Dlife at 05:15, 2 April 2026

2026-04-02T05:15:54Z

New page

{{Short description|Impact of 1858–1947 colonial rule in India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
[[File:British_empire_in_east.png|thumb|350x350px| {{Small|{{nowrap|1. {{Flag|Afghanistan}}}} • {{nowrap|2. {{Flag|Bhutan}}}} • {{nowrap|3. {{Flag|Nepal}} •}} {{nowrap| 4. {{Flag|Oman}} • 5. {{Flag|UAE}} • 6.
{{Flag|Yemen}} •}} {{nowrap|7.
{{Flag|Bahrain}} • 8. {{Flag|Qatar}} • 9.
{{Flag|Malaysia}} }} {{nowrap|10.
{{Flag|Singapore}} • 11. {{Flag|Brunei}} • 12.
{{Flag|India}} •}} {{nowrap|13.
{{Flag|Pakistan}} 14. {{Flag|Myanmar}}}} {{nowrap|15. {{Flag|Bangladesh}}}}}}<ref>Mandates and other territories aren't included in the map as they were the parts of the British Empire; not of the British Raj</ref>]]
[[British Raj]] left a significant impact on the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Middle East]], and through the region's role in the [[British Empire]], on the world. There are total of 15 countries that were part of the erstwhile British Raj, together as '''post-British Raj states.'''

Following the [[Partition of India|partition of the Raj]], the post-British Raj states and the international community ''[[de jure]]'' and ''[[de facto]],'' recognized [[India]] as the actual [[continuator state]] to the British Raj as a whole, because both the countries share a common rules and law in terms of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administration]], [[British Raj Army|army and asset formation]], religion, [[India and the United Nations|UN and UNSC membership and position]] etc. Other states (including [[Pakistan]]) were recognized only as successor states only in terms of land. All other 14 states, except India, are considered only successor states but not continuator states.

== History ==
{{See also|Britons in India}}

=== Colonial era ===
{{See also|Foreign relations of British India}}{{Quote box
| quote = The Indians will, I hope, soon stand in the same position towards us in which we once stood towards the Romans. [...] From being obstinate enemies, the Britons soon became attached and confiding friends; and they made more strenuous efforts to retain the Romans, than their ancestors had done to resist their invasion.
| author = [[Sir Charles Trevelyan]] (1838)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=David |date=2017-08-10 |title=The gift of civilisation: how imperial Britons saw their mission in India |url=https://theconversation.com/the-gift-of-civilisation-how-imperial-britons-saw-their-mission-in-india-80302 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>
| source =
| width = 270px
}}Colonial officials in [[British India]], faced with an unprecedented task in governing an unfamiliar and vast land, often referred back to their own European history to adjudge how to leave a positive legacy behind in India. In deciding and justifying policy, they often made references to the impact of the [[Roman Britain|Roman Empire in ancient Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-14 |title=In India, the British empire saw a future for the Greco-Roman civilisation |url=https://qz.com/india/1052639/in-india-the-british-empire-saw-a-future-for-the-greco-roman-civilisation |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
Upon India's independence, British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] dubbed India the "Light of Asia", implying that it would act as a model of liberal democracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Misra |first=Maria |date=2003 |title=Lessons of Empire: Britain and India |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/45515/summary |journal=SAIS Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=133–153 |issn=1945-4724}}</ref> He described a variety of positive contributions made by the British to India's future, ranging from the economic to the societal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orders of the Day — Indian Independence Bill |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1947-07-10a.2441.0 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}</ref> India then further separated from British involvement in 1950 by [[Republic Day (India)|becoming a republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=How a British law to declare India independent in 1947 shaped its future |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-a-british-law-to-declare-india-independent-in-1947-shaped-its-future-13804287.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Economic impact ==
{{Main|Economy of India under the British Raj#Aftermath}}

