Limbu language - Revision history

PamKirsch2959552: expand page to improve readability

2026-03-13T09:08:00Z

expand page to improve readability

imported>Rachhenhang Rai at 10:41, 28 August 2021

2021-08-28T10:41:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 28 August 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	\| altname = Yakthuṅ pan		\| altname = Yakthuṅ pan
	\| nativename = {{Script\|Limbu\|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}		\| nativename = {{Script\|Limbu\|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}
	\| region = [[Nepal]]; ~~<br/>~~ significant communities in [[Bhutan~~]]; [[Hong Kong]]; [[United Kingdom]]; [[Myanmar]]; [[Assam~~]];[[Sikkim]] and [[Darjeeling district]] of [[India]]		\| region = [[Nepal]]; significant communities in [[Bhutan]]; [[Sikkim]] and [[Darjeeling district]] of [[India]]
	\| states = [[Nepal]]		\| states = [[Sikkim]] and [[Eastern Nepal]]
	\| ethnicity = [[Limbu people]]		\| ethnicity = [[Limbu people]]
	\| speakers = {{sigfig\|381,300\|2}}		\| speakers = {{sigfig\|381,300\|2}}
Line 11:		Line 11:
	\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan		\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
	\| fam2 = [[Himalayish\|Himalayish languages]] ?		\| fam2 = [[Himalayish\|Himalayish languages]] ?
	\| fam3 = ~~[[Mahakiranti languages\|Mahakiranti]] ?~~		\| fam3 =
	\| fam4 = ~~[[Kiranti languages\|Kiranti]]~~		\| fam4 =
	\| dia1 = Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole, Miwakhole, Maiwakhole, Tamrange & Panthare		\| dia1 = Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole, Miwakhole, Maiwakhole, Tamrange & Panthare
	\| iso3 = lif		\| iso3 = lif
	\| glotto = limb1266		\| glotto = limb1266
	\| glottorefname = Limbu		\| glottorefname = Limbu
	\| script = ~~[[Srijunga script]]<br>~~[[Limbu script~~]]<br>[[Devanagari~~]]<br>[[Roman script]]		\| script = [[Limbu script]]<br>[[Roman script]]
	~~\| nation = {{flag\|Nepal}}~~
	~~{{flag\|India}}~~
	* [[Sikkim]] (additional)
	\| notice =		\| notice =
	\| image = limbu.png		\| image = limbu.png
	\| imagecaption = yakthuṅ pan written in Limbu Script		\| imagecaption = yakthuṅ pan written in Limbu Script \| nation = {{NEP\|Nepal}} [[Province No. 1]](additional)
			* {{IND\|India}} [[Sikkim]](additional)
	}}		}}
	{{Contains special characters\|Uncommon Unicode}}		{{Contains special characters\|Uncommon Unicode}}
	'''Limbu''' (Limbu: {{Lang\|lif\|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}, ''yakthuṅ pan'') is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages\|Sino-Tibetan language]] ~~of the [[Limbu people]], an ethnic group, indigenous native from [[Nepal]]. It is~~ spoken by the [[Limbu people]] of eastern [[Nepal]] and [[India]] (particularly [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]) as well as expatriate communities in [[Bhutan]]~~, [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Canada and the US~~. The Limbu refer to themselves as ''Yakthung'' and their language as ''Yakthungpan.'' Yakthungpan has four main dialects: Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole and Panthare dialects.<ref>A Grammar of Limbu By George van Driem 1987</ref>		'''Limbu''' (Limbu: {{Lang\|lif\|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}, ''yakthuṅ pan'') is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages\|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken by the [[Limbu people]] of eastern [[Nepal]] and [[India]] (particularly [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]) as well as expatriate communities in [[Bhutan]]. The Limbu refer to themselves as ''Yakthung'' and their language as ''Yakthungpan.'' Yakthungpan has four main dialects: Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole and Panthare dialects.<ref>A Grammar of Limbu By George van Driem 1987</ref>

	Among four dialects and/or many dialects, the Phedape dialect is widely spoken and well understood by most Yakthungpan speakers. However, as there are some dominant Panthare scholars who have role to create knowledge and control knowledge in the [[Limbu people\|Limbu]] communities, Panthare dialect is being popularised as a "standard" Limbu language. As Panthare Yakthungs are much more engaged in central political position and administrative positions, they are trying to introduce Panthare dialect as a Standard Yakthungpan.		Among four dialects and/or many dialects, the Phedape dialect is widely spoken and well understood by most Yakthungpan speakers. However, as there are some dominant Panthare scholars who have role to create knowledge and control knowledge in the [[Limbu people\|Limbu]] communities, Panthare dialect is being popularised as a "standard" Limbu language. As Panthare Yakthungs are much more engaged in central political position and administrative positions, they are trying to introduce Panthare dialect as a Standard Yakthungpan.

