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{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Short description|1617–1694 conflicts in Deccan}}
{{infobox military conflict
| date = 1617–1694
| place = [[Tamilnadu]], [[Karnataka]]
| result = * Expulsion of Mysoreans from [[Madurai]]
* End of Mysore's expansion into Madurai
| combatant1 = [[Madurai Nayakas]] '''Supported by:''' [[Vijayanagar Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] [[Maratha Kingdom]] [[Bijapur Sultanate]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] [[Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom]] [[Nayakas of Ikkeri]] [[Kingdom of Ramnad]] [[Nayaks of Kalahasti]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = '''Madurai Monarchs''': [[Madurai Nayakas|'''Muthu Virappa Nayaka''']] '''[[Tirumala Nayaka]]''' '''[[Chokkanatha Nayak]]{{AWOL}}''' [[Madurai Nayakas|''' Ranga Krishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka''']] '''[[Mangammal]]''' '''Madurai Generals:''' [[Ramaiyan]] Ranganna Nayaka Kumura Muttu Venkata Krishna Nayaka Rustum Khan{{Executed}} '''Sethupathis of Ramnad:''' [[Kingdom of Ramnad|'''Raghunatha Sethupathi''']] '''[[Raghunatha Kilavan]]''' '''Vijayanagar Emperors:''' '''[[Sriranga III]]''' '''Bijapur Generals:''' Anatoji Pant Vedoji Pant '''Nayaka of Kalahasti:''' [[Nayaks of Kalahasti|'''Damarla Ayyappa Nayaka''']]{{KIA}} '''Ikkeri Nayaks:''' [[Nayakas of Keladi|'''Somashekara Nayaka I''']] '''Maratha Monarchs:''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] '''[[Sambhaji]]''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] '''[[Vyankoji]]''' '''Maratha Generals:''' [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Haraji [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Dadaji Kakde{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Jaitaji{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.png|22px|Flag of the Maratha Empire]] Nimbalji{{KIA}}
| commander2 = '''Mysore Monarchs''': '''[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] [[Raja Wodeyar I]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Dodda Kempadevaraja]]''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] '''[[Chikkadevaraja]]''' '''Mysore Generals:''' [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Mukilan [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Harasura Nandi Raja [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Hampaiya [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.png|22px]] Kumaraiya{{POW}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| conflict = Conflicts between Madurai and Mysore
}}
The '''Mysore-Madurai Wars''' were a series of conflicts fought between the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the [[Madurai Nayakas]], primarily in the 17th and early 18th centuries, as both sought to expand their territories in [[Southern India]]. The wars were driven by the strategic interests of both kingdoms, with the Madurai Nayaks aiming to maintain their dominance over the Tamil-speaking regions, while the Kingdom of Mysore, under its ambitious rulers, sought to extend its influence and control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. C. Raghavendra Raj Urs |url=https://archive.org/details/early-wodeyars-of-mysore-and-tamil-nadu-a-study-in-political-economic-and-cultural-relations/page/47/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004|pages=48–49}}</ref>

== First Mysore Invasion of Madurai==
[[Raja Wodeyar I]], focusing on his regular conquests and annexations that brought his territories in line with the dominions of [[Madurai]]. One notable instance involves the Raja taking advantage of Muttu Virappa's engagement with [[Tanjore]] to send an army under the commander ‘Mukilan’ to attack the [[Dindigul]] province. This invasion was reportedly repelled by the local Polygars of Virupakshi and Kannivadi, who successfully defended their lands. In recognition of their efforts, the Polegar of Virupakshi was honored with the title ‘Puthari-Kaval’ (Defender of the Roads), and the Polegar of Kannivadi was given the title ‘Chinnu-Mysuran’ (Young Mysorean). While Rangachari speculates that this invasion occurred around 1620, the lack of precise historical records makes it difficult to definitively date the event. Moreover, he connects this period with the death of [[Raja Wodeyar I]], which he claims occurred around that time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n119/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura|date=1924|pages=105–106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devakunjari |first=D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532410/page/n195/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Madurai Through The Ages: From The Earliest Times To 1801 A.d. |date=1957|page=187}}</ref>

