Pradip89: Reference error fixed

2021-07-07T05:43:34Z

Reference error fixed

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 7 July 2021
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			[[Category:Buddhist and Christian interfaith dialogue]]
			[[Category:Buddhist socialism]]
			[[Category:Buddhist feminists]]
			[[Category:Buddhist monks from Tibet]]
			[[Category:Buddhist pacifists]]
			[[Category:Scholars of Buddhism from Tibet]]
			[[Category:Civil rights activists]]
			[[Category:Humanitarians]]

Life as the Dalai Lama - Revision history

Pradip89: Reference error fixed

Pradip89: /* References */ Categories included

Pradip89: Life as the Dalai Lama

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 7 July 2021
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	During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes:		During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes:
	{{quote\|everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role.~~<ref name="Goldstein1991" />~~<ref name="Powers">{{cite book\|last1=Powers\|first1=John\|title=The Buddha Party: How the People's Republic of China Works to Define and Control Tibetan Buddhism}}</ref>}}		{{quote\|everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role.<ref name="Powers">{{cite book\|last1=Powers\|first1=John\|title=The Buddha Party: How the People's Republic of China Works to Define and Control Tibetan Buddhism}}</ref>}}

	Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus.<ref>Gould, B.J., The Jewel In The Lotus London: Chatto and Windus, 1957</ref> Despite historical records of eyewitness accounts, China's [[Kuomintang]] government later presented false claims to have ratified the Dalai Lama, and that a Kuomintang representative, General [[Wu Zhongxin]], presided over the ceremony.		Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus.<ref>Gould, B.J., The Jewel In The Lotus London: Chatto and Windus, 1957</ref> Despite historical records of eyewitness accounts, China's [[Kuomintang]] government later presented false claims to have ratified the Dalai Lama, and that a Kuomintang representative, General [[Wu Zhongxin]], presided over the ceremony.
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	Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal \|title = War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943 \|journal = The China Quarterly \|volume = 186 \|pages = 446–462 \|last=Lin\|first=Hsiao-ting \|doi = 10.1017/S0305741006000233 \|year = 2006 \|s2cid = 154376402 }}</ref> Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.<ref>{{cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+ \|title = China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society \|author1=David P. Barrett \|author2=Lawrence N. Shyu \|year=2001 \|publisher = Peter Lang\|isbn = 978-0-8204-4556-4 \|page = <!-- 98, -->240 \|access-date = 28 June 2010 }}</ref> Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.<ref>{{cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ\|title = Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2 \|author = University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit\|year=2002 \|publisher = The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge\|page = 204 \|access-date = 28 June 2010}}</ref> He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.<ref>{{cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35 \|title = Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations \|author = Paul Kocot Nietupski\|year=1999 \|publisher = Snow Lion Publications\|page = 35 \|isbn =978-1-55939-090-3}}</ref>		Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal \|title = War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943 \|journal = The China Quarterly \|volume = 186 \|pages = 446–462 \|last=Lin\|first=Hsiao-ting \|doi = 10.1017/S0305741006000233 \|year = 2006 \|s2cid = 154376402 }}</ref> Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.<ref>{{cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+ \|title = China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society \|author1=David P. Barrett \|author2=Lawrence N. Shyu \|year=2001 \|publisher = Peter Lang\|isbn = 978-0-8204-4556-4 \|page = <!-- 98, -->240 \|access-date = 28 June 2010 }}</ref> Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.<ref>{{cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ\|title = Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2 \|author = University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit\|year=2002 \|publisher = The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge\|page = 204 \|access-date = 28 June 2010}}</ref> He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.<ref>{{cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35 \|title = Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations \|author = Paul Kocot Nietupski\|year=1999 \|publisher = Snow Lion Publications\|page = 35 \|isbn =978-1-55939-090-3}}</ref>

	In October 1950 the army of the [[People's Republic of China]] marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in [[warlord]]-controlled [[Kham]]. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.~~<ref name="dlce" />~~		In October 1950 the army of the [[People's Republic of China]] marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in [[warlord]]-controlled [[Kham]]. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.

