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{{Short description|Vehicle that travels on the moon's surface}}
{{For|the Apollo rovers|Lunar Roving Vehicle}}
[[File:moonLanderClem.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Landing sites of sample return and rover missions superimposed on lithology (Clementine UVVIS). Red: old lunar highlands. Blue: young lunar highlands. Yellow: lunar maria (high titanium). Cyan: lunar maria (low titanium)]]
A '''lunar rover''' or '''Moon rover''' is a [[space exploration]] [[Rover (space exploration)|vehicle]] designed to move across the [[surface of the Moon]]. The [[Apollo Program]]'s [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] was driven on the Moon by members of three American crews, [[Apollo 15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], and [[Apollo 17|17]]. Other rovers have been partially or fully [[autonomous robot]]s, such as the Soviet Union's [[Lunokhod]]s and the Chinese ''[[Yutu (rover)|Yutu]]s''. Three countries have had operating rovers on the Moon: the Soviet Union, the United States and China. An Indian mission failed and one is en route while Japan and Greece currently have planned missions.

==Past missions==

===Lunokhod 1===
[[File:Soviet moonrover.JPG|right|thumb|upright|[[Lunokhod 1|Lunokhod-1]] model, [[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]]]]
{{Main|Lunokhod 1}}
[[Lunokhod 1]] (Луноход) was the first of two polycrystalline-panel-powered robotic lunar rovers landed on the [[Moon]] by the [[Soviet Union]] as part of its [[Lunokhod program]] after a previous unsuccessful attempt of a launch probe with [[Lunokhod programme#Lunokhod 201|Lunokhod 0 (No.201)]] in 1969. The spacecraft which carried Lunokhod 1 was named [[Luna 17]]. The spacecraft [[moon landing|soft-landed]] on the Moon in the [[Sea of Rains]] on November 1970. Lunokhod was the first [[rover (space exploration)|roving remote-controlled robot]] to land on another [[astronomical object|celestial body]]. Having worked for 11 months, Lunokhod 1 held the durability record for space rovers for more than 1 year, until a new record was set by the [[Mars Exploration Rovers]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}{{Clarification needed|reason=It is unclear what rover broke Lunokhod 1's record.|date=July 2023}}

===Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle===
[[File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Apollo 15]] Lunar Roving Vehicle on the Moon in 1971]]
{{Main|Lunar Roving Vehicle}}
The [[Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle|Lunar Roving Vehicle]] (LRV) was a battery-powered four-wheeled [[rover (space exploration)|rover]] used on the Moon during the last three missions of the American [[Apollo program]] ([[Apollo 15|15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], and [[Apollo 17|17]]) during 1971 and 1972. The LRV could carry one or two [[astronaut]]s, their equipment, and lunar samples. [[Georg von Tiesenhausen]] is credited with submitting the original design, before it was sent to [[Boeing]] for implementation.

===Lunokhod 2===
{{Main|Lunokhod 2}}
[[Lunokhod 2]] was the second and a monocrystalline-panel-powered of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod program. The [[Luna 21]] spacecraft landed on the Moon and deployed the second Soviet lunar rover Lunokhod 2 in January 1973. The objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study the soil mechanics of the lunar surface material. Lunokhod 2 was intended to be followed by [[Lunokhod programme#Lunokhod 3|Lunokhod 3 (No.205)]] in 1977 but the mission was cancelled.

===''Yutu''===
[[File:玉兔号月球车（1：1）.jpg|thumb|upright|Yutu rover model, [[Qingdao|Qingdao World Expo City]].]]
{{Main|Yutu (rover)}}
''[[Yutu (Lunar rover)|Yutu]]'' is a Chinese lunar rover which launched on 1 December 2013 and landed on 14 December 2013 as part of the [[Chang'e 3]] mission. It is China's first lunar rover, part of the second phase of the [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]] undertaken by [[China National Space Administration]] (CNSA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2013/05/04/change-3-the-chinese-rover-mission/|title=Chang'e 3: The Chinese Rover Mission|date=May 4, 2013|website=AmericaSpace}}</ref> The lunar rover is called ''Yutu'', or ''Jade Rabbit'', a name selected in an online poll.<ref name=nyt20131202>
{{cite news |first=Austin|last=Ramzy |title=China to Send 'Jade Rabbit' Rover to the Moon |date=26 November 2013 |url=http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/26/china-to-send-jade-rabbit-rover-to-the-moon/?_r=1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= 2013-12-02}}</ref>

The rover encountered operational difficulties after the first 14-day lunar night, and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, finally on August 3, 2016 it officially stopped sending data and doing its operations.

