Ma Huan - Revision history

FranceGqd9358746: Minor edits and structural improvements

2026-03-03T06:36:58Z

Minor edits and structural improvements

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 3 March 2026
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	{{~~short~~ description\|Chinese translator, voyager and writer}}		{{Short description\|Chinese translator, voyager, and writer (c. 1380–1460)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2019}}
	[[File:~~YingYaiShengLan~~.jpg\|thumb\|~~right\|250px\|A~~ page ~~from Ming dynasty woodcut printed edition~~ of Yingya Shenglan by Ma Huan]]		{{Infobox writer
	'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh\|s=马欢\|t=馬歡\|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang\|zh-Arab\| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) (c. 1380–1460<ref name=ency>{{~~citation~~		\| name = Ma Huan
			\| image =
			\| caption =
			\| birth_name = Ma Huan
			\| birth_date = c. 1380
			\| birth_place = [[Kuaiji Commandery]], [[Zhejiang]], China
			\| death_date = c. 1460
			\| death_place =
			\| occupation = Explorer, Translator, Travel writer
			\| language = Chinese, Arabic
			\| nationality = Chinese
			\| notableworks = ''Yingya Shenglan'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores)
			\| spouse =
			\| children =
			\| relatives =
			\| awards =
			}}

			[[File:Yingya Shenglan (Jilu Huiban), first page.jpg\|thumb\|First page of the ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (1451) by Ma Huan, as collected in the ''Jilu Huibian'' (1617)]]
			'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh\|s=马欢\|t=馬歡\|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang\|zh-Arab\| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) ({{circa}} 1380–1460<ref name=ency>{{cite book
	\|contribution=Ma Huan		\|contribution=Ma Huan
	\|first=A.D.W. \| last=Forbes		\|first=A. D. W. \| last=Forbes
	\|editor-first=C.E. \|editor-last=Bosworth \|isbn=90-04-07164-4 \|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|year=1983		\|editor-first=C.E. \|editor-last=Bosworth \|isbn=90-04-07164-4 \|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam \|publisher=E.J. Brill \|year=1983
	\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 \| pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh\|c=宗道\|s=\|t=\|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a ~~[[China\|~~Chinese~~]] voyager~~ and ~~translator~~ who accompanied Admiral [[Zheng He]] on three of his [[Treasure voyages\|seven expeditions to the Western Oceans]]. Ma was a [[Muslim]] and was born in [[Zhejiang]]'s [[Kuaiji Commandery]], an area within the modern borders of [[Shaoxing]]. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ~~&pg=PA849~~&dq=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year#q=~~hui%20muslims%20chinese%20new%20year~~\|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5\|author=Sir H. A. R. Gibb\|year=1954\|publisher=Brill Archive\|isbn=90-04-07164-4\|page=849\|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref>		\|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 \| pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh\|c=宗道\|s=\|t=\|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a Chinese explorer, translator, and travel writer who accompanied Admiral [[Zheng He]] on three of his [[Treasure voyages\|seven expeditions to the Western Oceans]]. Ma was a [[Muslim]] and was born in [[Zhejiang]]'s [[Kuaiji Commandery]], an area within the modern borders of [[Shaoxing]]. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&dq=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year&pg=PA849\|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5\|author-first1=Sir H. A. R. \|author-last1=Gibb\|orig-year=1954\|year=1983\|publisher=Brill Archive\|isbn=90-04-07164-4\|page=849\|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref>

	In ~~the~~ 1413 ~~expedition (~~the ~~4th)~~, ~~he visited~~ [[Champa]], [[Java (island)\|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Palembang]], [[Siam]], [[Kochi, India\|Kochi]] and [[Ormus\|Hormuz]].		== Expeditions and writings ==
			In Ma Huan's fourth imperial expedition in 1413, he sailed south and west from China and into the Indian ocean, visiting [[Champa]], [[Java (island)\|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Palembang]], [[Siam]], [[Kochi, India\|Kochi]] and [[Ormus\|Hormuz]].

	In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli\|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode\|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz.		In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli\|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode\|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz.

	In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)\|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by ~~Eununch~~ [[Hong Bao]] as emissary to [[Mecca]].		In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)\|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eunuch [[Hong Bao]] as emissary to [[Mecca]].

	During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes ~~about~~ the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, even ~~method~~ of punishment for criminals. ~~Returned~~ home on his first expedition, he began writing a book ~~about~~ his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was ~~ready~~ around 1451. The title of his book was ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).		During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes on the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, and even methods of punishment for criminals. Returning home on his first expedition, he began writing a book on his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was finalized around 1451. The title of his book was ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).

	During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill\|Feng Chengjun\|zh\|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.		During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill\|Feng Chengjun\|zh\|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.

	An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref>~~[https://www.~~jstor.~~org/stable~~/2053070 ~~Book review by~~ Jung-~~pang~~ Lo]</ref> and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.		An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=2053070\|doi=10.2307/2053070\|author-first1=Jung-Pang\|author-last1=Lo\|volume=31\|number=1\|date=November 1971\|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies\|pages=181-182\|title=Book Reviews: Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores}}</ref> and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.

