Leonotis nepetifolia - Revision history

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	;Varieties		;Varieties
	#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''africana'' <small>(P.Beauv.) J.K.Morton</small> - Indian Subcontinent, much of Africa		#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''africana'' <small>(P.Beauv.) J.K.Morton</small> - Indian Subcontinent, much of Africa (light orange flowers)
	#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''nepetifolia'' - much of Africa		#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''nepetifolia'' - much of Africa (dark solid orange flowers)
			#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''alba'' - (albino/white flowers)

	== Related species ==		== Related species ==
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	== Traditional medicine ==		== Traditional medicine ==
	''Leonotis nepetifolia'' is known in [[Trinidad]] as ''shandilay'' and the leaves are brewed as a tea for [[fever]], [[cough]]s, womb prolapse and [[malaria]].<ref>Mendes, John. 1986. ''Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary'', Arima, Trinidad, p. 135.</ref> The dried leaves are sometimes used as a legal substitute for [[Cannabis (drug)\|marijuana]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=LION'S EAR HERBAL TEA.\|url=https://tropilab.com/lionseartea.html\|access-date=2021-03-10\|website=tropilab.com}}</ref> The roots of ''L. nepetifolia'' are considered to be the botanical sources of ''granthiparna'', an [[Ayurveda\|ayurvedic]] herb.{{cn\|date=March 2021}}		''Leonotis nepetifolia'' is known in [[Trinidad]] as ''shandilay'' and the leaves are brewed as a tea for [[fever]], [[cough]]s, womb prolapse and [[malaria]].<ref>Mendes, John. 1986. ''Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary'', Arima, Trinidad, p. 135.</ref> The dried leaves are sometimes used as a legal substitute for [[Cannabis (drug)\|marijuana]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=LION'S EAR HERBAL TEA.\|url=https://tropilab.com/lionseartea.html\|access-date=2021-03-10\|website=tropilab.com}}</ref> The roots of ''L. nepetifolia'' are considered to be the botanical sources of ''granthiparna'', an [[Ayurveda\|ayurvedic]] herb.{{cn\|date=March 2021}}

			==Phytochemicals and Pharmacology==
			Leonotis nepetifolia contains several labdane diterpenes including Nepetaefolin, Nepetaefuran, Nepetaefolin, Nepetaefolin, Leonotinin, Leonotin and Dubiin as well as bis-spirolabdane diterpenes like Leonepetaefolin A-E.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Li \|first1=Jun \|last2=Fronczek \|first2=Frank R. \|last3=Ferreira \|first3=Daneel \|last4=Burandt \|first4=Charles L. \|last5=Setola \|first5=Vincent \|last6=Roth \|first6=Bryan L. \|last7=Zjawiony \|first7=Jordan K. \|title=Bis-spirolabdane Diterpenoids from Leonotis nepetaefolia \|journal=Journal of Natural Products \|date=27 April 2012 \|volume=75 \|issue=4 \|pages=728–734 \|doi=10.1021/np3000156 \|pmid=22475308 \|pmc=3338874 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Blount \|first1=John F. \|last2=Manchand \|first2=Percy S. \|title=X-Ray structure determination of methoxynepetaefolin and nepetaefolinol, labdane diterpenoids from Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. \|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 \|date=1 January 1980 \|pages=264–268 \|doi=10.1039/P19800000264 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Barbosa \|first1=Jackson de Menezes \|last2=Cavalcante \|first2=Noelly Bastos \|last3=Delange \|first3=David Marrero \|last4=Almeida \|first4=Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva \|title=A review of the chemical composition and biological activity of Leonotis nepetifolia (Linn.) R. Br.(lion's ear) \|journal=Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales \|volume=23 \|issue=4 \|year=2018 \|url=http://www.revplantasmedicinales.sld.cu/index.php/pla/article/view/687/346 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606150535/http://www.revplantasmedicinales.sld.cu/index.php/pla/article/view/687/346 \|archive-date=6 June 2019 }}</ref>

			Methanol based extracts of Leonotis nepetifolia has shown antidepressant-like effects in mice. Metabolic screening of the extract suggested nepetaefolin, methoxynepataefolin, and 7-O-β-glucoside luteolin are the main products.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Arrieta-Báez \|first1=Daniel \|last2=Gómez-Patiño \|first2=Mayra Beatriz \|last3=Jurado Hernández \|first3=Noé \|last4=Mayagoitia-Novales \|first4=Lilian \|last5=Dorantes-Barrón \|first5=Ana María \|last6=Estrada-Reyes \|first6=Rosa \|title=Antidepressant-like effects of a methanol extract of Leonotis nepetifolia in mice \|journal=Natural Product Research \|date=31 March 2022 \|pages=1–7 \|doi=10.1080/14786419.2022.2058939 \|pmid=35357257 \|s2cid=247842622 }}</ref>

