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	{{Asia topic\|Languages of}}		{{Asia topic\|Languages of}}
	{{Life in India}}		{{Life in India}}
	~~{{Portalbar\|India\|Languages}}~~

	[[Category:Languages of India\| ]]		[[Category:Languages of India\| ]]
	[[Category:Demographics of India]]		[[Category:Demographics of India]]

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	{{About\|the general overview of Indian languages\|historical context\|Linguistic history of India}}		{{About\|the general overview of Indian languages\|historical context\|Linguistic history of India}}
	{{Distinguish\|Languages of South Asia{{!}}Languages of the Indian subcontinent}}		{{Distinguish\|Languages of South Asia{{!}}Languages of the Indian subcontinent}}
	~~{{pp\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2016}}

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	~~{{pp-protected\|small=yes}}~~
	{{short description\|Languages spoken in the Republic of India}}		{{short description\|Languages spoken in the Republic of India}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}
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	==Language families==		==Language families==
	Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of [[language family\|language families]], language phyla and [[language isolate\|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008"/> Languages spoken in [[India]] belong to several [[Language family\|language families]], the major ones being the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the [[Dravidian languages]] spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are:<ref name="EBIndiaLanguages">{{cite web \|title=India : Languages \| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46398/Languages \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online \|access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref~~><ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages"/><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages"/><ref name="Moseley2008"/~~><ref>[https://www.indiastat.com, INDIA STATISTICS REPORT]</ref>		Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of [[language family\|language families]], language phyla and [[language isolate\|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008"/> Languages spoken in [[India]] belong to several [[Language family\|language families]], the major ones being the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the [[Dravidian languages]] spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are:<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages"/><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages"/><ref name="Moseley2008"/><ref name="EBIndiaLanguages">{{cite web \|title=India : Languages \| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46398/Languages \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online \|access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiastat.com, INDIA STATISTICS REPORT]</ref>

	{\| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center"		{\| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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	As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in [[Kerala]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)\|Puducherry]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Accordingly, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ensured the enactment of the [[s:Official Languages Act, 1963\|Official Languages Act, 1963]],<ref name="OLA163Amdt">{{cite web\|title=Official Languages Act, 1963 (with amendments)\|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/official_lang/downloads/act1963_eng.PDF \|website=Indian Railways\|date=10 May 1963\| access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="CPOLch07">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf \|title=Chapter 7 – Compliance of Section 3(3) of the Official Languages Act, 1963\|work=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf\|archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.<ref name="Guha2011"/> The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.<ref name="Guha2011"/>		As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in [[Kerala]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)\|Puducherry]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Accordingly, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ensured the enactment of the [[s:Official Languages Act, 1963\|Official Languages Act, 1963]],<ref name="OLA163Amdt">{{cite web\|title=Official Languages Act, 1963 (with amendments)\|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/official_lang/downloads/act1963_eng.PDF \|website=Indian Railways\|date=10 May 1963\| access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="CPOLch07">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf \|title=Chapter 7 – Compliance of Section 3(3) of the Official Languages Act, 1963\|work=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf\|archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.<ref name="Guha2011"/> The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.<ref name="Guha2011"/>

	In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.~~<ref name="Guha2011"/>~~<ref name="Hardgrave1965">{{cite book\|author=Hardgrave, Robert L.\|date=August 1965\|title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis\|series=Asian Survey\|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>		In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.<ref name="Hardgrave1965">{{cite book\|author=Hardgrave, Robert L.\|date=August 1965\|title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis\|series=Asian Survey\|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Guha2011"/>

	As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref name="Time1966">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html \| title=The force of words \| work=Time \| date=19 February 1965\|access-date=3 January 2015\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Forrester1966">{{citation \|last=Forrester \|first=Duncan B. \|title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India \|journal=Pacific Affairs \|volume=39 \|issue=1/2 \|pages=19–36 \|date=Spring–Summer 1966 \|doi=10.2307/2755179\|jstor=2755179 }}</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a [[Resolution (law)\|resolution]] to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="OLA163Amdt"/>		As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref name="Time1966">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html \| title=The force of words \| work=Time \| date=19 February 1965\|access-date=3 January 2015\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Forrester1966">{{citation \|last=Forrester \|first=Duncan B. \|title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India \|journal=Pacific Affairs \|volume=39 \|issue=1/2 \|pages=19–36 \|date=Spring–Summer 1966 \|doi=10.2307/2755179\|jstor=2755179 }}</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a [[Resolution (law)\|resolution]] to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="OLA163Amdt"/>
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	====English====		====English====
	{{Main\|English language\|Indian English}}		{{Main\|English language\|Indian English}}
	British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a ''lingua franca'' over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a ''[[de facto]]'' ''[[lingua franca]]'' over much of India.<ref name="~~Guha2011~~"/><ref name="~~Hardgrave1965~~"/> Journalist [[Manu Joseph]], in a 2011 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote that due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<ref>{{cite web\|author=Joseph, Manu\|author-link=Manu Joseph\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html\|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here\|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]\|date=2011-02-17}}</ref>		British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a ''lingua franca'' over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a ''[[de facto]]'' ''[[lingua franca]]'' over much of India.<ref name="Hardgrave1965"/><ref name="Guha2011"/> Journalist [[Manu Joseph]], in a 2011 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote that due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<ref>{{cite web\|author=Joseph, Manu\|author-link=Manu Joseph\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html\|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here\|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]\|date=2011-02-17}}</ref>