	The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]].		The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]].
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	=== Sources ===		=== Sources ===
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[~~Hakluty~~ Society]], London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN\|974-8496-78-3}} ({{Google books\|DjQ9AAAAIAAJ\|restricted online copy\|page=}})		* Ying-yai Sheng-lan, [https://archive.org/details/ying-yai-sheng-lan-1433/page/n3/mode/2up The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan], translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[Hakluyt Society]], London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN\|974-8496-78-3}} ({{Google books\|DjQ9AAAAIAAJ\|restricted online copy\|page=}})
	* [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.		* [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.
			* [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001/acref-9780195130751-e-0502 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History]. Oxford Reference.
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}}
			[[Category:1380s births]]
			[[Category:1460 deaths]]
	[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]		[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]
	[[Category:15th-century Chinese ~~people~~]]		[[Category:15th-century Chinese writers]]
	[[Category:15th-century ~~Chinese~~ translators]]		[[Category:15th-century translators]]
			[[Category:Chinese translators]]
	[[Category:~~15th-century writers]]~~
	~~[[Category:1380 births]]~~
	~~[[Category:1460 deaths]]~~
	~~[[Category:Year of birth uncertain~~]]
	[[Category:Chinese explorers]]		[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
			[[Category:15th-century explorers]]
			[[Category:Ming dynasty Muslims]]
			[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]
	[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]		[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
	[[Category:~~Chinese Muslims~~]]		[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
			[[Category:Medieval Kerala]]
	[[Category:Hui people]]		[[Category:Hui people]]
	~~[[Category:History of Kerala]]~~
	~~[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]~~
	[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]		[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]
			[[Category:Ming treasure voyages]]
	[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]]		[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]]
	[[Category:~~Treasure voyages]]~~		[[Category:15th-century travel writers]]
	~~[[Category:Explorers of India~~]]

->FeanorStar7: /* Further reading */ add cats; cat resort; layout

2021-09-14T13:16:38Z

Further reading: add cats; cat resort; layout

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 14 September 2021
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	* Gordon, Stewart. ''When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"'' Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. {{ISBN\|0-306-81556-7}}.		* Gordon, Stewart. ''When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"'' Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. {{ISBN\|0-306-81556-7}}.
	*{{cite book \|author=J. V. G. Mills (tr.) \|title= Ma Huan: Ying-yai sheng-lan 'The overall survey of the ocean's shores' (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-chün \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|year=1970 }}		*{{cite book \|author=J. V. G. Mills (tr.) \|title= Ma Huan: Ying-yai sheng-lan 'The overall survey of the ocean's shores' (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-chün \|publisher= Cambridge University Press \|year=1970 }}

	{{Chinese travellers}}		{{Chinese travellers}}
	{{Islamic geography}}		{{Islamic geography}}
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	[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]		[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]
	[[Category:15th-century Chinese people]]		[[Category:15th-century Chinese people]]
			[[Category:15th-century Chinese translators]]

	[[Category:15th-century writers]]		[[Category:15th-century writers]]
			[[Category:1380 births]]
			[[Category:1460 deaths]]
			[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
	[[Category:Chinese explorers]]		[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
	[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]		[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]

49.195.202.64 at 09:25, 30 April 2021

2021-04-30T09:25:10Z

New page

{{short description|Chinese translator, voyager and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:YingYaiShengLan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A page from Ming dynasty woodcut printed edition of Yingya Shenglan by Ma Huan]]
'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh|s=马欢|t=馬歡|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) (c. 1380–1460<ref name=ency>{{citation
|contribution=Ma Huan
|first=A.D.W. | last=Forbes
|editor-first=C.E. |editor-last=Bosworth |isbn=90-04-07164-4 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1983
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 | pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh|c=宗道|s=|t=|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a [[China|Chinese]] voyager and translator who accompanied Admiral [[Zheng He]] on three of his [[Treasure voyages|seven expeditions to the Western Oceans]]. Ma was a [[Muslim]] and was born in [[Zhejiang]]'s [[Kuaiji Commandery]], an area within the modern borders of [[Shaoxing]]. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849&dq=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year#q=hui%20muslims%20chinese%20new%20year|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5|author=Sir H. A. R. Gibb|year=1954|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=90-04-07164-4|page=849|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref>

In the 1413 expedition (the 4th), he visited [[Champa]], [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Palembang]], [[Siam]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] and [[Ormus|Hormuz]].

In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz.

In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eununch [[Hong Bao]] as emissary to [[Mecca]].

During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes about the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, even method of punishment for criminals. Returned home on his first expedition, he began writing a book about his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was ready around 1451. The title of his book was ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).

During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill|Feng Chengjun|zh|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.

An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053070 Book review by Jung-pang Lo]</ref> and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.

The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]].

Some scholars who have done research work on Ma Huan are J.J.L. Duyvendak, F. Hirth, [[Paul Pelliot]], [[Feng Chengjun]], [[Xiang Da]], [[J.V.G. Mills]].

== See also ==
* [[Fei Xin]], another participants of Zheng He's expeditions who wrote a book
* The "[[Mao Kun map]]" in ''[[Wubei Zhi]]''

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[Hakluty Society]], London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}} ({{Google books|DjQ9AAAAIAAJ|restricted online copy|page=}})
* [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Gordon, Stewart. ''When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"'' Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-306-81556-7}}.
*{{cite book |author=J. V. G. Mills (tr.) |title= Ma Huan: Ying-yai sheng-lan 'The overall survey of the ocean's shores' (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-chün |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }}
{{Chinese travellers}}
{{Islamic geography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}}
[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:15th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:15th-century writers]]
[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Chinese Muslims]]
[[Category:Hui people]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]]
[[Category:Treasure voyages]]
[[Category:Explorers of India]]