==Failed missions==

===''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-2 rover)===
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2|Pragyan (rover)}}
[[Chandrayaan-2]] was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']], and a rover named [[Chandrayaan-2#Pragyan rover|''Pragyan'']]. The rover weighing 27 kg,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh| website=pib.nic.in| access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> had six wheels and was to be operated on [[solar power]].<ref name="duration">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end |title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end |work=The Indian Express |first=Avinash |last=Nair |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''Vikram'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref>

===Rashid ===
{{main|Emirates Lunar Mission}}

Rashid was a lunar rover built by [[Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre|MBRSC]] to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. The rover was launched in November 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Sarwat |date=19 September 2022 |title=Launch window for UAE Moon mission revealed |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> It was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a [[Langmuir probe]], designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=UAE hopes this tiny lunar rover will discover unexplored parts of the moon |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref> The rover was supposed to study the lunar surface, mobility on the Moon’s surface and how different surfaces interact with lunar particles.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=UAE sets new ambitious timeline for launch of moon rover |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/uae-sets-ambitious-timeline-launch-moon-rover-77065653 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

===SORA-Q (Transformable Lunar Robot)===
{{main|ispace (Japanese company)}}

[[Takara Tomy]], [[JAXA]] and [[Doshisha University]] made a rover to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Elizabeth Howell |date=2021-05-27 |title=Japan will send a transforming robot ball to the moon to test lunar rover tech |url=https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2021/05/20210527-1_e.html |title=Data Acquisition on the Lunar Surface with a Transformable Lunar Robot, Assisting Development of the Crewed Pressurized Rover |work=[[JAXA]] |date=27 May 2021 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-2) which will ride to the Moon on the JAXA SLIM spacecraft in the near future |url=https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

==Current missions==

===''Yutu-2'' ===
[[File:ChangE-4, Yutu-2 (cropped).png|thumb|[[Yutu-2]] on the Moon]]
{{Main|Yutu-2}}
The [[Chang'e 4]] Chinese mission launched 7 December 2018, and landed and deployed the ''[[Yutu-2]]'' rover on the [[far side of the Moon]] on 3 January 2019. It is the first rover to operate on the Moon's far side.

In December 2019, ''Yutu 2'' broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's ''[[Lunokhod 1]]'' rover,<ref>[https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.] Leonard David, ''Space.com''. 12 December 2019.</ref> which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of {{cvt|10.54|km}}.<ref>Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "[https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover"], Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref>

In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a [[Geology of the Moon#Geologic history|lunar ejecta sequence]], and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the [[Ground-penetrating radar|Lunar Penetrating Radar]] (LPR) on board the ''Yutu-2'' rover while studying the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20200226">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html |date=26 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20200226">{{cite journal |author=Li, Chunlai |display-authors=et al. |title=The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar |date=26 February 2020 |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=eaay6898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay6898 |pmid=32133404 |pmc=7043921 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.6898L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Planned missions==

=== Asagumo ===
The Asagumo rover weighs 1.3 kg and, instead of wheels, is equipped with four legs to walk the Moon's surface to collect the data from [[Lidar]] and other equipment. The robot will eventually be able to explore the "[[Lunar lava tube]]s". The rover will be delivered to the lunar surface on Astrobotic's Peregrine lander<ref>{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=12 October 2019 |title=UK's 1st Moon Rover to Launch in 2021 |url=https://www.space.com/uk-first-moon-rover-spacebit-launch-2021.html |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[Space.com]]}}</ref> in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=25 June 2021 |title=Rocket Report: China to copy SpaceX's Super Heavy? Vulcan slips to 2022 |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/rocket-report-china-to-copy-spacexs-super-heavy-vulcan-slips-to-2022/2/ |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref>

