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{{Short description|Shan state and Tusi chiefdom (abolished 1604)}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=hist|date=February 2021}}
{{otheruse|Mengmao (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ
| conventional_long_name = Muang Mao Lông
| common_name = Möng Mao
| nation = the ancient [[Shan States|Tai States]]
| subdivision = One
| era =
| year_start = 568 (allegedly) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2175gx5|title=Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred|author=Jane M. Ferguson|year=2021|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref>
| date_start =
| event_start = Established
| year_end = 1604
| date_end =
| event_end = Disestablished
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 =
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Mong Mao.svg
| image_map_caption = Territory of Mong Mao in the heyday of [[Si Kefa]] period.
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes = {{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Myanmar_shankaren.html|title=World Statesmen.org: Shan and Karenni States of Burma|author=Ben Cahoon|year=2000|access-date=7 July 2014}}
| today = [[China]] [[India]] [[Myanmar]]
| demonym = Tai-Mao
}}
'''Muang Mao,''' also spelled '''Möng''' '''Mao''' ({{lang-shn|မိူင်းမၢဝ်း}}; {{lang-tdd|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ}}; {{lang-my|မိုင်းမော}}; {{zh|c=[[wikt:勐卯|勐卯]]}}) or the '''Mao Kingdom''' was an ethnic [[Tai peoples|Tai]] state that controlled several smaller Tai states or [[saopha|chieftainships]] along the [[frontier]] of what is now [[Myanmar]], [[China]], the states of [[Northeast India]] of [[Assam]], and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], principally set in the [[Dehong]] region of [[Yunnan]] with a capital near the modern-day border town of [[Ruili|Ruili/Meng Mao]]. The name of the main river in this region is the Nam Mao, also known as the [[Shweli River]].

==Names==
Möng Mao is [[Tai Nuea]] and [[Shan language|Shan]] language name, also called '''Möng Mao Lông''' ({{lang-tdd|ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ}}; {{lang-shn|မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်}}), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "[[Mueang|Möng]]" means country or place.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meng|2007|p=1347}}</ref> The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king [[Chao Pha|Chao]] U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gong|Yang|1988|p=6}}</ref> The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as the official Tai Nuea name of [[Ruili|Ruili City]] (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) and in the Burmese [[Mongmao Township]] ({{lang-my|မိုင်းမော}}, [[Wa language|Wa]]: mēng hmae;<ref>{{cite book |author=Wang Jingliu |title=佤汉大词典 |trans-title=Wa - Chinese Dictionary |location=Kunming |publisher=Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House |date=2014 |isbn=978-7-5367-6031-8 |page=1169 }}</ref>).

[[Kosambi]] was an [[India|Indian]] ancient country, Mong Mao used '''Kosambi''' as his Buddhistic classical name.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mangrai|1965|p=37}}</ref>"Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" ({{lang-tdd|ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ}}, {{lang-zh|果占璧|links=no}}) in Ruili, modern [[Dai people]] give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gong|Yang|1988|p=1}}</ref>

In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called '''Luchuan''' ({{lang-zh|麓川|links=no}}), first recorded in ''[[History of Yuan|Yuanshi]]'' as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]]" ({{lang-zh|麓川路|links=no}}).<ref>{{Harvnb|You|1987|p=58}}</ref> Some of literature also called Mong Mao as '''Baiyi''' ({{lang-zh|百夷|links=no}}), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hu|1984|p=86}}</ref>

In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called '''Maw'''<ref>{{Harvnb|Taw|1899|pp=38-39}}</ref> or '''Maw Shan'''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harvey|1925|p=322}}</ref> In the [[Manipur]] literature, such as ''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'' use the name '''[[Kingdom of Pong|Pong]]''' refer to Mong Mao.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parratt|2005|pp=29,41}}</ref>

==History==
The chronicle of this region, titled the ''Möng Mao Chronicle'', was written much later.<ref>Elias, 1876; Daniels, 2006; Bian-zhang-ga, 1990; Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun, 2001</ref> Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the [[Kingdom of Pong]], as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of [[Shan people|Tai Yai]] history, the history of the Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations.<ref name="YS">Yos Santasombat, ''Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong'', p. 3-4</ref>

Möng Mao arose in the power vacuum left after the [[Kingdom of Dali]] in Yunnan fell to the Mongol [[Yuan Dynasty]] around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the [[Native Chieftain System]]. This kingdom had asserted some unity over the diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan.<ref>Daniels, 2006, p. 28</ref>

After the [[Ming conquest of Yunnan]] the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to the [[Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)]]. In 1448, a combination of [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]], [[Chiang Hung|Sipsongpanna]], and other allied forces [[Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns|subjugated Möng Mao]].

"Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to the entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including ''Luchuan-Pingmian'' (麓川平緬), [[Mongyang State|Muang Yang]] ({{zh|t=孟養|p=Mèngyǎng}}), and [[Theinni|Hsenwi]] ({{zh|c=木邦|p=Mùbāng|links=no}}), even though specific place names are almost always used in [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Myanmar|Burmese]] sources.<ref>Wade, 2005</ref>

The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As the [[Shan people|Shan]] scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these [smaller states] strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the "[[Shweli River|Shweli]]" on most maps today)" <ref>Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983</ref>

The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The [[Shan people|Shan]] chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2175gx5|title=Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred|author=Jane M. Ferguson|year=2021|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in [[Ming dynasty]] sources such as ''[[Ming Shilu]]'' (Wade, 2005) and ''[[Baiyi Zhuan]]'' (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler [[Si Kefa]]. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into [[Thai language|Thai]] by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.

===Saophas===

* Hkun Lai 568-638 from Mongri Mongram

* Ai Dyep That Hpa 638-678 son of Hkun Lai

* Hkam Pong Hpa 678 son of Sao Hkun Kyunt

* Hkam Sap Hpa son of Hkam Pong Hpa

* Hkam Sip Hpa younger brother of Hkam Sap Hpa 703-753

* Ni Hpa Maung 753-793 son of Hkam Sip Hpa

* Sao Hkun Hpa 793-834 son of Ni Hpa Maung

* Hso Kai Hpa 834-863 son of Sao Hkun Hpa

* Hso Han Hpa 863-901 son of Hso Kai Hpa

* Hso Tau Hpa 901-933 son of Hso-Han-Hpa

* Hso Pwot Hpa 933-960 son of Hso Tau Hpa

* Hso Won Hpa 960-983 son of Hso Pwot Hpa

* Hso Hon Hpa 983-995 son of Hso Won Hpa

* Hso Hau Hpa 995-1014 (son of Hso Hon Hpa)

* Hso Lip Hpa 1014-1035 (son of Hso Hau Hpa)

* Hkun Kwot Hpa 1035-1050

* Hso Tai Hpa 1050-1062 (son of Hkun Kwot Hpa)

* Hso Lung Hpa 1062-1081 (son of Hso Tai Hpa)

* Sao Sang Mwun 1081-1096 (son of Hso Lu Hpa)

* Sao Sang Yaw 1096-1103 (son of Sao Sang Mwun)

* Hso Tai Hpa 1103-1112 (younger brother of Sao Sang Yaw)

* Sao Sein Nga 1112-1123 (son of Hso Tai Hpa)

* Sao Lung Chu 1123-1137 (younger brother of Sao Sein Nga)

* Sao Nga Chu 1137-1145 (son of Sao Lung Chu)

* Sao Hkun Ming 1145-1163 (son of Sao Nga Chu)

* Sao Hkun Kum 1163-1171 (son of Sao Hkun Ming)

* Sao Tai Pum 1171-1188 (son of Sao Hkun Kum)

* Sao Tai Lung 1188-1203 (son of Sao Tai Pum)

* Pam Yau Pung 1203-1210 son of Sao Tai Lung
(His younger brother Fu San Kang (Hpo San Kang) became the ''saopha'' of [[Möngmit]])

* Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1210 -1220
He was the one of descendants from the ''saopha'' of Maing-Nyaung

* Hso Kwam Hpa (Hso Hkaan Hpa) son of Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1220-1250
(He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the ''saopha'' of [[Mogaung|Möngkawng]])

* Hso Piu Hpa 1250-1282 (son of Hso Kwam Hpa)

* Tai Peng (Hso Kam Hpa) 1282-1285 (son of Hso Piu Hpa)