{{See also|History of tea in India}}
The [[English language]] serves as a distinguishing feature in India's modern economic life, with Indian men who speak fluent English earning 34% higher hourly salaries than men who don't speak English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Timalsina |first=Tarun |date=2021-03-18 |title=Redefining Colonial Legacies: India and the English Language |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/redefining-colonial-legacies-india-and-the-english-language/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Harvard Political Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220004143/https://harvardpolitics.com/redefining-colonial-legacies-india-and-the-english-language/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Map of Indian Railways, 1882.jpg
| image2 = 2005 Indian railways gauges-blank.png
| footer = The Indian railways in 1882 (left) and 2005
| total_width = 260
}}
Revenues from British trade with India played a significant role in funding the [[Industrial Revolution]] in UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British colonialism in India - The British Empire - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zx8sf82#zcyq2v4 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The British-built [[Rail transport in India|railways]] transformed Indian society in a number of ways, allowing for new forms of transregional and international commerce to emerge. However, the British banned Indians from manufacturing their own locomotive technology in 1912; this meant that Indians had to re-learn this craft from the British after independence in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=JC |first=Anand |date=2023-08-14 |title=The truth about colonial railways: Did the British infrastructure really benefit India? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/the-truth-about-colonial-railways-did-the-british-infrastructure-really-benefit-india/articleshow/102691944.cms?from=mdr#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]], a state company in postcolonial India, is now one of the world's biggest employers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-27 |title=Twenty million Indians apply for 100,000 railway jobs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43551719 |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Ideological impact ==
{{See also|Partition of India#Perspectives|History of education in the Indian subcontinent#Colonial era|label 2=Colonial history of education in the Indian subcontinent}}

The Indian administrative apparatus was initially created by the British.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prevalence of Colonial Influence in India's Bureaucracy: Unraveling the Legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/beyond-the-headlines/prevalence-of-colonial-influence-in-indias-bureaucracy-unraveling-the-legacy-54081/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), instituted in the colonial era, went on to serve as the foundation for legal codes passed by the British in several of their other colonies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-28 |title=377: The British colonial law that left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in Asia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57606847 |access-date=2025-02-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Sikh Rehat Maryada}}

Christianity began to be perceived negatively by many Indians during British rule, as it was seen as part of the imperialist project.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=2006 |title=CHRISTIANITY AS AN ARM OF EMPIRE: THE AMBIGUOUS CASE OF INDIA UNDER THE COMPANY, c. 1813–1858 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/christianity-as-an-arm-of-empire-the-ambiguous-case-of-india-under-the-company-c-18131858/4BF09969ACEA0C680083CEE9B857946E |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1025–1054 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005723 |issn=1469-5103|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, aspects of Christianity, such as its emphasis on monotheism, [[History of Hinduism#Modern Hinduism (after c. 1850 CE)|influenced Hindu beliefs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Anustup |date=2012-05-01 |title=The "Indian" Monotheism |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/boundary-2/article-abstract/39/2/111/55991/The-Indian-Monotheism?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Boundary 2 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=111–141 |doi=10.1215/01903659-1597907 |issn=0190-3659|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Christian pacifism]] also found indirect expression in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence movement]], with [[Gandhi]] having held an appreciation of Jesus and certain passages from the Bible.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellsberg |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HA6oAgAAQBAJ |title=Gandhi on Christianity |date=2013-12-03 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-0-88344-756-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Islamic legacies in India also came to be perceived more negatively, as the British, influenced by their European Christian history of conflict with Muslims and also seeking to justify their control of India, portrayed the [[Indo-Muslim period]] in a more negative light and made themselves out to be the saviours of the Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Prathama |date=2020-03-03 |title=Are communal riots a new thing in India? Yes, and it started with the British |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-communal-riots-a-new-thing-in-india-yes-and-it-started-with-the-british/374458/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In the aftermath of Partition, independent India's historians sought to downplay atrocities in the Indo-Muslim period to maintain communal harmony, though with the rise of [[Hindu nationalism]] in the 21st century, the negative aspects of the Indo-Muslim period came to be focused on to a disproportionate extent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Islam Become More Syncretic in India? An Interview With William Dalrymple |url=https://thewire.in/history/did-islam-become-more-syncretic-in-india-an-interview-with-william-dalrymple |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2004-03-20 |title=Trapped in the ruins |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/mar/20/india.fiction |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Zinkin argues that certain British political ideologies took root even among Hindu nationalists in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zinkin |first=Maurice |date=October 1995 |title=Legacies of the Raj |journal=Asian Affairs |type=Book Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=314–16 |doi=10.1080/714041289 |issn=0306-8374}}</ref><ref>Y. K. Malik and V. B. Singh, ''Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party'' (Westview Press, 1994), p. 14</ref>