===Audi Lunar quattro===
{{Main|Audi Lunar quattro}}
[[File:Audi Lunar Quattro2.jpg|thumb|[[Audi Lunar quattro|Audi Lunar Quattro]] rover model.]]
[[Audi Lunar Quattro]] is a small lunar rover created by a team of engineers from [[Germany]], [[PTScientists]], with the support of Audi and a number of scientists and companies from different countries.

===Chandrayaan-3 Rover===
{{main|Chandrayaan-3}}

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover will be operated by the[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]. It was launched on 14 July 2023 on the [[Chandrayaan-3]] lander, which is [[India]]'s second attempt to soft land a rover and a lander on the Moon. The mission is currently in orbit around the [[Moon]] and is expected to land on the lunar surface in 23 August 2023.

===Colmena===
Colmena are nine micro rovers created by [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] in [[Mexico]]. They will be launched in 2023 on Astrobotics Peregrine lander.

===FLEX===
FLEX (Flexible Logistics and Exploration) is a large lunar rover currently being developed by Astrolab. It is expected to compete in NASA's [[Lunar Terrain Vehicle]] competition. The first FLEX rover will be launched as a payload on an uncrewed [[Starship HLS]] mission to the [[lunar south pole]] in 2026.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/astrolab-to-send-rover-to-the-moon-on-spacexs-starship/ |title=Astrolab to send rover to the moon on SpaceX's Starship |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

===Iris===
Iris is a lunar nanorover developed by Carnegie Mellon University for 2022 mission on Astrobotic Technology's Peregrine lander. Iris is battery-powered, 2 kg, four wheel drive, skid-steered, and teleoperated. CMU is the world's first university, and the first American entity, to develop and launch a lunar rover.

===MAPP - Lunar Voyage 1===
MAPP, the Mobile Autonomous Prospecting Platform is a rover developed and built by [[Lunar Outpost]]. MAPP will traverse the Shackleton Connecting Ridge near the lunar south pole performing a demonstration of Nokia's 4G/LTE lunar communications system.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-intuitive-machines-announce-landing-site-location-for-lunar-drill/ | title=NASA, Intuitive Machines Announce Landing Site for Lunar Drill | date=3 November 2021 }}</ref> The rover is fully commercialized with no direct NASA funding. Other payloads onboard MAPP include two devices from [[MIT]], the RESOURCE 3d imaging camera and a small micro rover called the AstroAnt.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2022/11/09/mit-will-return-to-the-moon-for-the-first-time-since-apollo-thanks-to-this-space-startup/ | title=MIT Will Return to the Moon for the First Time Since Apollo, Thanks to This Space Startup | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref> MAPP will be deployed from an Intuitive Machines Lander on the IM-2 mission. The 2023 mission is planned to be the first rover to traverse the south pole of the Moon. On the surface, MAPP will attempt to collect lunar regolith in a lunar resource sale to NASA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.space.com/nasa-lunar-outpost-check-moon-resources | title=NASA just cut a 10-cent check to kick-start moon mining tech | website=[[Space.com]] | date=30 August 2021 }}</ref>

===MAPP - Lunar Voyage 2===
A second Lunar Outpost MAPP rover will explore the Reiner Gamma region of the Moon in 2024. MAPP will be used to carry the Lunar Vertex experiments as part of a PRISM program lead by JHU-APL.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jhuapl.edu/news/news-releases/211018b-lunar-vertex | title=Lunar Vertex: Solving Mysteries Swirling around the Moon's Magnetic Regions | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory }}</ref>

===MoonRanger===
MoonRanger will explore the South Pole of the Moon in 2023, using its Neutron Spectrometer System to map lunar ice. The rover is autonomous, 18 kg, four wheel drive, skid-steered, and solar-powered. MoonRanger is being developed by [[Carnegie Mellon University]] under a NASA subcontract via [[Astrobotic Technology]].