* Hso Wak Hpa 1285-1315
(He established the present of the city located)

* Ai Puk 1315-1330 (son of Hso Wak Hpa)

Vacant 1330-1339

* Hso Ki Hpa (Tai Pong) 1339-1346

* Tai Lung 1346-1396 (son of Hso Ki Hpa (Tai Pong))

* Sao Lwei (Hso Tit Hpa) 1396-1415 (son of Tai Lung)

* Hso Ngan Hpa 1415-1445 (son of Sao Lwei or Hso Tit Hpa)

Vacant 1445-1448

* Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa 1448-1461 (son of Hso Ngan Hpa but some source told he is the uncle of Hso Wak Hpa)

* Hso Hum Hpa 1461-1490 (son of Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa)

* Hso Kaa Hpa 1490-1496 (son of Hso Hum Hpa)

* Hso Pim Hpa (nickname is Kyie-poi-pei-ma) 1496-1516 (son of Hso Kaa Hpa)

* Hso Hom Hpa 1516-1604 (son of Hso Pim Hpa)

* Sao Poreing 1604-1611 (son of Hso Hom Hpa)

* Hso Kyaung Hpa 1611-1646 (son of Sao-Poreing)

* Han Lung Hpa 1646-? (son of Hso Kyaung Hpa)

* Han Jing Hpa (son of Han Lung Hpa)

* Han Kyeng Hpa (son of Han Jing Hpa)

* Han Xiang Hpa ?-1699 (son of Han Kyeng Hpa)

* Han Ping Hpa 1699-1726 (son of Han Xiang Hpa)

* Han Yu Hpa 1726-? (son of Han Ping Hpa)

* Han Yin Hpa ?-1787 (son of Han Yu Hpa)

* Han Hkoen Hpa 1787-? (son of Han Yin Hpa)

* Han Kyin Hpa ?-1814 (younger brother of Han Hkoen Hpa)

* Han Liang Hpa 1814-? (son of Han Kyin Hpa)

* Han Suan Hpa (son of Han Liang Hpa)

* Han Ying Hpa ?-1894 (son of Han Suan Hpa)

* Han Hkoe Hpa 1894-1928 (son of Han Ying Hpa)

* Han Earn Hpa 1928-1929 (son of Han Hkoe Hpa)

* Kyeen Kying Tai (Han Bieng Hpa, Hso Yoeng Hpa) 1929-1955 (son of Han Earn Hpa)

* Tao Kyin Hpa 1929-1940 (uncle of Kyeen Kying Tai (younger brother of Kyeen Kying Tai's mother))

* Fang Hkuea Shang 1940-1942 (Kyeen Kying Tai' another uncle)

