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2405:201:D:3A46:54C9:5A6F:A8B2:6BEB: /* Indian regional specifics */

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Indian regional specifics

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{{Short description|species of legume}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Horse Gram BNC.jpg
| image_caption = Horse gram seeds
| taxon = Macrotyloma uniflorum
| authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Bernard Verdcourt|Verdc.]]
| synonyms =
* ''Dolichos uniflorus'' Lam.
* ''Glycine uniflora'' (Lam.) Dalzell
* ''Kerstingiella uniflora'' (Lam.) J.A.Lackey
|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:505875-1#synonyms |title=''Macrotyloma uniflorum'' (Lam.) Verdc. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=17 July 2020 }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
| subdivision =
* ''M. uniflorum'' var. ''benadirianum''
* ''M. uniflorum'' var. ''stenocarpum'' (Brenan) Verdc.
* ''M. uniflorum'' var. ''uniflorum''
* ''M. uniflorum'' var. ''verrucosum''
}}

'''''Macrotyloma uniflorum''''' ('''horse gram''', '''kulthi bean''', '''hurali''', '''Madras gram'''<ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0 |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=425415 |website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov |access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>) is a [[legume]] native to tropical southern Asia, commonly grown for horse feed and occasionally for human consumption and in [[Ayurvedic]] cuisine.{{cn|date=January 2021}} Horse gram is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and West Bengal in India, as well as in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the West Indies, and elsewhere.<ref name="dpd-in">{{cite web|url=http://dpd.gov.in/Horse%20gram.pdf |title=Horse Gram |publisher=Government of India, Directorate of Pulses Development |date=3 April 2017}}</ref> It is consumed as a whole seed, as sprouts, or as whole meal in India, popular in many parts of India. Medical uses of these legumes have been discussed.

==Description==
''Macrotyloma uniflorum'' is a perennial climbing plant with a [[rhizome]], growing to a height of about {{convert|60|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The stem sprouts from the rhizome each year. It is clad in varying amounts of whitish hairs and bears alternate, trifoliate leaves with petioles up to {{convert|7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long. The leaflets are obovate or elliptical, and up to {{convert|7|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long. The flowers are borne in twos or threes in the leaf axils, and are typical of the bean family with banner, wings and keel. They are cream, yellowish or green, often with a purple blotch inside. These are followed by linear-oblong, upcurving pods up to {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long, containing up to ten reddish-brown, speckled or black seeds.<ref name=Brink/>

<gallery class="center" mode=packed heights=150px style="text-align:centre" caption=''Macrotyloma uniflorum'' plant>
File:Macrotyloma Uniflorum young plant 01.jpg|Young plant
File:Macrotyloma Uniflorum flower 01.jpg|Flowers
File:Macrotyloma Uniflorum fruit 01.jpg|Young fruit
File:Macrotyloma Uniflorum dissected flower 01.jpg|Dissection of floral parts
</gallery>

==Distribution==
Horse gram is native to tropical southern Asia and has been found in archaeological sites in India, starting from 2500 BC.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Prance |editor1-first=Ghillean |editor2-last=Nesbitt |editor2-first=Mark |last1=Pearman |first1=Georgina |date=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |page=144 |isbn=0415927463}}</ref> It was probably first domesticated in India, and is now grown as a legume from India to Myanmar. It is also grown for [[fodder]] and as a [[green manure]] crop in tropical countries in southeastern Asia, and in northern Australia.<ref name=Brink>{{cite book|author=Brink, Martin |title=Cereals and Pulses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dH6S9MwTupUC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=PROTA |isbn=978-90-5782-170-7 |pages=102–104}}</ref>

Horse gram thrives where the temperature is in the range {{convert|20|to|30|°C}} but is killed by frost. It is a drought tolerant crop and is mostly grown in areas with under {{convert|900|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of precipitation, and even as little as {{convert|380|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. In wetter areas, it is usually sown at the end of the wet season, to grow and crop in the dry season.<ref name=Brink/>