	=== Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China ===		=== Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China ===
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	[[File:Mao Zedong, Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama.jpg\|thumb\|[[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] meeting with Dalai Lama and [[10th Panchen Lama\|Panchen Lama]] to celebrate [[Tibetan New Year]], 1955]]		[[File:Mao Zedong, Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama.jpg\|thumb\|[[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] meeting with Dalai Lama and [[10th Panchen Lama\|Panchen Lama]] to celebrate [[Tibetan New Year]], 1955]]
	[[File:Dalai and Panchen.jpg\|thumb\|Rare shot of an adult Dalai Lama (right) and [[10th Panchen Lama\|Panchen Lama]] (left) without eyeglasses. 1954-1955.]]		[[File:Dalai and Panchen.jpg\|thumb\|Rare shot of an adult Dalai Lama (right) and [[10th Panchen Lama\|Panchen Lama]] (left) without eyeglasses. 1954-1955.]]
	The [[Panchen Lama]] and Dalai Lama had many conflicts throughout Tibetan history. Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]]. He would later claim that the delegation did so without his authorization.~~<ref name="bio" />~~<ref>Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 25 July 1981.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp. 812–813.</ref> He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the [[10th Panchen Lama]] he went to the Chinese capital to meet [[Mao Zedong]] and attend the first session of the [[National People's Congress]] as a delegate, primarily discussing [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China\|China's constitution]].<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 493.</ref><ref>''[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/30/content_3422747.htm Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR]'', [[Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme]], ''[[China View]]'', 30 August 2005.</ref> On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a [[Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress\|Vice chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\|Standing Committee]] of the National People's Congress,<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 496.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html \|title=Chairman Mao: Long Live Dalai Lama! \|publisher=Voyage.typepad.com \|date=21 January 2007 \|access-date=2 May 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505143746/http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html \|archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> a post he officially held until 1964.<ref>{{Cite news \|url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html \|title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability \|date = 16 October 2007 \|access-date = 28 August 2010 \|publisher = [[People's Daily]]\|work=[[17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]]}}</ref>		The [[Panchen Lama]] and Dalai Lama had many conflicts throughout Tibetan history. Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]]. He would later claim that the delegation did so without his authorization.<ref>Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 25 July 1981.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp. 812–813.</ref> He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the [[10th Panchen Lama]] he went to the Chinese capital to meet [[Mao Zedong]] and attend the first session of the [[National People's Congress]] as a delegate, primarily discussing [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China\|China's constitution]].<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 493.</ref><ref>''[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/30/content_3422747.htm Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR]'', [[Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme]], ''[[China View]]'', 30 August 2005.</ref> On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a [[Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress\|Vice chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress\|Standing Committee]] of the National People's Congress,<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 496.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html \|title=Chairman Mao: Long Live Dalai Lama! \|publisher=Voyage.typepad.com \|date=21 January 2007 \|access-date=2 May 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505143746/http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html \|archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> a post he officially held until 1964.<ref>{{Cite news \|url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html \|title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability \|date = 16 October 2007 \|access-date = 28 August 2010 \|publisher = [[People's Daily]]\|work=[[17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China]]}}</ref>

	In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the [[Buddha's Birthday]], the Dalai Lama asked the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], if he would allow him [[political asylum]] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's [[Non-interventionism\|non-interventionist]] stance agreed upon with its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence\|1954 treaty with China]].~~<ref name="bio" />~~		In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the [[Buddha's Birthday]], the Dalai Lama asked the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], if he would allow him [[political asylum]] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's [[Non-interventionism\|non-interventionist]] stance agreed upon with its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence\|1954 treaty with China]].