== Geopolitical impact ==
{{See also|Asian relations with Northeast India#Myanmar|label 1=Myanmar's relations with Northeast India}}{{Multiple images
| image1 = Mughal Empire (orthographic projection).svg
| image2 = British India (orthographic projection).svg
| footer = Mughal India (left), British India (centre - including princely states), and present-day India (right)
| image3 = South Asia-India.svg
| total_width = 350
}}

One major change in India was the [[Political integration of India|rejection]] of its former separate [[princely state]]s; British India, which became the modern nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, encompassed more territory than its pan-Indian predecessor, [[Mughal India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tully |first=Mark |date=1998-07-01 |title=India: the British legacy fifty years on |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/714041349 |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=131–140 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/714041349|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The formation of British India and its frontiers was accompanied by a conscious policy of creating [[buffer state]]s that could shield against rivals such as the [[Russian Empire]]; this elevated the concept of buffer states to international vogue in the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy |last2=Mohan |first2=C. Raja |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath |date=2015-07-23 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-106118-9 |language=en}}</ref>

British India's record of helping the British Empire expand plays a role in the deterioration of modern [[China–India relations]], as Chinese strategists were wary of postcolonial India attempting to resume an outsized role in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-16 |title=GMF – The New Great Game: Why the Bush administration has embraced India |url=http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |access-date=2025-02-19 |archive-date=2008-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141747/http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=254 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Negative [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]] also trace back to the extension of British India's borders into [[Pashtunistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Mudasar |title=Pakistan -Afghan Relations: Historic Mirror |url=https://www.academia.edu/37796357}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{See also|Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army}}
The British introduced the idea of separating the political and military spheres of government into South Asia; however, this did not remain in effect in the post-independent Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=The British Roots Of Pakistan's Dysfunctional And Authoritarian Politics |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Aug-2023/the-british-roots-of-pakistan-s-dysfunctional-and-authoritarian-politics |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout history, India had mainly faced threats of land-based invasion, which meant that it did not have a naval focus until the colonial era, when the British took steps to guard the maritime routes to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Anirban |date=2023-06-01 |title=India's Role in the Indian Ocean Region and Its Links to the Indo-Pacific |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09735984231164457 |journal=Jadavpur Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–127 |doi=10.1177/09735984231164457 |issn=0973-5984|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Royal Indian Navy]]'s size was restricted during that time to reduce the chance of a mutiny; in the first few decades of India's independence, the [[Indian Navy]] was still dependent on the United Kingdom for training and support. However, lack of Western support during the Cold War then pushed India toward the Soviet Union for help in building its navy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-03-01 |title=Indian Navy Stands at a Crossroads |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1998/march/indian-navy-stands-crossroads |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=gateway |date=2016-08-11 |title=Partition 1947: the navy we didn't see |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/partition-1947-part-didnt-see/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref> Only in the aftermath of the Cold War, during which India had been concentrated on land-based threats from its neighbours Pakistan and China and had been maintaining its [[Non-Aligned Movement|nonalignment policy]] in the Indian Ocean, did the Indian Navy become more important to the country's military planning.<ref name=":0" />

== Demographic impact ==
{{See also|Commonwealth diaspora}}{{Multiple image
| image1 = Map of the Indian Diaspora in the World.svg
| image2 = British Empire.png
| footer = The [[Indian diaspora]] (left) is substantially based in former British colonies (right); this influenced India to maintain ties to them through [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth membership]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerji |first=Arun Kumar |date=1981-10-01 |title=The Nehru-Menon legacy that still survives |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00358538108453543 |journal=The Round Table |language=EN |volume=71 |issue=284 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1080/00358538108453543|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| total_width = 400
}}

Much of the roots of the modern [[South Asian diaspora]] can be traced to British India, as the British relied on merchants, [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]], and other groups of Indians to expand the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haitao |first=Jia |date=2020-01-01 |title=British colonial expansion with Indian diaspora: the pattern of Indian overseas migration |url=http://cjas.kapadokya.edu.tr/index.php/cjas/article/view/13/14 |journal=Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=56–81 |doi=10.38154/cjas.27 |issn=2717-7254|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Communal relations ===
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy}}