== Nutrition ==
Horse gram and [[moth bean]] are legumes of the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]], grown mostly under dry-land agriculture. The chemical composition is comparable with more commonly cultivated [[legume]]s. Like other legumes, these are deficient in [[methionine]] and [[tryptophan]], though horse gram is an excellent source of [[iron]] and [[molybdenum]]. Comparatively, horse gram seeds have higher [[trypsin]] inhibitor and [[hemagglutinin]] activities and natural phenols than most bean seeds. Natural phenols are mostly [[phenolic acid]]s, namely, [[3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid|3,4-dihydroxybenzoic]], [[4-Hydroxybenzoic acid|4-hydroxybenzoic]], [[vanillic acid|vanillic]], [[caffeic acid|caffeic]], [[p-Coumaric acid|''p''-coumaric]], [[ferulic acid|ferulic]], [[syringic acid|syringic]] and [[sinapic acid|sinapic]] acids. Though both require prolonged cooking, a soak solution (1.5% [[Sodium bicarbonate|NaHCO3]] + 0.5% [[Sodium carbonate|{{chem|Na|2|CO|3}}]] + 0.75% [[citric acid]]) has been shown to reduce cooking time and improve protein quality. Moth bean is mostly consumed as [[dhal]] or sprouts.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

Horse gram seed contains carbohydrate (57.2% w/w), protein (22% w/w), dietary fiber (5.3% w/w), fat (0.50% w/w), calcium (287 mg), phosphorus (311 mg), iron (6.77 mg) and calories (321 kcal) as well as vitamins like thiamine (0.4 mg), riboflavin (0.2 mg) and niacin (1.5 mg) per 100 grams of dry matter. Its nutritional content is partly dependent on soil conditions and the weather. Its less appealing taste has led it to be not commonly eaten.<ref name="nut-remed-hg">{{cite journal |last1=Bhartiya |first1=A. |last2=Aditya |first2=J. P. |last3=Kant |first3=L. |year=2015 |title=NUTRITIONAL AND REMEDIAL POTENTIAL OF AN UNDERUTILIZED FOOD LEGUME HORSEGRAM (Macrotyloma uniflorum): A REVIEW |journal = The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=908–920 | issn=1018-7081}}</ref>

==Indian regional specifics==
In [[India]], it is also known as ''ulavalu, gahat, muthira, kulath'', or ''kulthi''. It is used to make popular dishes like ''Kulitan Saaru, Kulitan Upkari, Kulitan Ghassi'' (coconut curry preparation), and an ''[[idli]]''-like preparation (but not fermented) called ''Kulitan Sannan''.