	Yakthungpan (Limbu language) is one of the major languages spoken and written in Nepal, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Sikkim, Bhutan~~, Burma, and Thailand~~. Linguists have reached the conclusion that Yakthungpan resembles [[Tibetic languages\|Tibetan]] and [[Lepcha language\|Lepcha]].		Yakthungpan (Limbu language) is one of the major languages spoken and written in Nepal, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Sikkim, and Bhutan. Linguists have reached the conclusion that Yakthungpan resembles [[Tibetic languages\|Tibetan]] and [[Lepcha language\|Lepcha]].

	Before the introduction of the Sirijanga script among [[Limbu people\|Limbu]] Kirats, the [[Róng script]] was popular in east Nepal, especially in the early Maurong state. The Sirijanga script had almost disappeared for 800 years and it was brought back into use by [[Limbu people\|Limbu]] scholar [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] of Tellok Sinam [[Limbuwan]] present day [[Nepal]]. The Limbu script is called 'Sirijanga' after the Limbu culture- hero [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]], who is credited with its invention.<ref>The Unicode Standard 5.0, Front Cover By Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley, 2007- Computers 1417 pages, Page 360</ref>		Before the introduction of the Sirijanga script among [[Limbu people\|Limbu]] Kirats, the [[Róng script]] was popular in east Nepal, especially in the early Maurong state. The Sirijanga script had almost disappeared for 800 years and it was brought back into use by [[Limbu people\|Limbu]] scholar [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] of Tellok Sinam [[Limbuwan]] present day [[Nepal]]. The Limbu script is called 'Sirijanga' after the Limbu culture- hero [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]], who is credited with its invention.<ref>The Unicode Standard 5.0, Front Cover By Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley, 2007- Computers 1417 pages, Page 360</ref>
Line 223:		Line 221:
	History of Kirat-Yakthung writing can be divided into the following ways:		History of Kirat-Yakthung writing can be divided into the following ways:

	1. Classical Kirat-Yakthung period: King Sirijanga (9th century AD)		# Classical Kirat-Yakthung period: King Sirijanga (9th century AD)
			# The 18th century Kirat-Yakthunghang period: [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] and his cronies movement
	2. The 18th century Kirat-Yakthunghang period: [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] and his cronies movement		# The 19th century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: Period of Jobhansing Limbu, Chyangresing Phedangba, Ranadwaj, and Jit Mohan (Brian Hudgson procured books and requested them to write histories, stories, narratives, culture, and so on)
	3. The 19th century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: Period of Jobhansing Limbu, Chyangresing Phedangba, Ranadwaj, and Jit Mohan (Brian Hudgson procured books and requested them to write histories, stories, narratives, culture, and so on)		# The 20th Century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors:
			## After the establishment of "Yakthunghang Chumlung" (1925); thereafter, several books were published.
	4. The 20th Century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors:		## Limbu script was much more influenced by Devnagari script at this period.
	i. After the establishment of "Yakthunghang Chumlung" (1925); thereafter, several books were published.		## At the same time, both national and international linguists, researchers, and writers addressed the issued in this period. This period is period of inquiry, communication, discovery, and re/construction.
	~~ii.~~ Limbu script was much more influenced by Devnagari script at this period.		# Late 20th and 21st century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: This period denotes after the restoration of democracy in Nepal in 1990. Introduction of "Anipan" at school; many research and writing such as MA/MPhil theses and research reports; establishment of Limbu organization at the local and global level; period of delinking, relinking, and linking epistemologies.
	~~iii.~~ At the same time, both national and international linguists, researchers, and writers addressed the issued in this period. This period is period of inquiry, communication, discovery, and re/construction.

	5. Late 20th and 21st century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: This period denotes after the restoration of democracy in Nepal in 1990. Introduction of "Anipan" at school; many research and writing such as MA/MPhil theses and research reports; establishment of Limbu organization at the local and global level; period of delinking, relinking, and linking epistemologies.

