https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=List_of_national_legal_systemsList of national legal systems - Revision history2026-11-08T22:03:39ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_legal_systems&diff=386512&oldid=prevBot: robot, dating maintenance tag modified: {{Citation needed}}, {{Use dmy dates}} and more2023-06-30T11:26:16Z<p>robot, dating maintenance tag modified: {{Citation needed}}, {{Use dmy dates}} and more</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:56, 30 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Use dmy dates}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Use dmy dates<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|date= June 2023</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Map of the Legal systems of the world (en).png|thumb|upright=2|Legal systems of the world]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Map of the Legal systems of the world (en).png|thumb|upright=2|Legal systems of the world]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The contemporary '''national legal systems''' are generally based on one of four basic [[systems]]: [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], [[customary law]], [[religious law]] or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Legal-Systems-of-the-World.pdf|title=Legal Systems of the World|publisher=Saint: Security Sector Development|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325120143/http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Legal-Systems-of-the-World.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called [[comparative law]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The contemporary '''national legal systems''' are generally based on one of four basic [[systems]]: [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], [[customary law]], [[religious law]] or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Legal-Systems-of-the-World.pdf|title=Legal Systems of the World|publisher=Saint: Security Sector Development|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325120143/http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Legal-Systems-of-the-World.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called [[comparative law]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common law and [[Equity (law)|equity]] are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. In addition, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes. The relationships between statutes and judicial decisions can be complex. In some jurisdictions, such statutes may overrule judicial decisions or codify the topic covered by several contradictory or ambiguous decisions. In some jurisdictions, judicial decisions may decide whether the jurisdiction's constitution allowed a particular statute or statutory provision to be made or what meaning is contained within the statutory provisions. The common law developed in England, influenced by [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] law and to a much lesser extent by the [[Norman conquest of England]], which introduced legal concepts from [[Norman law]], which, in turn, had its origins in [[Salic law]]. Common law was later inherited by the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and almost every former colony of the [[British Empire]] has adopted it ([[Malta]] being an exception). The doctrine of ''stare decisis'', also known as ''case law'' or ''[[precedent]] by courts'', is the major difference to codified civil law systems.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common law and [[Equity (law)|equity]] are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. In addition, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes. The relationships between statutes and judicial decisions can be complex. In some jurisdictions, such statutes may overrule judicial decisions or codify the topic covered by several contradictory or ambiguous decisions. In some jurisdictions, judicial decisions may decide whether the jurisdiction's constitution allowed a particular statute or statutory provision to be made or what meaning is contained within the statutory provisions. The common law developed in England, influenced by [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] law and to a much lesser extent by the [[Norman conquest of England]], which introduced legal concepts from [[Norman law]], which, in turn, had its origins in [[Salic law]]. Common law was later inherited by the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and almost every former colony of the [[British Empire]] has adopted it ([[Malta]] being an exception). The doctrine of ''stare decisis'', also known as ''case law'' or ''[[precedent]] by courts'', is the major difference to codified civil law systems.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common law is practiced in [[Law of Canada|Canada]] (excluding [[Quebec law|Quebec]]), [[Law of Australia|Australia]], [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand]], most of the [[Law of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ([[English law|England, Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland law|Northern Ireland]]), [[Law of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Law of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Law of India|India]] (excluding [[Goa civil code|Goa]]),{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed because the Supreme Court of India's decisions overrides many lower courts}} [[Law of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Law of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], the [[Law of the United States|United States]] (on state and territorial levels excluding [[Law of Louisiana|Louisiana]] and [[Law of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]), [[Law of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], and many other places. Several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system; For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system in the southern states and at the federal level, but also incorporates religious law in the northern states.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Common law is practiced in [[Law of Canada|Canada]] (excluding [[Quebec law|Quebec]]), [[Law of Australia|Australia]], [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand]], most of the [[Law of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ([[English law|England, Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland law|Northern Ireland]]), [[Law of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Law of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Law of India|India]] (excluding [[Goa civil code|Goa]]),{{Citation needed<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|date= June 2023</ins>|reason=Reliable source needed because the Supreme Court of India's decisions overrides many lower courts}} [[Law of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Law of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], the [[Law of the United States|United States]] (on state and territorial levels excluding [[Law of Louisiana|Louisiana]] and [[Law of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]), [[Law of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], and many other places. Several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system; For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system in the southern states and at the federal level, but also incorporates religious law in the northern states.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the [[European Union]], the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]] takes an approach mixing civil law (based on the treaties) with an attachment to the importance of case law. One of the most fundamental documents to shape common law is the English [[Magna Carta]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Magna Carta|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> which placed limits on the power of the English Kings. It served as a kind of medieval bill of rights for the aristocracy and the judiciary who developed the law.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the [[European Union]], the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]] takes an approach mixing civil law (based on the treaties) with an attachment to the importance of case law. One of the most fundamental documents to shape common law is the English [[Magna Carta]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Magna Carta|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> which placed limits on the power of the English Kings. It served as a kind of medieval bill of rights for the aristocracy and the judiciary who developed the law.</div></td></tr>
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