*In [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], horse gram is prescribed for jaundice or as a diuretic, and as part of a weight-loss diet.{{cn|date=January 2021}} It is considered helpful for iron deficiencies. ''Ulavacharu'' (horse gram soup) is popular dish in Andhra Pradesh, it is served with cooked rice in some of the Telugu-speaking people's weddings and ceremonies.
*In [[Darjeeling]] and [[Sikkim]], horse gram (called (''gahat'' in Nepali) is considered a medicinal food. It is given to children suffering from mumps. Water in which gahat is soaked is taken by people suffering from [[kidney stones]] in the belief that this dissolves the crystals. Gahat's use is specially reserved for the cold winters, when its heat-producing properties are most useful.
*In [[Kerala]], horse gram, (called മുതിര (''muthira'') in Malayalam which almost sounds like കുതിര (''kuthir''a), Malayalam word for horse), is used in special kinds of dishes.
*In [[Tamil Nadu]], horse gram (called கொள்ளு ''- 'kollu' in northern districts and காணம் - 'kaanam''' in southern districts ) is commonly used in Tamil dishes, including ''kollu'' chutney, ''{{lang|ta|kollu porial}}, kollu avial, kollu sambar'', and ''kollu rasam''.
*In [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]], horse gram (called हुलगा) (''hulage/hulaga'' in Marathi and ''Kulith'' in Konkani) is often used to make ''{{lang|kok|aamati, kulith usal, pithla}}'' and ''shengule/shevanti.''
*In [[Karnataka]] cuisine, ಹುರಳಿಸಾರು (''hurali saaru''), ಹುರಳಿ (''hurali'') is a main ingredient. ''Hurali'' is also used in preparations such as ''usali'', chutney, ''bassaru'', and ''upsaaru'' or ''upinsaru'' (particularly in the Old Mysore Regions Mandya and Chamrajnagara Districts).
*In [[South Canara]] region of Karnataka, in [[Tulu language|Tulu]], it is also called ''kudu'' (ಕುಡು).
*In [[Odisha]] it is known by the name କୋଳଥ (Kolatha).
*''Gahat'' or ''kulath'' is a major ingredient in the food of Pahari region of [[northern India]].
* In [[Himachal Pradesh]], ''kulath'' is used to make ''[[khichdi]]''. In [[Uttarakhand]], it is cooked in a round iron saute pan (''[[kadhai]]'') to prepare ''ras'', a favorite of most [[Kumauni people|Kumaonis]]. In Garhwal region, another more elaborate dish is ''phanu'' which is made in a ''kadhai'' with roughly ground ''gahat'' (previously soaked overnight) boiled over several hours. Towards the end, some finely chopped greens (''palak'' or spinach, ''rai'', tender radish leaves, or ''dhania'' (coriander leaves) if nothing else is available) are added to complete the dish. Served with boiled rice, ''{{lang|gbm|jhangora}}'' (a millet-like grain, used as a staple by poorer Garhwalis only a decade ago and now a prized health-food)

In [[Myanmar]] (Burma), horse gram is known as ''pe bazat'' ({{my|ပဲပိစပ်}}). It is commonly used in making ''[[pon ye gyi]]'', a fermented bean paste used in traditional [[Burmese cuisine]].

==Medicinal uses==
Scientists from the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] have found that unprocessed raw horse gram seeds not only possess antihyperglycemic properties{{Citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Need data used for analysis}}, but also have qualities which reduce [[insulin resistance]]. The scientists made{{Citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Need data used for analysis}} a comparative analysis between horse gram seeds and their sprouts and found that the seeds have greater beneficial effects on the health of hyperglycemic individuals. The majority of [[antioxidant]] properties are confined to the seed coat and its removal would not do any good{{Citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=Need data used for analysis}}. Raw horse gram seed is rich in [[polyphenols]], [[flavonoids]], and proteins, major antioxidants present in fruits and other food materials. The seed has the ability to reduce postprandial [[hyperglycemia]] by slowing down carbohydrate digestion and reducing insulin resistance by inhibiting protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1 beta enzyme.<ref name="Mallikarjun 2013"/>{{Citation needed|date=September 2020|reason=News articles as scientific reference can not be relied upon }}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Mallikarjun 2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/diet-and-nutrition/raw-horse-gram-good-for-diabetics/article4651090.ece|title=Raw horse gram good for diabetics|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|website=The Hindu|date=April 25, 2013|access-date=May 31, 2017}}</ref>
}}

== External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* {{cite journal |author=Fuller, D.Q. & Murphy, C. |title=The origins and early dispersal of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), a major crop of ancient India |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |volume=65 |pages=285–305 |year=2018 |doi=10.1007/s10722-017-0532-2|s2cid=9543710 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1561149/ }}

* {{cite journal |author=Kadam SS, Salunkhe DK |title=Nutritional composition, processing, and utilization of horse gram and moth bean |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |year=1985 |pmid=3899515 |doi=10.1080/10408398509527416}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1899077}}

[[Category:Phaseoleae]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]

Macrotyloma uniflorum - Revision history

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2405:201:D:3A46:54C9:5A6F:A8B2:6BEB: /* Indian regional specifics */