===SLIM===
{{Main|Smart Lander for Investigating Moon}}

The SLIM team assessed in the past the inclusion of a small [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] in this mission. A preliminary concept considered a rover with two inflatable wheels that would enter—or drop into—the [[lava tube]] while deploying miniature communication relay devices along the traverse. Other concepts suggested developing a miniature [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] without wheels but able to "hop" along.

===Spacebit Mission Two===
Spacebit Mission Two will be launched in 2022 on [[Intuitive Machines]]'s [[Nova-C]] lander.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Intuitive Machines-1 Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) Revision 1.1 |url=https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-LOA-20210423-00055/6378695.pdf |access-date=24 April 2021 |work=[[Intuitive Machines]] |publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]}}</ref> It will consist of one wheeled rover and four Asagumo rovers.

=== Unnamed Canadian lunar rover ===
A rover developed by Canadensys Aerospace of [[Bolton, Ontario|Bolton, Ont.]] for the [[Canadian Space Agency]] is scheduled to be launched in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2022 |title=Canadensys Aerospace Awarded CSA Lunar Rover Contract |url=https://www.canadensys.com/canadensys-aerospace-awarded-csa-lunar-rover-contract/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Canadensys Aerospace |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-14 |title=First Canadian rover to set wheels on the Moon |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/space-agency/news/2022/10/first-canadian-rover-to-set-wheels-on-the-moon.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref> The 30-kilogram rover will search the Moon's southern polar regions for signs of water ice. It will carry five scientific instruments designed in Canada and one NASA-designed instrument. The rover will carry out its mission in areas of the Moon that have never been exposed before to direct sunlight. It will also survive lunar nights that can last as long as 14 days and drop to less than -200 Celsius (-328 Fahrenheit).<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott |first=Vincent |date=2022-11-15 |title=Canadensys gets $43M for Canada's first lunar rover |url=https://skynews.ca/canadensys-gets-43m-for-canadas-first-lunar-rover/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=SkyNews |language=en-CA}}</ref> Gordon Osinski, a planetary scientist at the [[University of Western Ontario]], is the principal investigator lead on the project''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2022-11-30 |title=WesternU's Gordon Osinski to lead first Moon mission |url=https://skynews.ca/western-universitys-gordon-osinski-to-lead-first-moon-mission/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=SkyNews |language=en-CA}}</ref>

=== Unity ===
{{Main|Team AngelicvM}}

Unity is a rover made by [[Team AngelicvM]] in [[Chile]]. It was part of [[Google Lunar X Prize|GLXP]] until they decided to have no winner for [[Google Lunar X Prize|GLXP]]. It was planned to be launched in 2022 on Astrobotic's Peregrine lander.

=== VIPER ===
NASA's [[VIPER (rover)|VIPER]] (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) will explore the south polar region of the Moon for water ice. The mission plan is to travel several miles over 100 days and employ a 1-meter drill to obtain samples for its onboard analyzers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-viper-lunar-rover-to-map-water-ice-on-the-moon|title=New VIPER Lunar Rover to Map Water Ice on the Moon|last=Loff|first=Sarah|date=2019-10-23|website=NASA|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> The rover will be delivered to the lunar surface in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk |title=NASA Replans CLPS Delivery of VIPER to 2024 to Reduce Risk |work=[[NASA]] |date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>

===Yaoki===
[[Yaoki]] is a moon rover created by Dymon. It will be launched in 2023 on Astrobotic's Peregrine lander. Yaoki will be the first lunar rover to be made and operated in [[Japan]].