	==Publications==		==Publications==
Line 243:		Line 238:
	In [[Nepal]], the Limbu language is taught on private initiative. The Government of Nepal has published "Ani Paan" text books in Limbu for primary education from grades 1 to 12. Kirant Yakthung Chumlung teaches Limbu language and script on its own initiative.		In [[Nepal]], the Limbu language is taught on private initiative. The Government of Nepal has published "Ani Paan" text books in Limbu for primary education from grades 1 to 12. Kirant Yakthung Chumlung teaches Limbu language and script on its own initiative.

	In [[Sikkim]], since the late 1970s, Limbu in the Limbu script has been offered in English-medium schools as a vernacular language subject in areas populated by Limbus. Over 4000 students study Limbu for one hour daily taught by some 300 teachers. Course books are available in Limbu from grades 1 to 12.		In [[Sikkim]], since the late 1970s, Limbu in the Limbu script has been offered in English-medium schools as a vernacular language subject in areas populated by Limbus. Over 4000 students study Limbu for one hour daily taught by some 300 teachers. Course books are available in Limbu from grades 1 to 12. Additionally, the significance of Limbu in Sikkim is that the name of the [[States and union territories of India\|Indian state]] itself is a combination of two Limbu words: ''su'', which means "new", and ''khyim'', which means "palace" or "house".<ref>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia By James Minahan, 2012</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

>Lancepark: shift

2021-07-12T00:19:44Z

shift

New page

{{Infobox language
| name = Limbu
| altname = Yakthuṅ pan
| nativename = {{Script|Limbu|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}
| region = [[Nepal]]; significant communities in [[Bhutan]]; [[Hong Kong]]; [[United Kingdom]]; [[Myanmar]]; [[Assam]];[[Sikkim]] and [[Darjeeling district]] of [[India]]
| states = [[Nepal]]
| ethnicity = [[Limbu people]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|381,300|2}}
| date = 2011 census
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Himalayish|Himalayish languages]] ?
| fam3 = [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] ?
| fam4 = [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
| dia1 = Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole, Miwakhole, Maiwakhole, Tamrange & Panthare
| iso3 = lif
| glotto = limb1266
| glottorefname = Limbu
| script = [[Srijunga script]] [[Limbu script]] [[Devanagari]] [[Roman script]]
| nation = {{flag|Nepal}}
{{flag|India}}
* [[Sikkim]] (additional)
| notice =
| image = limbu.png
| imagecaption = yakthuṅ pan written in Limbu Script
}}
{{Contains special characters|Uncommon Unicode}}
'''Limbu''' (Limbu: {{Lang|lif|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}, ''yakthuṅ pan'') is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] of the [[Limbu people]], an ethnic group, indigenous native from [[Nepal]]. It is spoken by the [[Limbu people]] of eastern [[Nepal]] and [[India]] (particularly [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]) as well as expatriate communities in [[Bhutan]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Canada and the US. The Limbu refer to themselves as ''Yakthung'' and their language as ''Yakthungpan.'' Yakthungpan has four main dialects: Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole and Panthare dialects.<ref>A Grammar of Limbu By George van Driem 1987</ref>

Among four dialects and/or many dialects, the Phedape dialect is widely spoken and well understood by most Yakthungpan speakers. However, as there are some dominant Panthare scholars who have role to create knowledge and control knowledge in the [[Limbu people|Limbu]] communities, Panthare dialect is being popularised as a "standard" Limbu language. As Panthare Yakthungs are much more engaged in central political position and administrative positions, they are trying to introduce Panthare dialect as a Standard Yakthungpan.

Yakthungpan (Limbu language) is one of the major languages spoken and written in Nepal, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma, and Thailand. Linguists have reached the conclusion that Yakthungpan resembles [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]].