==Second Mysore Invasion of Madurai==
In the early years of [[Tirumala Nayaka]]'s reign, an invasion of Madura by the [[Mysore kingdom]], followed by a counter-invasion from Madura, is documented in a Mackenzie Manuscript. The exact cause of Mysore's aggression remains unclear, though it is suggested that [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VI]], the ambitious ruler of Mysore, might have acted without a specific pretext, or perhaps sought to avenge the failed invasion of Madura by his predecessor, in the reign Muthu Virappa Nayaka.<ref name="ops">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n133/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=119–120}}</ref> The Mysore general, Harasnra Nandi Raja, advanced as far as [[Dindigul]] but was repelled by the Madurai forces, including [[Ramaiyan]] and Ranganna Nayaka, the polygar of Kannivadi. The Madurai generals are said to have even besieged the capital of [[Mysore]]. Nelson and Rangachari offer detailed accounts of these events, including Ramappaiya's recall and disobedience, which did not harm his standing. Ramappaiya's subsequent victory was highly celebrated by [[Tirumala Nayaka]], who likely honored him with the grant of land recorded in the Sri Mukha inscription of 1633, marking his successful campaign against Mysore.<ref name="ops"/>

==War of Noses==
===Wars between Tirumala Nayaka and Kanthirava Narasaraja===

[[File:Tnayak-edited.JPG|thumb|Statue of Tirumala Nayaka]]
[[File:Kanthirava.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Kanthirava Narasaraja]]

====First Phase====
During [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]] Wodeyar's conflicts with Ranadullah Khan, Tirumala Nayaka of Madura took advantage of the situation to destabilize the southern region, often collaborating with local Polygars who were hostile to [[Mysore]]. His strategy was to create a diversion by fomenting unrest in the south, thereby forcing Kantirava to address multiple threats simultaneously the invasion of Mysore by [[Bijapur]] in the north and the insurrections stirred by [[Tirumala Nayaka]] in the south.<ref name="ips">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/57/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |page=58|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref> In early 1641, Pattadaiya, the eldest son of Ghatta Mudaliyar of Samballi, rebelled against Kantirava with support from [[Tirumala Nayaka]] and attacked Danayakanakote. However, the Mysore army swiftly responded, defeating Ghatta Mudaliyar's forces at Marathalli in 1641 and [[Mysore Invasions of Samballi|again at Samballi]] in August 1642. The [[Mysore]] forces then advanced through Tolya, capturing several territories loyal to Ghatta Mudaliyar, including Nallur, Changapadi, Tiruchengod, and Trichinopoly, before returning to [[Srirangapattana]] with significant spoils of war.<ref name="ips"/>

====Second Phase====
{{Main|Battle of Madurai (1656)}}
[[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]], the king of Mysore, was determined to exact revenge on [[Tirumala Nayaka]] for his collusion with Bijapur, which had brought disastrous consequences upon Mysore. When the [[Bijapur]] forces withdrew from Mysore, it provided Kanthirava with the opportunity to launch a punitive [[Battle of Madurai (1656)|invasion of Madurai]] around 1656. The Mysore army, under the leadership of Dalavay Hampaiya, invaded the province of Satyamangalam, committing horrendous atrocities, including the brutal practice of cutting off the noses of civilians, including women and children, as part of a terrifying campaign of terror. This barbarity became infamous, with contemporary accounts such as J.H. Grose's reference to the "singular methods" of the [[Mysore]] troops in their brutal tactics.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n149/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=135–137}}</ref> Despite Tirumala Nayaka being gravely ill and weakened by his condition, he took swift action to defend his kingdom by calling upon his loyal vassal, Raghunatha Setupati, for aid. In response, Setupati mobilized an army of 25,000 Maravas and, with 35,000 additional troops raised under Tirumala's command, he successfully repelled the Mysore forces, driving them back to the borders of [[Dindigul]]. A fierce battle ensued, in which both sides suffered heavy casualties, with around 12,000 men lost on each side. The bravery and leadership of Setupati proved pivotal, and the [[Mysore]] army, unable to withstand the resistance, was forced to retreat.<ref name="aps"/> In gratitude for Setupati's role in saving [[Madurai]], Tirumala Nayaka honored him with the title of Tirumalai Setupati, granted him immense gifts, and relieved him of any further tribute obligations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aex_vpsu3gwC&dq=Maduri+Mysore+Conflicts&pg=PA85 |title=The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship |date=2003|page=85 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1585-5 |language=en}}</ref> This victory was highly celebrated, and the History of the Carnataca Governors and Jesuit letters both attribute the defense of [[Madurai]] entirely to Setupati's timely intervention. Further sources mention a counter-invasion of [[Mysore]] by the Madura army, possibly led by Kumura Muttu, Tirumala's younger brother, and Rangana Nayaka, in which the Mysoreans were pursued to their capital and significant damage was inflicted. It is said that the Madurai army retaliated with the same brutal methods Mysoreans had used in Madura, and even the king of Mysore reportedly lost his nose in this exchange. The Madura forces are believed to have advanced as far as Nanjanakudi (Nanjangud), though [[Tirumala Nayaka]] passed away before the completion of this raid. Despite some uncertainty regarding the precise role of Tirumala's younger brother, Kumura Muttu, the evidence from inscriptions, including the 1659 Tiruchchengodu grant, supports the idea that he may have participated in the military campaign against [[Mysore]].<ref name="aps"/>