==Proposed missions==

===ATHLETE===
[[File:ATHLETEs_with_crew_module_mockups.jpg|thumb|[[ATHLETE]] rover concepts with crew habitats models, 2008.]]
{{Main|ATHLETE}}
[[NASA]]'s plans for future Moon missions call for rovers that have a far longer range than the Apollo rovers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/LER.html|title=NASA - Lunar Electric Rover|website=www.nasa.gov}}</ref> The [[All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer]] (ATHLETE) is a six-legged robotic lunar rover test-bed under development by the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). ATHLETE is a testbed for systems and is designed for use on the [[Moon]].<ref name="JPL1">{{cite web | url=http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=11 | title=The ATHLETE Rover | date=2010-02-25 | publisher=[[JPL]] | access-date=2011-01-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051201/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=11 | archive-date=2011-07-21 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The system is in development along with [[NASA]]'s Johnson and Ames Centers, [[Stanford University]] and [[Boeing]].<ref name="NASA1">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_748.html | title= The ATHLETE Rover | date=2010-02-25 | publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> ATHLETE is designed, for maximum efficiency, to be able to both roll and walk over a wide range of terrains.<ref name="JPL1" />

===Deep Space Systems===
{{main|Deep Space Systems}}
On 29 November 2018, [[Deep Space Systems]] was included in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program by NASA, which makes it eligible to bid on delivering science and technology payloads to the Moon, worth $2.6 billion in contracts over 10 years. Deep Space Systems is now considered a "main contractor" for [[NASA]]'s payload program, and can sub-contract projects to other companies of their choice. According to NASA, Deep Space Systems will be proposing a small commercial lunar rover, to carry science payloads, in addition of their design and development services to the program.

===HERACLES===
{{main|HERACLES (spacecraft)}}
[[HERACLES (spacecraft)|HERACLES]] is a [[sample return mission]] by the [[European Space Agency]], [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]], and [[Canadian Space Agency]]. The rover is made by the Canadian Space Agency and is proposed to be launched in 2028.

===Lunar Cruiser===
Lunar Cruiser is a vehicle being developed by [[Toyota]] with the [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] to explore the surface of the [[Moon]]. The name is based on the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]]. The vehicle is scheduled to be used in the late 2020s. The vehicle would include a [[robotic arm]] for various inspection and maintenance tasks which could be changed for scooping, lifting and sweeping.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/news/toyota-lunar-cruiser-will-boldly-go-where-no-rav4-or-camry-has-gone-before/ar-AATheG6|title=Toyota Lunar Cruiser will boldly go where no RAV4 or Camry has gone before|work=[[MSN]]|via=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 29, 2022|accessdate=January 29, 2022}}</ref>

===Luna-Grunt rover===
{{main|Luna-Glob}}
Luna-Grunt rover (or [[Luna 28|Luna-28]]) is a proposed Russian lunar rover.

===Lunar Polar Exploration Mission rover===
{{main|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission}}
The [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] is a robotic lunar mission concept by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency that would send a lunar rover and lander to explore the south pole region of the Moon in 2024. The Japanese agency is likely to provide the under-development H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while the Indian agency would be responsible for the lander.
===Chandrayaan-5===
{{main|Chandrayaan-5}}
The [[Chandrayaan-5]] is a purposed mission that will include on site sampling of lunar soil.
It is purpose in a time frame of 2025-30.

===Planetoid Mines===
Planetoid Mines will launch xTRAC Lunar Excavating Vehicle (LEV) a surface excavator in 2025. xTRAC will be deployed for lunar mining in South Pole craters.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===''Scarab''===
{{Main|Scarab (rover)}}
[[File:Scarab Lunar Rover.jpg|thumb|[[Scarab (rover)|Scarab]] lunar rover model, 2010.]]
''[[Scarab (lunar rover)|Scarab]]'' is a new generation lunar rover designed to assist astronauts, take rock and mineral samples, and explore the lunar surface.<ref name="NASA" >{{cite web
|title=NASA Day on the Hill
|date=20 January 2016
|publisher=NASA
|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1696.html
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Snakes, Rovers and Googly Eyes: New Robot Masters Take Many Forms
|date=2008-04-04
|publisher=Wired
|url= https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/04/snakes-rovers-a/}}</ref> It is being developed by the [[Robotics Institute]] of [[Carnegie Mellon University]], supported by [[NASA]].