Before the introduction of the Sirijanga script among [[Limbu people|Limbu]] Kirats, the [[Róng script]] was popular in east Nepal, especially in the early Maurong state. The Sirijanga script had almost disappeared for 800 years and it was brought back into use by [[Limbu people|Limbu]] scholar [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] of Tellok Sinam [[Limbuwan]] present day [[Nepal]]. The Limbu script is called 'Sirijanga' after the Limbu culture- hero [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]], who is credited with its invention.<ref>The Unicode Standard 5.0, Front Cover By Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley, 2007- Computers 1417 pages, Page 360</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
Limbu is spoken east of the [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]] in the following [[districts of Nepal]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

*[[Province No. 1]]
**[[Dhankuta District]]
**[[Ilam District]]
**[[Jhapa District]]
**[[Morang District]]
**[[Panchthar District]]
**[[Sankhuwasabha District]]
**[[Sunsari District]]
**[[Taplejung District]]
**[[Terhathum District]]

==Dialects==
The Limbu languages are divided into four dialects :<ref>A Grammar of Limbu By George van Driem 1987</ref>
*Phedappe
*Pachthare
*Chathare
*Taplejunge or Tamarkhole

''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following dialects of Limbu.

*Dialect cluster 1
**Panthare
**Chaubise (Charkhole)
**Yanggrokke (Yanggruppe)
*Dialect cluster 2
**Phedappe
**Tamorkhole (Taplejunge)
*Dialect cluster 3
**Chhatthare (Chatthare, Chhathar)

Yanggrokke, Chaubise, and Charkhole are minor variants of the Panthare dialect. Phedappe and Tamorkhole are similar. Chattare is less well understood by other dialect speakers. The Limbu dialect spoken in [[Sikkim]], India is the same as Panthare.
==Phonology==
===Vowels and consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="float: center; margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
|+
Limbu vowel phonemes<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Driem, George van, 1957-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16352958|title=A grammar of Limbu|date=1987|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=0-89925-345-8|location=Berlin|oclc=16352958}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
!long
! short
!short
!long
! short
! long
|-
! Close
|<big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| colspan="2" |
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
|-
! Close mid
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPA link|eˑ}}</big>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPA link|oˑ}}</big>
|-
!Mid
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
! Open mid
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
|-
!Open
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| ({{IPA|ɳ}})
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|
| ({{IPA|ʈ}})
| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| ({{IPA|ʈʰ}})
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| ({{IPA|d|d̪}})
|
| ({{IPA|ɖ}})
| ({{IPA|d͡ʑ}})
| ({{IPA|ɡ}})
|
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| ({{IPA|bʱ}})
|
|
| ({{IPA|ɖʱ}})
| ({{IPA|d͡ʑʱ}})
| ({{IPA|ɡʱ}})
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

*phonemes in Light salmon occur in loan words from Nepali.

==Sirijanga script==
[[File:Limbu script.png|thumb|right|275px|The [[Limbu script]]. Grey letters are obsolete.]]
Limbu language is one of the few [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] of the central [[Himalayas]] with their own scripts.<ref>(Sprigg 1959: 590)</ref> The [[Limbu script]] or Sirijanga script was devised during the period of Buddhist expansion in [[Sikkim]] in the early 18th century when [[Limbuwan]] still constituted part of Sikkimese territory.<ref>(Sprigg 1959: 591-592 & MS: 1-4)</ref> The [[Limbu script]] was probably designed roughly at the same time as the [[Lepcha script]] (during the reign of the third King of [[Sikkim]], Phyag-dor Nam-gyal (ca. 1700-1717)). However, it is widely believed that the [[Limbu script]] (Sirijanga) had been designed by the Limbu King Sirijanga Hang in the 9th century. The Sirijanga script was later redesigned and re-introduced by [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] . As Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe spent most of his time in the development of Yakthungpan, Yatkhung culture, and [[Limbu script]]; he is considered as the reincarnation of the 9th century King Sirijanga.

As [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] was astoundingly influential in spreading the [[Limbu script]], culture, and language, Tasang monks came to fear that he might transform the social, cultural, and linguistic structure of Sikkim. Therefore, Tasang monks captured Sirijunga, bound him to a tree, and shot him to death with poisonous arrows.

Both Limbu and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] were ostensibly devised with the intent of furthering the spread of [[Buddhism]]. However, Sirijanga was a Limbu Buddhist who had studied under Sikkimese high Lamas. Sirijanga was given the title 'the [[Dorje]] [[Lama]] of Yangrup'.

The language and script's influential structure are mixture of [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]] and [[Devanagari]]. Unlike most other Brahmic scripts, it does not have separate independent [[vowel]] characters, instead of using a vowel carrier letter with the appropriate dependent vowel attached.