== List of Monarchs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name
! Years
! Length
! Succession
! Death
! [[Shan language|Tai Lông (Shan)]] Name
![[Tai Nuea language|Tai Nua]] Name
! [[Burmese language|Burmese]] name
! Other names
|-
|----
|[[Si Kefa]] 思可法
|1340–1371
|31 years
|
|natural
|Sua-Khān-Fā
သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ
|Se-Xaan-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ
|Tho Chi Bwa<ref group=note>(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 272) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392): Tho Chi Bwa was a brother of Lord Tho Han Bwa. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170): Tho Chi Bwa was a son of Tho Khin Bwa, Lord of Maw.</ref> သိုချည်ဘွား
|Hsö-Khan-Pha
|----
|Zhao Bingfa 昭併發
|1371–1378
|8 years
|son
|natural
|
|
|
|
|----
|Tai Bian 臺扁
|1378/79
|1 year
|son
|murdered
|
|
|
|
|----
|Zhao Xiaofa 昭肖發
|1379/80
|1 year
|brother of Zhao Bingfa
|murdered
|
|
|
|
|----
|Si Wafa 思瓦發
|?
|?
|brother
|murdered
|Sua-Wak-Fā
သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ
|Se-Vak-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ
|
|Hsö-Wak-Pha
|----
|Si Lunfa 思倫發
|1382–1399
|17 years
|grandson of Si Kefa
|
|Sua-Lông-Fā
သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ
|Se-Loong-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ
|Tho Ngan Bwa I<ref group=note>All the main Burmese chronicles—(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 200) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 424)—give the name as Tho Ngan Bwa, the same name as the ''sawbwa'' in the 15th century.</ref> သိုငံဘွား
|Hsö-Long-Hpa
|----
|[[Si Xingfa]] 思行發
|1404–1413
|9 years
|son
|abdicated
|
|
|
|
|----
|Si Renfa 思任發
|1413–1445/6
|29 years
|brother
|executed
|Sua-Wen-Fā
သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ
|Se-Ween-Faa
ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ
|Tho Ngan Bwa II<ref group=note>(Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82, 88): Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa</ref> သိုငံဘွား
|Hso Ngan Pha<ref name=sat-103>Aung Tun 2009: 103</ref> Sa Ngam Pha Hsö-Wen-Pha
|----
|Si Jifa 思機發
|1445/6–?
|
|son
|executed
|
|
|Tho Kyein Bwa<ref group=note>(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451.</ref> သိုကျိန်ဘွား
|Sa Ki Pha, Chau Si Pha
|----
|Si Bufa 思卜發
|1449–?
|
|
|
|
|
|Tho Bok Bwa<ref group=note>(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451. Tho Bok Bwa was appointed ''sawbwa'' of Mohnyin by King [[Narapati I of Ava]].</ref> သိုပုတ်ဘွား
|
|----
|Si Hongfa
|1465?–1479?<ref name=jf-36>Fernquest 2006: 36</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|Tho Han Bwa သိုဟန်ဘွား<ref name=jf-36/>
|
|----
|Si Lufa?
| 1482?–?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|----
|Si Lun
|1500s?–1533
|
|
|murdered
|
|
|[[Sawlon]] စလုံ
|
|----
|}

==Tai Ahom descendants ==
Chaolung [[Sukaphaa]] was the founder of the [[Ahom kingdom]] in what is now parts of [[Assam]]. A Tai prince originally from Muang Mao, founded the kingdom in what is now [[Charaideo]] region of Assam, in 1228 and existed for nearly six hundred years which led to the process of [[Ahomisation]] and in the process unified the various indigenous ethnic groups of the region under the banner of 'Ahom' that left a deep impact on the region. In reverence to his position in Assam's history the [[honorific]] ''Chaolung'' ([[Shan language|Shan:]] ၸဝ်ႈလူင်) is generally associated with his name (''Chao'': lord; ''Lung'': great).