==Confederacy War With Mysore==
===War Between Chokkantha Nayaka and Doddadevaraja Wodeyar===
====Battle of Erode====
In 1667, a significant conflict between Mysore and Madurai unfolded, largely driven by [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] opposition to Mysore's rising power and his alliance with the fugitive [[Sriranga III]], the former ruler of Vijayanagara. Following the fall of [[Hassan district|Hassan]] and Sakkarepatna in 1663, Sriranga had sought refuge in Madura, hoping to regain his lost authority with the help of Chokkanatha. The two leaders, along with a coalition of Bijapuri Maratha chiefs Vedoji Pant from [[Tanjore]] and Anoji Pant From [[Gingee]], and Damarla Aiyappa Nayaka The Nayaka of Kalahasti, formed a confederacy to restore Sriranga to power and curb Mysore's expansion.<ref name="tps">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/65/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=66–69|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref name="gps">{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n185/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|pages=172–174}}</ref><ref name="kps">{{Cite book |last=B. Muddachari |url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources/page/n187/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources|pages=188–190)}}</ref> The allied forces, numbering around 100,000 infantry, elephants, and cavalry, laid siege to [[Erode]], but their efforts were doomed from the start. The confederacy was poorly organized, with differing motivations among its members and no unified strategy. The Maratha leaders from [[Tanjore]] and [[Gingee]] joined out of personal vendettas against Mysore rather than any overarching plan, and the alliance lacked discipline. As the confederate army advanced toward Erode, Mysore's forces, led by [[Chikkadevaraja]], swiftly marched to confront them. Chokkanatha, realizing the fragility of his alliance and the strength of the Mysore army, abandoned the campaign and retreated to [[Tiruchirappalli]], followed by Sriranga. This created confusion and division within the confederacy, leading to a defeat.<ref name="tps"/><ref name="gps"/><ref name="kps"/> Aiyappa Nayaka was killed, and Anantoji was forced to flee, leaving the confederate forces decimated. Mysore solidified its control over Erode, Dharapuram, and Vamalur, and even marched to Tiruchirappalli, forcing Chokkanatha to submit. This victory marked a decisive moment in the rise of Mysore as the dominant power in Karnataka, effectively quashing Sriranga's hopes of diminishing Mysore's influence and establishing the kingdom's strength under [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]] .<ref name=tps/><ref name=gps/><ref name="kps"/>

=== War Between Chokkanatha Nayak and Chikkadeva Wodeyar===

[[File:Chikkadevaraja.jpg|thumb|Chikkadevaraja]]
[[Chokkanatha Nayak]], the ruler of Madurai, had long nurtured a desire for revenge after his humiliation at the Battle of Erode in 1667, during the reign of [[Dodda Kempadevaraja]]. Seizing the opportunity following Doddadevaraja's death, Chokkanatha reorganized his forces and sought to invade [[Mysore]]. In an alliance with Ikkeri, he launched a two-pronged attack, with Madurai invading in the south and [[Ikkeri]] invading from the north. However, the Mysorean forces, led by [[Chikkadevaraja]], defeated the Madurai army at Maduvana. Under the command of Venkata Krishna Nayaka, who bore the title "Sangora Kirita" (Crown of Battle), the Madura forces were routed in a fierce confrontation. The Mysoreans inflicted heavy losses on the invaders, capturing not only soldiers and ammunition but also war horses, elephants, and crucial forts like Paramatripura, Malai, Muttanjatti, Sadamangalam, Anantagiri, Torenad, Ariyalur, Dharmapuram, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. The victorious Mysoreans returned with vast booty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/82/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=83–84|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref>

===Chokkanatha's Alliance With Marathas Against Mysore===

[[File:Ekoji Raje Bhiosale.jpg|thumb|Ekoji Raje Bhosale]]

