956: [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name=PadmaAwards>{{cite web\|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \|title=Padma Awards \|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \|date=2015 \|access-date=21 July 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \|archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
	*1979: [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]<ref name="honor">{{cite news \|last1=Thapliyal \|first1=Shreya \|title=Poet, writer, educator, feminist — Mahadevi Varma continues to inspire \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/poet-writer-educator-feminist-mahadevi-varma-continues-inspire-1502683373.html \|work=The Statesman \|date=11 September 2018 }}</ref>		*1979: [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]<ref name="honor">{{cite news \|last1=Thapliyal \|first1=Shreya \|title=Poet, writer, educator, feminist — Mahadevi Varma continues to inspire \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/poet-writer-educator-feminist-mahadevi-varma-continues-inspire-1502683373.html \|work=The Statesman \|date=11 September 2018 }}</ref>
	*1982: [[Jnanpith Award]] for her poetry collection Yama.<ref name="honor"/>		*1982: [[Jnanpith Award]] for her poetry collection Yama.<ref name="honor"/>

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