	===Scheduled languages===		===Scheduled languages===

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	{{#InterwikiExtract: {{{1\|~~{{PAGENAME}}~~}}}		{{Dead end\|date=February 2021}}
			{{#InterwikiExtract: {{{1\|Languages of India}}}
	\|wiki = wikipedia		\|wiki = wikipedia
	\|format = html		\|format = html
	\|intro = true		\|intro = true
	}}		}}
	<div style="text-align: right;"><code>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{{1\|~~{{PAGENAME}}~~}}} from Wikipedia]</code></div>		<div style="text-align: right;"><code>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{{1\|Languages of India}}} from Wikipedia]</code></div>


			{{stub}}
			{{Uncategorized stub\|date=February 2021}}

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	{{About\|the general overview of Indian languages\|historical context\|Linguistic history of India}}		{{About\|the general overview of Indian languages\|historical context\|Linguistic history of India}}
	{{Distinguish\|Languages of South Asia{{!}}Languages of the Indian subcontinent}}		{{Distinguish\|Languages of South Asia{{!}}Languages of the Indian subcontinent}}
	~~{{pp\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}
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	~~{{pp-protected\|small=yes}}~~
	{{short description\|Languages spoken in the Republic of India}}		{{short description\|Languages spoken in the Republic of India}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2018}}
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	==Language families==		==Language families==
	Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of [[language family\|language families]], language phyla and [[language isolate\|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008"/> Languages spoken in [[India]] belong to several [[Language family\|language families]], the major ones being the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the [[Dravidian languages]] spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are:<ref name="EBIndiaLanguages">{{cite web \|title=India : Languages \| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46398/Languages \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online \|access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref~~><ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages"/><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages"/><ref name="Moseley2008"/~~><ref>[https://www.indiastat.com, INDIA STATISTICS REPORT]</ref>		Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of [[language family\|language families]], language phyla and [[language isolate\|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008"/> Languages spoken in [[India]] belong to several [[Language family\|language families]], the major ones being the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the [[Dravidian languages]] spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The languages of India belong to several language families, the most important of which are:<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages"/><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages"/><ref name="Moseley2008"/><ref name="EBIndiaLanguages">{{cite web \|title=India : Languages \| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46398/Languages \|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online \|access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiastat.com, INDIA STATISTICS REPORT]</ref>

	{\| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center"		{\| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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	As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in [[Kerala]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)\|Puducherry]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Accordingly, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ensured the enactment of the [[s:Official Languages Act, 1963\|Official Languages Act, 1963]],<ref name="OLA163Amdt">{{cite web\|title=Official Languages Act, 1963 (with amendments)\|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/official_lang/downloads/act1963_eng.PDF \|website=Indian Railways\|date=10 May 1963\| access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="CPOLch07">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf \|title=Chapter 7 – Compliance of Section 3(3) of the Official Languages Act, 1963\|work=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf\|archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.<ref name="Guha2011"/> The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.<ref name="Guha2011"/>		As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in [[Kerala]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)\|Puducherry]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Accordingly, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ensured the enactment of the [[s:Official Languages Act, 1963\|Official Languages Act, 1963]],<ref name="OLA163Amdt">{{cite web\|title=Official Languages Act, 1963 (with amendments)\|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/official_lang/downloads/act1963_eng.PDF \|website=Indian Railways\|date=10 May 1963\| access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="CPOLch07">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf \|title=Chapter 7 – Compliance of Section 3(3) of the Official Languages Act, 1963\|work=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf\|archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.<ref name="Guha2011"/> The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.<ref name="Guha2011"/>

	In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.~~<ref name="Guha2011"/>~~<ref name="Hardgrave1965">{{cite book\|author=Hardgrave, Robert L.\|date=August 1965\|title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis\|series=Asian Survey\|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>		In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.<ref name="Hardgrave1965">{{cite book\|author=Hardgrave, Robert L.\|date=August 1965\|title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis\|series=Asian Survey\|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref><ref name="Guha2011"/>

	As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref name="Time1966">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html \| title=The force of words \| work=Time \| date=19 February 1965\|access-date=3 January 2015\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Forrester1966">{{citation \|last=Forrester \|first=Duncan B. \|title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India \|journal=Pacific Affairs \|volume=39 \|issue=1/2 \|pages=19–36 \|date=Spring–Summer 1966 \|doi=10.2307/2755179\|jstor=2755179 }}</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a [[Resolution (law)\|resolution]] to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="OLA163Amdt"/>		As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref name="Time1966">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html \| title=The force of words \| work=Time \| date=19 February 1965\|access-date=3 January 2015\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Forrester1966">{{citation \|last=Forrester \|first=Duncan B. \|title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India \|journal=Pacific Affairs \|volume=39 \|issue=1/2 \|pages=19–36 \|date=Spring–Summer 1966 \|doi=10.2307/2755179\|jstor=2755179 }}</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a [[Resolution (law)\|resolution]] to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="OLA163Amdt"/>
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	====English====		====English====
	{{Main\|English language\|Indian English}}		{{Main\|English language\|Indian English}}
	British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a ''lingua franca'' over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a ''[[de facto]]'' ''[[lingua franca]]'' over much of India.<ref name="~~Guha2011~~"/><ref name="~~Hardgrave1965~~"/> Journalist [[Manu Joseph]], in a 2011 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote that due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<ref>{{cite web\|author=Joseph, Manu\|author-link=Manu Joseph\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html\|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here\|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]\|date=2011-02-17}}</ref>		British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a ''lingua franca'' over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a ''[[de facto]]'' ''[[lingua franca]]'' over much of India.<ref name="Hardgrave1965"/><ref name="Guha2011"/> Journalist [[Manu Joseph]], in a 2011 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote that due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<ref>{{cite web\|author=Joseph, Manu\|author-link=Manu Joseph\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html\|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here\|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]\|date=2011-02-17}}</ref>

	===Scheduled languages===		===Scheduled languages===

Languages of India - Revision history

113.193.44.18 at 19:08, 21 August 2023

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