Since 1996, December 2nd has been celebrated in [[Assam]] as the Sukaphaa Divawkh, or Axom Divawkh (Assam Day), to commemorate the advent of the first king of the Ahom kingdom in Assam after his journey over the [[Patkai]] Hills.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last=Aung Tun | first=Sai | title=History of the Shan State: From Its Origins to 1962 | year=2009 | publisher=Silk Worm Books | location=Chiang Mai | isbn=978-974-9511-43-5}}
* Bian-zhang-ga. (1990). "Hemeng gumeng: Meng Mao gudai zhuwang shi [A History of the Kings of Meng Mao]." In ''Meng Guozhanbi ji Meng Mao gudai zhuwang shi [History of Kosampi and the kings of Meng Mao].'' Gong Xiao Zheng. (tr.) [[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]], Yunnan Minzu Chubanshe.
* Daniels, Christian (2006) "Historical memories of a Chinese adventurer in a Tay chronicle; Usurpation of the throne of a Tay polity in Yunnan, 1573–1584," ''International Journal of Asian Studies'', 3, 1 (2006), pp. 21–48.
* Elias, N. (1876) ''Introductory Sketch of the History of the Shans in Upper Burma and Western Yunnan.'' Calcutta: Foreign Department Press. (Recent facsimile Reprint by Thai government in Chiang Mai University library).
* {{cite journal | last=Fernquest | first=Jon | title=Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454) | journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research | volume=4 | number=2 | date=Autumn 2006 | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64417.pdf}}
*{{cite book |author1=Translated by 龚肃政 (Gong Suzheng) |author2=Explained by 杨永生 (Yang Yongsheng) |chapter=银云瑞雾的勐果占璧简史 (Yin yun rui wu de meng guo zhan bi jian shi) |trans-chapter=Chronicle of Guo-zhan-bi |title=勐果占璧及勐卯古代诸王史 (Meng guo zhan bi ji meng mao gu dai zhu wang shi) |language=chinese |location=[[Kunming]] |publisher=Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House |date=1988 |pages=1–51 |isbn=7-5367-0352-X |ref={{sfnref|Gong|Yang|1988}} }}
*{{cite book |author=G. E. Harvey |title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |location=[[London]] |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |date=1925 |ref={{sfnref|Harvey|1925}} }}
*{{cite journal |author=胡绍华 (Hu Shaohua) |title=试述"百夷"含义的历史演变 |trans-title=A discuss of the historical evolution of the meaning of "Baiyi" |language=chinese |journal=中央民族学院学报 (Journal of Minzu University of China) |date=1984 |issue=3 |page=85-89 |doi=10.15970/j.cnki.1005-8575.1984.03.022 |ref={{sfnref|Hu|1984}} }}
* Jiang Yingliang (1983) ''Daizu Shi [History of the Dai ethnicity]'', Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe.
* {{cite book|last=Kala|first=U|author-link=U Kala|title=[[Maha Yazawin]]|publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing|location=Yangon|orig-year=1724|year=2006|edition=4th printing|language=Burmese|volume=1–3}}
* Kam Mong, Sai (2004) ''The History and Development of the Shan Scripts'', Chiang Mai; Silkworm Books.
* Liew, Foon Ming. (1996) "The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449): In the Light of Official Chinese Historiography". ''Oriens Extremus'' 39/2, pp. 162–203.
* {{cite book|author=Maha Sithu|author-link=Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu|title=[[Yazawin Thit]]|publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing|location=Yangon|orig-year=1798|year=2012|edition=2nd printing|language=Burmese|volume=1–3|editor1=Myint Swe|editor2=Kyaw Win|editor3=Thein Hlaing}}
*{{cite book |author=孟尊贤 (Meng Zunxian) |title=傣汉词典 (Dai han ci dian) |trans-title=Tai Nuea - Chinese Dictionary |language=chinese |location=[[Kunming]] |publisher=Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House |date=2007 |isbn=978-7-5367-3790-7 |ref={{sfnref|Meng|2007}}}}
*{{cite book |author=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2005 |isbn=0-203-44427-2 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt|2005}} }}
* {{cite book|author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma|author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma|title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]]|volume=1–3|orig-year=1832|location=Yangon|language=Burmese|year=2003|publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}
*{{cite book |author=[[Sao Saimong|Saimong Mangrai, Sao]] |title=The Shan States and the British Annexation |location=[[Ithaca, New York]] |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |date=1965 |isbn=978-0877270577 |ref={{sfnref|Mangrai|1965}} }}
*{{cite book |author=[[Taw Sein Ko]] |title=Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava: Translation, with Notes |location=[[Yangon|Rangoon]] |publisher=Government Printing, Burma |date=1899 |ref={{sfnref|Taw|1899}} }}
* Wade, Geoff (1996) "The Bai Yi Zhuan: A Chinese Account of Tai Society in the 14th Century," ''14th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA)'', Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand [Includes a complete translation and introduction to the Ming travelogue "Bai-yi Zhuan", a copy can be found at the [[Thailand Information Center]] at [[Chulalongkorn]] Central Library
* Wade, Geoff. tr. (2005) ''Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource'', Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/
* Witthayasakphan, Sompong and Zhao Hongyun (translators and editors) (2001) ''Phongsawadan Muang Tai (Khreua Muang ku muang)'', Chiang Mai: Silkworm. (Translation of Mong Mao chronicle into the [[Thai language]])
*{{cite journal |author=尤中 (You Zhong) |title=明朝"三征麓川"叙论 |trans-title=Introduction of Three Conquests Luchuan by Ming |language=chinese |journal=思想战线 (Thinking) |date=1987 |issue=4 |page=58-64+57 |ref={{sfnref|You|1987}} }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64417.pdf Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)], by Jon Fernquest
{{Shan states}}

[[Category:Former countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Tai history]]
[[Category:Tusi in Yunnan]]
[[Category:Shan States]]

Möng Mao - Revision history

DongXqz408: page updated

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article