===Space Exploration Vehicle===
{{Main|Space Exploration Vehicle}}[[File:Lunar Electric Rover 2008 desert testing.jpg|thumb|[[Lunar Electric Rover|LER]] model (precursor to SEV), 2008 ]]The '''Space Exploration Vehicle''' ('''SEV''') is a [[Modular design|modular]] vehicle concept developed by [[NASA]]. It would consist of a pressurized cabin that can be mated either with a wheeled [[chassis]] to form a [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] for planetary surface exploration (on the [[Moon]] and elsewhere) or to a flying platform for open space missions such as servicing satellites and missions to [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroids]].<ref name="drats-2008">{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2008 |title=Three Days in the Desert Tests Lunar "RV" |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/desert_rats_2008.html |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/SEV.html NASA's Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV)]</ref> The concept evolved from the '''Lunar Electric Rover''' (LER) concept, which in turn was a development of the '''Small Pressurized Rover''' (SPR) concept.

It combines a living module, as it has a pressurized cabin containing a small bathroom and space for 2 astronauts (4 in case of emergency), and a small truck.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Facts-Space Exploration Vehicle concept |url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/464826main_SEV_FactSheet_508.pdf|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 8, 2022}}</ref>

==Canceled==

===Lunokhod 3===
{{main|Lunokhod programme}}
[[File:Lunokhod-3 side.jpg|thumb|Lunokhod 3, [[NPO Lavochkin]] museum. ]]Lunokhod 3 was built for a [[Moon landing]] in 1977 as [[Luna 25]] but never flew to the Moon due to lack of launchers and funding. It remains at the [[NPO Lavochkin]] museum.

===Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle 4, 5 and 6===
[[File:Lunar Roving Vehicle no. 4, Boeing, 1971 - Kennedy Space Center - Cape Canaveral, Florida - DSC02871.jpg|thumb|Lunar Roving Vehicle 4, [[Kennedy Space Center Visitors Complex|KSC Visitors Complex]]]]
They would have been for Apollo 18, 19 and 20. Only the rover for Apollo 18 (LRV-4) was built. After the [[Canceled Apollo missions|cancellation]] of that mission, it was used as spare parts for the previous rovers.
<ref name="ApolloVehiclesNASA">{{cite web |date=15 November 2005  |title=The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_lrv.html |access-date=16 May 2010 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-06 |title=A Field Guide to American Spacecraft {{!}} LRV #4 |url=http://web.mac.com/jimgerard/AFGAS/pages/rovers/nasmlrv4.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506033624/http://web.mac.com/jimgerard/AFGAS/pages/rovers/nasmlrv4.html |archive-date=2012-05-06 }}</ref>

===Resource Prospector===
{{main|Resource Prospector (rover)}}
[[File:Resource Prospector NASA rover prototype-2015.jpg|thumb|[[Resource Prospector (rover)|Resource Prospector]] rover prototype.]]
[[Resource Prospector (rover)|Resource Prospector]] is a cancelled mission concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. The rover was to attempt to detect and map the location of volatiles such as hydrogen, oxygen and lunar water which could foster more affordable and sustainable human exploration to the Moon, Mars, and other Solar System bodies
The mission concept was still in its pre-formulation stage when it was scrapped in April 2018. The Resource Prospector mission was proposed to be launched in 2022. Its science instruments will be flown on several commercial lander missions contracted with [[NASA]]'s new [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] program.

==See also==
{{Portal|Solar System}}
* [[CubeRover]], a class of modular lunar rovers
* [[Exploration of the Moon]]
* ''[[Tank on the Moon]]'', 2007 documentary film
* [[List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies]]
*[[Mars rovers]]
*[[Space rover]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{APOD |date=29 January 2013 |title=High definition video of Apollo 16 Lunar Rover}}

{{Lunar Rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}

[[Category:Lunar rovers| ]]
[[Category:Landers (spacecraft)]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]

Lunar rover - Revision history

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Solar System}}~~
	* [[CubeRover]], a class of modular lunar rovers		* [[CubeRover]], a class of modular lunar rovers
	* [[Exploration of the Moon]]		* [[Exploration of the Moon]]