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	{{short description\|Medieval kingdom in Punjab}}		{{short description\|Medieval kingdom in Punjab}}
	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country

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{{short description|Medieval kingdom in Punjab}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Langah Sultanate
| common_name = Langah Sultanate
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| era = Late Medieval Period
| status = [[Sultanate]]
| languages_type = Spoken languages
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|(dynastic)}}, [[Balochi language|Balochi]]
| year_start = 1445
| year_end = 1540
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event1 = Langah Sultanate begins
| event2 = Langah Sultanate ends
| p1 = Sayyid dynasty
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Sur Empire
| flag_s1 =
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag =
| image_map = Map of the Langah Sultanate circa 1475 CE.png
| map_width = 300px
| image_map_caption = Approximate territory of the Langah Sultanate at its greatest extent, circa 1475 CE.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |last2=Rafi |first2=A. Q. |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 4: THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING |date=1998 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |page=305 |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind%2C%20baluchistan%2C%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf}}</ref>
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Multan]]
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[Pakistan]]
}}

The '''Langah Sultanate''', also known as the '''Sultanate of Multan''', was a kingdom ruled by the [[Langah tribe|Langah Rajputs]] in south [[Punjab]] from 1445 to 1540.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=Langah+Rajputs&pg=PA338 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |page=338 |language=en |quote=Meanwhile the Langah Rajputs had established themselves on the throne of Multan...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=langah+sultanate |title=Sher Shah and His Times |last2=Kānūnago |first2=Kālikā Rañjana |date=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=286 |language=en |quote=Under the shadow of Rajput Langah dynasty of Multan...}}</ref> Their capital was the city of [[Multan]].

== History ==
After invasion of Emir [[Timur]] in 1398, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] became greatly weak and the city of [[Multan]] became independent of the Sultanate of Delhi. The inhabitants chose Shaikh Yousaf Qureshi, a descendent of the famous Sufi [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]], as ruler in 1438. He was a mild and unexperienced ruler. In 1445, Rai Sahra, chief of the Langah attacked the city at night with the help of his tribesmen, arrested Sheikh Yousaf and proclaimed himself Sultan. In this way Multan passed to the Langah clan,<ref name="UNESCO" /> thus establishing the Langah Sultanate.<ref name="UNESCO" /> The reign of [[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husayn I]] who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to be the most illustrious of the Langah Sultans.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by Tatar Khan and [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> He fought off attempts to reinstall Shiekh Yousaf who had taken refuge under Delhi Sultans. Eventually, he signed a peace treaty with [[Sikander Lodhi]] and abducted in the favour of his son. His successor, Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Sultan Mahmud Shah I, inherited the Sultanate stretched encompassing the neighbouring regions, including the cities of [[Chiniot]] and [[Shorkot]].<ref name="UNESCO" /> During the rule of the Langah, a large number of [[Baloch people|Baloch tribes]] were allowed to settle in the Derajaat Border in turn for military service.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=J |title=A History of the Peoples of Pakistan: Towards Independence |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195778199 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKDjAAAAMAAJ&q=langah+sultanate+baloch}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|last=Unesco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&dq=Langah+Sultanate&pg=PA304|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|date=1998-01-01|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103467-1|language=en}}</ref>

===Decline===
{{South Asia in 1525 CE||Location of the Langah Sultanate and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076}}</ref>|{{Annotation|64|59|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|37px]]}}}}
[[Husseyn Langah I|Sultan Husayn I]] being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, assigned the region around [[Dera Ismail Khan]] to Sardar [[Malik Sohrab Dodai]] in 1469 or 1471 and appointed him as "Jagirdar".<ref name="tolbort">{{cite book |last1=Tolbort |first1=T |title=The District of Dera Ismail Khan, Trans-Indus |date=1871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVQOAAAAQAAJ&q=dera+ismail+khan |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> During the reign of Mahmud Langah, his Vizier rebelled and declared himself independent ruler of Sorkot. The city was invaded during the reign of Sultan Husseyn II by ruler Shah Husayn of the [[Arghun dynasty]], probably at [[Babur]]'s insistence.<ref name="UNESCO" /> [[Multan]] fell in 1528 after an extended siege and Shah Husayn appointed his son Mirza Askari as governor of the city, assisted by Langar Khan, one of the powerful Amirs of Sultan Mahmud Langah I. Shortly after Shah Husayn departed Multan for [[Thatta]], however, the governor was thrown out of the city. The rebels under Sultan Mahmud II administered Multan for a time independently<ref>Davies, pp. 627-8</ref> but in 1541, [[Sher Shah Suri]] captured Multan, and the Sultanate ended.<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669}}</ref>

===Culture===
The position of [[Multan]] as trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world remained dominant during the Sultanate era. During their reign, Multan became the principle caravan route between [[Qandahar]] and [[Delhi]]. The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the [[Multani Caravanserai]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] — which was built in the 15th century to house Multani merchants visiting the city.<ref name="Amity">{{cite book|title=Amity, Volumes 1-3|date=1963|publisher=Indo-Soviet Cultural Society|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40EtAQAAMAAJ&q=multani+caravanserai|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> Legal records from the Uzbek city of [[Bukhara]] note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.<ref name="Levi">{{cite news|last1=Levi|first1=Scott|title=Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uviBQAAQBAJ&q=multan&pg=PT7|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=Penguin UK|date=2016|isbn=9789351189169}}</ref>

[[File:Ghazi khan tomb DG khan.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of [[Ghazi Khan]], the Baloch Governor of [[Derajat]], appointed by Langah rulers.]]
Another important feature of this era was migration of [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes and their settling in South Punjab.<ref name="UNESCO" /> They soon became core of the military<ref name="books.google.com"/> and held political positions in regions like [[Derajat]].

===Ministers===
Following is the list of known ministers of Langah Sultante:
* Imadul Mulk (1469–1499), he was Vizier of [[Husseyn Langah I]]. He rebelled against him and was imprisoned.
* Jam Bayzid (1499–1503), he was Vizier of Mahmud Langah I. Due to his strained relations with the Sultan, he rebelled and declared himself independent ruler of Sorkot.<ref>Ferishta, II, p,329; Nahawandi, I, p.278.</ref>
* Shuja Bukhari (1503–1518), He was Vizier of Mahmud Langah.
* Langar Khan (1518–1526), He was last Vizier of Sultanate. He assisted [[Arghun Dynasty|Shah Hussain Arghun]] to conquer Multan.

== Rulers ==
* Sultan Qutbudin (Rai Sahra Langah) (1445–1469)
* Sultan [[Husseyn Langah I]] (1469–1498)
* Sultan Mahmud I (1498–1518)
* Sultan Husseyn II (1518–1526)
* Sultan Mahmud Langah II (1526–1540)

==See also==
*[[History of Multan]]
*[[History of Punjab]]
*[[Emirate of Multan]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Dynasties of the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Rajput monarchs]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1445]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1540]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Langah Sultanate - Revision history

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