====Siege of Tiruchirapalli And Battle of Mandya====
In the year 1680. Mysore, under [[Chikkadevaraja]], sought to extend its influence by assisting the weakening [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] of Madurai, defeating the usurper Rustum Khan, and demanding Tiruchirapalli as the price for his support. This move alarmed the Marathas, who saw the acquisition of [[Tiruchirapalli]] as a strategic threat to their interests in the region, particularly with [[Maratha]] settlements in nearby Gingee and Tanjore. The Marathas Under Haraji and [[Vyankoji Bhosale]], alongside Chokkanatha, Setupati of Ramnad [[Raghunatha Kilavan]] formed a powerful alliance to resist Mysore's expansion.<ref name="nps">{{Cite book |last=Raghavendra Rsj Urs |first=S. C. |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.10603-92519earlywodeyarsofmysoreandtamilnaduastudyinpoliticaleconomicandculturalrelations/page/85/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Early Wodeyars Of Mysore And Tamil Nadu A Study In Political Economic And Cultural Relations |date=2004 |pages=86–91|publisher=University of Mysore |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref name="mps">{{Cite book |last=C.k.srinivasan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54102/page/n179/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Maratha Rule In The Carnatic |date=1944|pages=168–171}}</ref><ref name="eps">{{Cite book |last=B. Muddachari |url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources/page/n321/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources|pages=322–335)}}</ref> When Kumaraiya, the Mysore general, attempted to counter this confederation, the Marathas under Dadaji Kakde, Nimbaji, Jaitaji launched an attack into Mysore's heartland, threatening [[Srirangapattana]] itself. In response, Chikkadevaraja, with the aid of reinforcements from Kumaraiya. A surprise night attack near Mandya caught the [[Marathas]] off guard, leading to a devastating defeat in which Maratha Generals Dadaji Kakde, Nimbaji, Jaitaji were killed. This victory solidified Chikkadevaraja's dominance in the region, asserting Mysore's supremacy over [[Karnataka]] and impressing contemporaries, including Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who praised the strategic brilliance of the Mysore ruler.<ref name="nps"/><ref name="eps"/>

====Allied Victory At Tiruchirapalli====
The defeat of the [[Maratha]] army at Mandya had profound consequences for Kumaraiya at Tiruchirapalli, leading to a sense of humiliation and a desire for retribution in Haraji. As Kumaraiya's position grew increasingly vulnerable, with no reinforcements and no response to his pleas for help, he was left with no choice but to retreat toward [[Mysore]].<ref name="nps"/><ref
name="eps"/> However, the Marathas, emboldened by his inactivity and perceived weakness, remained vigilant, never letting their guard down. Seizing the opportunity, they launched a sudden and devastating attack on the Mysore forces at [[Tiruchirapalli]], inflicting a defeat and capturing a large number of [[Mysore]] officers, including the Kumaraiya. This victory brought immense pride and satisfaction to Arasumalai (Haraji), who, buoyed by his triumph, began driving the Mysoreans out of the Forts they had seized from the Nayaka of [[Madurai]].<ref name="nps"/><ref name="mps"/><ref name="eps"/>

===Expulsion of Mysoreans From Madurai===
====Recovery of Madurai====
In a Jesuit letter from 1686, Muthu Virappa Nayaka is praised for reclaiming the town of [[Madurai]] by expelling the Mysoreans and securing the loyalty of his vassals, to the extent that he was able to rule with increasing authoritarianism. This assertion aligns with the evidence provided by an inscription from 1688 at Arumbavur, which records the repair of a sluice by Ranga Krishna, suggesting that by 1686, the Nayaka administration was stable enough for the rulers to focus on internal affairs such as infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n210/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|page=195}}</ref>

==Conflict Between Chikkadevaraya and Mangammal==

[[File:Rani Mangammal.jpg|thumb|Rani Mangammal]]

===End of Madurai-Mysore Wars===
While [[Mangammal]] focused on formulating her policy towards the Mughal Empire, [[Chikka Devaraja]] of Mysore was engaged in an aggressive campaign of territorial expansion. By 1690, he had gained control over large parts of the Baramahals and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] up to the Kaveri River. Between 1690 and 1694, he extended his conquests to most of Bednore and secured a treaty that confirmed his control over these territories. His next target was Madurai, and although [[Aurangzeb]]'s fear of the Mahrattas led him to adopt a temporarily favorable stance toward Mysore, he was not inclined to show leniency. Chikkadeva Raya expanded further into Salem and Coimbatore, bringing local chiefs under his authority. An inscription from 1695 to 1696 at Avanasli mentions a grant by his prime minister, Dalavay Kumaraiya, who was dispatched to lay siege to [[Trichinopoly]]. However, a Mahratta attack on Mysore forced his recall, easing Mangammal's burden. Despite this setback, she successfully repelled the Mysore forces, maintaining her control over the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Sathyanatha Aiyar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183822/page/n223/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History Of The Nayaks Of Madura |date=1924|page=207}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Madurai Nayakas]]
* [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
* [[Kingdom of Ramnad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madurai-Mysore Wars}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Madurai Nayakas]]

Madurai–Mysore Wars - Revision history

GeorgiannaN07: creating entry - done