	Long called a "splitist" and "traitor" by China,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Burns \|first1=John F. \|title=Dalai Lama Finds China's Threats A Subject for Humor and Anxiety \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/world/dalai-lama-finds-china-s-threats-a-subject-for-humor-and-anxiety.html \|access-date=22 October 2019 \|work=The New York Times\|date=6 March 1996}}</ref> the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Baker \|first1=Peter \|last2=Pomfret \|first2=John \|title=Dalai Lama Delays Plan for Formal Talks With China \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/china/stories/dalai111198.htm \|access-date=22 October 2019 \|work=The Washington Post\|date=11 November 1998}}</ref> In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Martina \|first1=Michael \|title=U.S. ambassador urges China to talk to the Dalai Lama \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-tibet/us-ambassador-urges-china-to-talk-to-the-dalai-lama-idUSKCN1SW01C \|access-date=28 January 2020 \|publisher=Reuters \|date=25 May 2019}}</ref>		Long called a "splitist" and "traitor" by China,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Burns \|first1=John F. \|title=Dalai Lama Finds China's Threats A Subject for Humor and Anxiety \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/world/dalai-lama-finds-china-s-threats-a-subject-for-humor-and-anxiety.html \|access-date=22 October 2019 \|work=The New York Times\|date=6 March 1996}}</ref> the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Baker \|first1=Peter \|last2=Pomfret \|first2=John \|title=Dalai Lama Delays Plan for Formal Talks With China \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/china/stories/dalai111198.htm \|access-date=22 October 2019 \|work=The Washington Post\|date=11 November 1998}}</ref> In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Martina \|first1=Michael \|title=U.S. ambassador urges China to talk to the Dalai Lama \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-tibet/us-ambassador-urges-china-to-talk-to-the-dalai-lama-idUSKCN1SW01C \|access-date=28 January 2020 \|publisher=Reuters \|date=25 May 2019}}</ref>
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	]]		]]

	At the outset of the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the [[CIA]]'s [[Special Activities Division]],<ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.</ref> crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] on 18 April.<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 210.</ref> Some time later he set up the [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] in [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh\|Dharamshala]], India,<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. 27 February 2009.[https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSTRE51Q4OB20090227 Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India\| Reuters]</ref> which is often referred to as "''[[McLeod Ganj\|Little Lhasa]]''". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.~~<ref name="bbcprofile" />~~ He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the [[Tibetic languages\|language]], [[History of Tibet\|history]], [[Tibetan Buddhism\|religion]], and [[Tibet#Culture\|culture]]. The [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]] was established~~<ref name="bbcprofile" />~~ in 1959 and the [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]]~~<ref name="bbcprofile" />~~ became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.		At the outset of the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the [[CIA]]'s [[Special Activities Division]],<ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.</ref> crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] on 18 April.<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 210.</ref> Some time later he set up the [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] in [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh\|Dharamshala]], India,<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. 27 February 2009.[https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSTRE51Q4OB20090227 Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India\| Reuters]</ref> which is often referred to as "''[[McLeod Ganj\|Little Lhasa]]''". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the [[Tibetic languages\|language]], [[History of Tibet\|history]], [[Tibetan Buddhism\|religion]], and [[Tibet#Culture\|culture]]. The [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]] was established in 1959 and the [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.

	The Dalai Lama appealed to the [[United Nations]] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly\|General Assembly]] in 1959, 1961, and 1965,~~<ref name="bbcprofile" />~~ all before the People's Republic [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758\|was allowed representation at the United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ \|title=Events of 1971 \|work=Year in Review \|year=1971 \|publisher=United Press International \|access-date=28 August 2010 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gYCuqxqS?url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ \|archive-date=5 May 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of [[Tibetan people\|Tibetans]].~~<ref name="bbcprofile" />~~ In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], creating an elected [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration\|parliament]] and an [[Central Tibetan Administration\|administration]] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web \|url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html \|title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives\|year=1997 \|publisher = [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] \|access-date = 23 September 2008 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html \|archive-date=21 April 2008 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		The Dalai Lama appealed to the [[United Nations]] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly\|General Assembly]] in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758\|was allowed representation at the United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ \|title=Events of 1971 \|work=Year in Review \|year=1971 \|publisher=United Press International \|access-date=28 August 2010 \|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gYCuqxqS?url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ \|archive-date=5 May 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of [[Tibetan people\|Tibetans]]. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], creating an elected [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration\|parliament]] and an [[Central Tibetan Administration\|administration]] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web \|url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html \|title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives\|year=1997 \|publisher = [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] \|access-date = 23 September 2008 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html \|archive-date=21 April 2008 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bharat-Ratna-demanded-for-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/55877372.cms\|title=Bharat Ratna demanded for Dalai Lama\|work=The Times of India}}</ref>		In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bharat-Ratna-demanded-for-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/55877372.cms\|title=Bharat Ratna demanded for Dalai Lama\|work=The Times of India}}</ref>