The Limbu language and literature have been less practiced in Nepal since the last eighteenth century. The cultural identity of any community was taken as a threat to the national unification by ruling elites until the recent years. The use of the [[Limbu alphabet]] was banned and the possession of Limbu writings outlawed. There were no specific laws about it, but the Security Act was enforced for such cases under the strong directives of Kathmandu.

==Writing==
{{main|Limbu script}}
Limbu has its own unique writing system, which is similar to Tibetan and Sikkimese scripts. The [[Limbu script]] or Sirijunga script is unique and scientifically designed by King Sirijanga in the 9th century; it was later re-designed and popularized by [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] and his followers in the 18th century. Since teaching of Limbu/Yakthung language and writing was banned by the Khas-Hindus in Nepal after the "Noon Pani Sandhi" between the [[Limbuwan]] and [[Gorkha Kingdom]] (Prithvi Narayan Shah), far more Limbus are [[literacy|literate]] in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] than in Limbu in Nepal. Although many Limbu books were written in Devanagari and Roman (English), now Limbus/Yakthungs have well developed computerized writing system and many books are published in [[Limbu script]] or Sirijunga script.

History of Kirat-Yakthung writing can be divided into the following ways:

1. Classical Kirat-Yakthung period: King Sirijanga (9th century AD)

2. The 18th century Kirat-Yakthunghang period: [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] and his cronies movement
3. The 19th century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: Period of Jobhansing Limbu, Chyangresing Phedangba, Ranadwaj, and Jit Mohan (Brian Hudgson procured books and requested them to write histories, stories, narratives, culture, and so on)

4. The 20th Century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors:
i. After the establishment of "Yakthunghang Chumlung" (1925); thereafter, several books were published.
ii. Limbu script was much more influenced by Devnagari script at this period.
iii. At the same time, both national and international linguists, researchers, and writers addressed the issued in this period. This period is period of inquiry, communication, discovery, and re/construction.

5. Late 20th and 21st century Kirat-Yakthung writers and rhetors: This period denotes after the restoration of democracy in Nepal in 1990. Introduction of "Anipan" at school; many research and writing such as MA/MPhil theses and research reports; establishment of Limbu organization at the local and global level; period of delinking, relinking, and linking epistemologies.

==Publications==
The Limbu language has many papers and publications in circulation.
Tanchoppa (Morning Star), a monthly newspaper/magazine which has been published since 1995. There are many other literary publications.
The oldest known Limbu writings were collected from the Darjeeling district in the 1850s. They are the ancestors of the modern Limbu script. The writings are now a part of a collection in the India Library in London.

==Teaching==
In [[Nepal]], the Limbu language is taught on private initiative. The Government of Nepal has published "Ani Paan" text books in Limbu for primary education from grades 1 to 12. Kirant Yakthung Chumlung teaches Limbu language and script on its own initiative.

In [[Sikkim]], since the late 1970s, Limbu in the Limbu script has been offered in English-medium schools as a vernacular language subject in areas populated by Limbus. Over 4000 students study Limbu for one hour daily taught by some 300 teachers. Course books are available in Limbu from grades 1 to 12.

==See also==
*[[History of Limbuwan]]
*[[Limbuwan Gorkha War]]
*[[Languages of Nepal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Driem, George van (1987). ''A grammar of Limbu''. (Mouton grammar library; 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. {{ISBN|3-11-011282-5}}
* Limbu, Marohang (2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728075959/http://joglep.com/files/3914/9082/6377/0.3_Marohang_Limbu_Final.pdf Politics in Rhetoric and Writing in Paracolonial Context: A Glimpse of Limbu Language, Writing, and Literacy in Yakthung Laje.] ''Journal of Global Literacies, Technologies, and Emerging Pedagogies'', 4(1), 550-591.
* Limbu, Marohang (2016). Politics of Rhetoric and Writing in the Non-Western World: Delinking, Relinking, and Linking Yakthung Epistemologies. ''Mikphulla Laje Inghang'',10(10) 36-41.

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= lif}}
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/limbu.htm Omniglot modern Limbu writing system]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160531014159/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/dico/ Limbu-English Dictionary of the Mewa Khola dialect] ([http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/documents/publi/L22Ib.pdf PDF introduction])
*[[Kaipuleohone]]'s LDTC collection [[hdl:10125/36148|includes open access recordings in Limbu]]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kiranti languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Bhutan}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}

[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sikkim]]