The introduction [[Census in British India|of census-based demography]] and electoral politics in the colonial era, along with the increase in [[Reservation in India|reservation quotas]] for lower castes after independence, played a substantial role in defining religious and caste-based identities in modern India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-19 |title=Viewpoint: How the British reshaped India's caste system |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48619734 |access-date=2025-02-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Colonialism and Imperialism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0269.xml |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> Ideas around race, which were used in the colonial era to explain the vast European empires and the apparent long-term downfall of India, factored into the [[martial race]] theory and further social categorisations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohan |first=Jyoti |title=Legacies of Colonial Rule in India: How Race and Caste Continue to Divide Modern India |date=2024 |work=Handbook of Indian History |pages=363–383 |editor-last=Vemsani |editor-first=Lavanya |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_16 |access-date=2025-02-19 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-6207-1_16 |isbn=978-981-97-6207-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The 1947 [[Partition of India]], cleaving the Muslim- and non-Muslim-majority regions of British India, resulted in 15 million people migrating between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan, which is the largest mass migration in human history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partition of 1947 continues to haunt India, Pakistan |url=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/03/partition-1947-continues-haunt-india-pakistan-stanford-scholar-says |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=news.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref>

== Cultural impact ==
{{Main|Culture of British India|India-United Kingdom relations#Cultural relations|l2 = India-United Kingdom cultural relations}}

[[File:A_Cricket_fan_at_the_Chepauk_stadium,_Chennai.jpg|thumb|213x213px|A supporter of the [[Indian cricket team]] at a match. Cricket, a British-origin sport, has been described as a [[Cricket in South Asia|major unifying force in South Asia]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The unifying power of South Asian cricket |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/NAR/Articles/The-unifying-power-of-South-Asian-cricket2 |access-date=2024-05-07 |magazine=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
The British colonisation of India influenced [[South Asian culture]] noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan (and which also greatly [[Englishisation#South Asia|influenced]] the native South Asian languages; see also: [[South Asian English]])<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hodges |first1=Amy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education |last2=Seawright |first2=Leslie |date=2014-09-26 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6761-0 |language=en}}</ref> followed by the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|blend]] of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]] and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words [[List of English words of Indian origin|entering]] the English language,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How India changed the English language |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150619-how-india-changed-english |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.bbc.com |date=22 June 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and also the adoption of [[South Asian cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket, curry and cups of tea: India's influence on Victorian Britain |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/cricket-curry-and-cups-of-tea/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=HistoryExtra |language=en}}</ref>

Modern Indian attitudes around sexuality have become more rigid since the colonial era due to the absorption of Victorian-era British Christian ideas around the modesty of the body.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-04 |title=A Point of View: The sacred and sensuous in Indian art |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26873149 |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Sport in the United Kingdom|British sports]] (particularly [[Field hockey|hockey]] early on, but then largely replaced by [[cricket]] in recent decades, with [[Association football|football]] also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2017 |title=What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013320/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2022 |title=World Cup 2022: How football fever is gripping cricket-crazy India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63645416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013318/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63645416 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> were [[Sport in British India|cemented as part of South Asian culture]] during the British Raj, with the [[Traditional games of the Indian subcontinent|local games]] having been overtaken in popularity but also standardised by British influences.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=26 February 2020 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=http://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231232121/https://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Elements of [[Indian physical culture]], such as [[Indian clubs]], also made their way to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heffernan |first=Connor |date=2022 |title=State of the Field: Physical Culture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-229X.13258 |journal=History |language=en |volume=107 |issue=374 |pages=143–162 |doi=10.1111/1468-229X.13258 |issn=0018-2648}}</ref>

British archaeologists and cultural enthusiasts played a significant role during the colonial era in rediscovering and publicising some of India's pre-Islamic heritage, which had begun to disappear during the [[Indo-Muslim period]], as well as preserving some of the Mughal monuments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=2002-09-27 |title=When Buddha was sacked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/sep/28/featuresreviews.guardianreview4 |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masani |first=Zareer |date=2023-01-29 |title=How the British saved India's classical history |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-the-british-saved-indias-classical-history/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Spectator |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Legacy of the British Empire]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Legacies|British India]]
[[Category:British India]]

Legacy of the British Raj - Revision history

Dlife at 05:15, 2 April 2026