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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:03, 12 January 2022
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	===Politics===		===Politics===
	[[File:Couple from Taxila IV.jpg\|thumb\|Hellenistic couple from [[Taxila (ancient)\|ancient Taxila]] (IV).]]		[[File:Couple from Taxila IV.jpg\|thumb\|Hellenistic couple from [[Taxila (ancient)\|ancient Taxila]] ([[Guimet Museum]]).]]
	The 36 Indo-Greek kings known through epigraphy or through their coins belong to the period between 180 BC to AD10–20.<ref>Boppearachchi, "Monnaies Indo-Grecques".</ref> There are a few hints of a later Indo-Greek political presence in the Indian subcontinent.		The 36 Indo-Greek kings known through epigraphy or through their coins belong to the period between 180 BC to AD10–20.<ref>Boppearachchi, "Monnaies Indo-Grecques".</ref> There are a few hints of a later Indo-Greek political presence in the Indian subcontinent.
	[[Theodamas]], known from an inscription on a signet, may have been an Indo-Greek ruler in the [[Bajaur]] area in the 1st century AD.		[[Theodamas]], known from an inscription on a signet, may have been an Indo-Greek ruler in the [[Bajaur]] area in the 1st century AD.
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	At the beginning of the 2nd century, the Central India [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (r. 106–130) was described as the "Destroyer of [[Saka]]s (''[[Western Kshatrapas]]''), [[Yavana]]s (''[[Indo-Greek]]s'') and [[Pahlava]]s (''[[Indo-Parthians]]'')" in his inscriptions, suggesting a continued presence of the Indo-Greeks until that time.<ref>From Rapson, "Indian coins in the British Museum". Following the above quote, Rapson writes: "The Kashtriyas are the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and Central India; and the Sakas, Yavanas, and Pahavas are respectively Scythian, Greeks and Persian invaders from the north, who established kingdoms in various districts of Northern and Western India", p. xxxvii, Rapson.</ref>		At the beginning of the 2nd century, the Central India [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (r. 106–130) was described as the "Destroyer of [[Saka]]s (''[[Western Kshatrapas]]''), [[Yavana]]s (''[[Indo-Greek]]s'') and [[Pahlava]]s (''[[Indo-Parthians]]'')" in his inscriptions, suggesting a continued presence of the Indo-Greeks until that time.<ref>From Rapson, "Indian coins in the British Museum". Following the above quote, Rapson writes: "The Kashtriyas are the native Indian princes, the Rajputs of Rajputana, Gujarat and Central India; and the Sakas, Yavanas, and Pahavas are respectively Scythian, Greeks and Persian invaders from the north, who established kingdoms in various districts of Northern and Western India", p. xxxvii, Rapson.</ref>

	[[File:MenInArm4.JPG\|thumb\|250px\|Men in Greek uniform, [[Tillia Tepe]], 1st century CE.<ref>"Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés", [[Guimet Museum]], item 79.</ref>]]		[[File:MenInArm4.JPG\|thumb\|250px\|Men in Greek uniform, [[Tillia Tepe]], 1st century CE ([[Guimet Museum]]).<ref>"Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés", [[Guimet Museum]], item 79.</ref>]]
	Around 200 AD, the [[Manu Smriti]] describes the downfall of the Yavanas, as well as many others:		Around 200 AD, the [[Manu Smriti]] describes the downfall of the Yavanas, as well as many others:

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	===Genetics===		===Genetics===

	[[File:HaddaTypes.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|Portraits from the site of [[Hadda, Afghanistan\|Hadda]], 3rd century CE.]]		[[File:HaddaTypes.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|Portraits from the site of [[Hadda, Afghanistan\|Hadda]], 3rd century CE ([[Guimet Museum]]).]]
	Limited [[population genetics]] studies have been made on genetic markers such as [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup\|Y-DNA]] in the populations of the Indian subcontinent, to estimate the contribution of the Greeks to the genetic pool. Studies have not found the markers which are present in a large proportion of Greeks today.		Limited [[population genetics]] studies have been made on genetic markers such as [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup\|Y-DNA]] in the populations of the Indian subcontinent, to estimate the contribution of the Greeks to the genetic pool. Studies have not found the markers which are present in a large proportion of Greeks today.