			Nepetaefuran and leonotinin isolated from Leonotis nepetaefolia plant material demonstrated anti-inflammatory by suppressing [[NF-κB]] activation related to proinflammatory [[Cytokine]]s.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Ueda \|first1=Fumihito \|last2=Iizuka \|first2=Keito \|last3=Tago \|first3=Kenji \|last4=Narukawa \|first4=Yuji \|last5=Kiuchi \|first5=Fumiyuki \|last6=Kasahara \|first6=Tadashi \|last7=Tamura \|first7=Hiroomi \|last8=Funakoshi-Tago \|first8=Megumi \|title=Nepetaefuran and leonotinin isolated from Leonotis nepetaefolia R. Br. potently inhibit the LPS signaling pathway by suppressing the transactivation of NF-κB \|journal=International Immunopharmacology \|date=1 October 2015 \|volume=28 \|issue=2 \|pages=967–976 \|doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.015 \|pmid=26319953 }}</ref>

	== Gallery ==		== Gallery ==

imported>Declangi: Restored revision 1013883103 by AnomieBOT (talk): Name mentioned in numerous books

2021-07-14T20:25:40Z

Restored revision 1013883103 by AnomieBOT (talk): Name mentioned in numerous books

← Older revision	Revision as of 01:55, 15 July 2021
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>AnomieBOT: Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}}

2021-03-23T23:57:33Z

Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}}

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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Leonotis_leonorus1.jpg
|image_caption =
|genus = Leonotis
|species = nepetifolia
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]
}}

'''''Leonotis nepetifolia''''', (also known as '''klip dagga''', '''Christmas candlestick''', or '''lion's ear'''<ref name="Napier">{{cite web|last1=Napier|first1=E.|title=NOTES· ON WILD FLOWERS|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/content/part/EANHS/Nos.%2047-48_138_1933_Napier.pdf|publisher=biodiversitylibrary.org|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>), is a species of [[plant]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Leonotis]]'' and the family [[Lamiaceae]] ([[Mentha|mint]]). It is native to tropical [[Africa]] and southern [[India]]. It can also be found growing abundantly in much of [[Latin America]], the [[West Indies]],<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=109456 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> and the [[Southeastern United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Profile for Leonotis nepetifolia (Christmas candlestick)|url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LENE|access-date=2021-03-10|website=plants.usda.gov}}</ref> It grows to a height of {{convert|3|m|ftin}} and has whorls of striking lipped [[flower]]s, that are most commonly orange,<ref name="Napier"/> but can vary to red, white, and purple. It has drooping dark green, very soft serrated [[Leaf|leaves]] that can grow up to {{convert|4|in|cm|order=flip}} wide.<ref name="Napier"/> [[Sunbird]]s and [[ant]]s are attracted to the flowers.<ref name="Napier"/> It has been found growing on road sides, rubbish heaps or waste land.<ref name="Napier"/>

''L. nepetifolia'' is considered an [[Invasive species|invasive plant]] in [[Australia]], [[Florida]], and [[Hawaii]], though its tendency to grow in disturbed areas led researchers in Hawaii to conclude it's not likely to be an ecological threat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 22, 2019|title=Leonotis nepetifolia (Christmas candelstick)|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110266#:~:text=L.-,nepetifolia%20is%20a%20large%20upright%20herbaceous%20plant%20native%20to%20tropical,Florida%20(Floridata%2C%202014).|url-status=live|access-date=March 10, 2021|website=CABI Invasive Species Compendium}}</ref>

;Varieties
#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''africana'' <small>(P.Beauv.) J.K.Morton</small> - Indian Subcontinent, much of Africa
#''Leonotis nepetifolia'' var. ''nepetifolia'' - much of Africa

== Related species ==
''Leonotis nepetifolia'' (''klip dagga'') is related to ''[[Leonotis leonurus|L. leonurus]]'' (''wild dagga'' or ''lion's tail''.) The most noticeable difference between the two is the leaf shape. ''L. nepetifolia'' leaves are [[Leaf shape|cordate]] with serrated edges, except the top pair which are [[Leaf shape|lanceolate]] with serrated edges, as pictured in taxonomy box. The leaves are all lanceolate with serrated edges on ''L. leonurus''.

== Traditional medicine ==
''Leonotis nepetifolia'' is known in [[Trinidad]] as ''shandilay'' and the leaves are brewed as a tea for [[fever]], [[cough]]s, womb prolapse and [[malaria]].<ref>Mendes, John. 1986. ''Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary'', Arima, Trinidad, p. 135.</ref> The dried leaves are sometimes used as a legal substitute for [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LION'S EAR HERBAL TEA.|url=https://tropilab.com/lionseartea.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=tropilab.com}}</ref> The roots of ''L. nepetifolia'' are considered to be the botanical sources of ''granthiparna'', an [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] herb.{{cn|date=March 2021}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Leonotis Nepetifolia Leaf.JPG|Leaf
File:Leonotis nepetifolia (Deepmal) in Narshapur, AP W IMG 1164.jpg|Flowers
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=313&level=s&id=18312&type=l FloraBase] - Information on ''L. nepetifolia'' in Western Australia
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711190206/http://www.ethnoplants.com/Leonotis-nepetifolia_WILD-DAGGA/ Information on cultivating] ethnoplants cultivating L.nepetifolia (French)
{{WestAfricanPlants|Leonotis nepetifolia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2512194}}

[[Category:Lamiaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Africa]]