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	===Art===		===Art===
	[[File:Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|Iconographical evolution from the Greek god Herakles to the Japanese god Shukongōshin. From left to right:<br />1) [[Herakles]] (Louvre Museum).<br />2) [[Herakles]] on coin of [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]].<br />3) [[Vajrapani]], the protector of the [[Gautama Buddha\|Buddha]], depicted as Herakles in the Greco-Buddhist art of [[Gandhara]].<br />4) [[Shukongōshin]], manifestation of [[Vajrapani]], as protector deity of Buddhist temples in Japan.]]		[[File:Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|Iconographical evolution from the Greek god Herakles to the Japanese god Shukongōshin. From left to right:<br />1) [[Herakles]] ([[Louvre Museum]]).<br />2) [[Herakles]] on coin of [[Greco-Bactrian]] king [[Demetrius I of Bactria\|Demetrius I]].<br />3) [[Vajrapani]], the protector of the [[Gautama Buddha\|Buddha]], depicted as Herakles in the Greco-Buddhist art of [[Gandhara]].<br />4) [[Shukongōshin]], manifestation of [[Vajrapani]], as protector deity of Buddhist temples in Japan.]]
	The "[[Kanishka casket]]", dated to the first year of [[Kanishka]]'s reign in 127 CE, was signed by a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's [[stupa]]s (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date.<ref>Tarn, p. 355.</ref><ref>The Greeks in Bactria & India		The "[[Kanishka casket]]", dated to the first year of [[Kanishka]]'s reign in 127 CE, was signed by a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's [[stupa]]s (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date.<ref>Tarn, p. 355.</ref><ref>The Greeks in Bactria & India
	By William Woodthorpe Tarn</ref><ref>Early History of North India, from the Fall of the Mauryas to the Death of ...		By William Woodthorpe Tarn</ref><ref>Early History of North India, from the Fall of the Mauryas to the Death of ...
	By Sudhakar</ref><ref>Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D.		By Sudhakar</ref><ref>Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D.
	By Haripada Chakraborti</ref><ref>{{Cite ~~web~~ \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvVGRYnqr2wC~~&dq=Tarn+agesilas~~&q=agesilas~~#search~~ \| title=Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D\| last1=Chakraborti\| first1=Haripada\| year=1966}}</ref>		By Haripada Chakraborti</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvVGRYnqr2wC&q=agesilas \| title=Trade and Commerce of Ancient India, C. 200 B. C.-c. 650 A. D\| last1=Chakraborti\| first1=Haripada\| year=1966\| isbn=9780874713053}}</ref>

	Greek representations and artistic styles, with some possible admixtures from the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] world, continued to maintain a strong identity down to the 3rd–4th century, as indicated by the archaeological remains of such sites as [[Hadda, Afghanistan\|Hadda]] in eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Boardman, pp. 141–144.</ref>		Greek representations and artistic styles, with some possible admixtures from the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] world, continued to maintain a strong identity down to the 3rd–4th century, as indicated by the archaeological remains of such sites as [[Hadda, Afghanistan\|Hadda]] in eastern [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Boardman, pp. 141–144.</ref>
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	{{See also\|Greco-Buddhism}}		{{See also\|Greco-Buddhism}}

	[[File:VajrapaniAndMonks.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Zeus]]-like [[Vajrapani]] was chosen as a protector of the Buddha, art of [[Gandhara]], [[Guimet Museum]].]]		[[File:VajrapaniAndMonks.jpg\|thumb\|The [[Zeus]]-like [[Vajrapani]] was chosen as a protector of the Buddha, art of [[Gandhara]], ([[Guimet Museum]]).]]
	The impact of the Indo-Greeks on Indian thought and religion is unknown, although many influences have been suggested. Initially Greek settlers followed a [[Pantheon (religion)\|pantheon]] of gods and goddesses assimilating with other deities. For example, [[Eucratides I]] depicted coinage with Zeus/[[Indra]] riding [[Airavata]]. Buddhism was spread to Greek communities by the [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]]. Scholars believe that [[Mahayana Buddhism]] began around the 1st century BCE in the North-western Indian subcontinent, corresponding to the time and place of Indo-Greek florescence. Intense multi-cultural influences have indeed been suggested in the appearance of Mahayana. According to [[Richard Foltz]], "Key formative influences on the early development of the [[Mahayana]] and [[Pure Land]] movements, which became so much part of [[East Asia]]n [[civilization]], are to be sought in Buddhism's earlier encounters along the [[Silk Road]]".<ref>Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road", p. 9.</ref> As [[Mahayana]] Buddhism emerged, it received "influences from popular Hindu devotional cults ([[bhakti]]), [[Persia]]n and [[Greco-Roman]] theologies which filtered into India from the northwest".<ref>[[Tom Lowenstein]], ''The Vision of the Buddha'', p. 63.</ref>		The impact of the Indo-Greeks on Indian thought and religion is unknown, although many influences have been suggested. Initially Greek settlers followed a [[Pantheon (religion)\|pantheon]] of gods and goddesses assimilating with other deities. For example, [[Eucratides I]] depicted coinage with Zeus/[[Indra]] riding [[Airavata]]. Buddhism was spread to Greek communities by the [[Maurya Empire\|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]]. Scholars believe that [[Mahayana Buddhism]] began around the 1st century BCE in the North-western Indian subcontinent, corresponding to the time and place of Indo-Greek florescence. Intense multi-cultural influences have indeed been suggested in the appearance of Mahayana. According to [[Richard Foltz]], "Key formative influences on the early development of the [[Mahayana]] and [[Pure Land]] movements, which became so much part of [[East Asia]]n [[civilization]], are to be sought in Buddhism's earlier encounters along the [[Silk Road]]".<ref>Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road", p. 9.</ref> As [[Mahayana]] Buddhism emerged, it received "influences from popular Hindu devotional cults ([[bhakti]]), [[Persia]]n and [[Greco-Roman]] theologies which filtered into India from the northwest".<ref>[[Tom Lowenstein]], ''The Vision of the Buddha'', p. 63.</ref>

Legacy of the Indo-Greeks - Revision history

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