Subhamaykarjee: slightly updated intro per sources and cleaned formatting

2026-03-22T19:18:04Z

slightly updated intro per sources and cleaned formatting

imported>Yamaguchi先生: Reverted edits by 2600:8806:405:A000:A917:9EA7:1AAD:3916 (talk) to last version by Uanfala

2021-08-04T21:03:34Z

Reverted edits by 2600:8806:405:A000:A917:9EA7:1AAD:3916 (talk) to last version by Uanfala

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:33, 5 August 2021
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	==Development==		==Development==
	The "Bahawalpur Gazette" published from the state of Bahawalpur in 1904 clearly mentions that Punjabi is spoken in the state of Bahawalpur.The Riasti dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in Bahawalpur was later given the Saraiki identity.



	Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book\|last=Shackle\|first=Christopher\|author-link=Christopher Shackle\|chapter=Lahnda\|page=635\|year=2010\|editor1-last=Brown\|editor1-first=Keith\|editor2-last=Ogilvie\|editor2-first=Sarah\|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World\|location=Oxford\|publisher=Elsevier\|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn\|Rahman\|1997\|p=838}}{{sfn\|Shackle\|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.{{sfn\|Javaid\|2004\|p=46}}		Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book\|last=Shackle\|first=Christopher\|author-link=Christopher Shackle\|chapter=Lahnda\|page=635\|year=2010\|editor1-last=Brown\|editor1-first=Keith\|editor2-last=Ogilvie\|editor2-first=Sarah\|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World\|location=Oxford\|publisher=Elsevier\|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn\|Rahman\|1997\|p=838}}{{sfn\|Shackle\|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.{{sfn\|Javaid\|2004\|p=46}}
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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
	~~15. ^Bahawalpur Guzette 1904 https://sanipanhwar.com › Ga...PDF~~
	Gazetteerr of Bahawalpur State - sani P.115 panhwar.comhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sanipanhwar.com/Gazetteerr%2520of%2520Bahawalpur%2520State%25201904.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiasN2Tx8TxAhUICRoKHajdDuYQFnoECAMQAg&usg=AOvVaw2ndtTO-e29DbWZcvC0DEN5

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	*		*[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson\|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]
	~~https://sanipanhwar.com › Ga...PDF~~
	~~Gazetteerr of Bahawalpur State - sani panhwar.com~~

	[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson\|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

	{{Punjabi dialects}}		{{Punjabi dialects}}

>Usama Jatt: /* References */I improve this by adding page number.

2021-07-02T14:08:56Z

References: I improve this by adding page number.

New page

{{For|the scripts|Laṇḍā scripts}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Lahnda
| region = Western [[Punjab region]]
| ethnicity =
| speakers = 42 million
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
| script = [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]<br><small>([[Shahmukhi alphabet]])</small>
| iso1 =
| iso2 = lah
| iso3 = lah
| lc1 = hnd
| ld1 = [[Southern Hindko]]
| lc2 = hno
| ld2 = [[Northern Hindko]]
| lc3 = jat
| ld3 = [[Inku language|Inku]]
| lc4 = phr
| ld4 = [[Pahari-Pothwari]]
| lc6 = skr
| ld6 = [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]
| lc7 = xhe
| ld7 = [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]]
| map = File:Languages_and_Dialects_of_Lahnda.png
| glotto = lahn1241
| glottorefname = Lahnda
}}
'''Lahnda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}})<ref>{{OED|Lahnda}}</ref> also known as '''Lahndi''' or '''Western Punjabi''', is a group of north-western [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India.<ref>Defined as a "macrolanguage" in {{harvtxt|Simons|Fennig|2017}} and as a "series of dialects" in {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] generally.</ref>
The main Lahnda languages are [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] and [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari/Pothwari]].{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} 
They are spoken in large parts of [[Pakistani Punjab]], in some areas of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkwa]] province (especially [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]]), throughout Pakistani-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and in the western parts of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

Terms like ''Lahnda'' or ''Western Punjabi'' are [[exonyms]] employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=17–18}}
The validity of Lahnda as a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic grouping]] has not been established.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}}

==Name==
''Lahnda'' means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by [[William St. Clair Tisdall]] (in the form ''Lahindā'') probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably [[George Abraham Grierson]] — for a dialect group that had no general local name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|year=1930|title=Lahndā and Lahndī|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00090571}}</ref>{{rp|883}} This term has currency only among linguists.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}}

==Varieties==
[[File:North Lahnda Map.png|thumb|350x350px|Map of North Lahnda ([[Hindko]] and [[Pahari-Pothwari]]) dialects and varieties]]
Below is a list of the varieties of Lahnda and its number of speakers:{{sfn|Simons|Fennig|2017}}
* North Lahnda:
**[[Hindko]]: 7.71 million
***[[Northern Hindko]]: 4.47 million
***Southern Hindko: 3.24 million
**[[Pahari-Potwari|Pahari-Pothwari]]; 8.04 million
*Central Lahnda ([[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]]): 6 million
*South Lahnda:
**[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]; 26 million
***[[Multani dialect|Multani]]
***[[Thali dialect|Thali]]
***[[Riasti dialect|Riasti]]
**[[Inku language|Inku]]
**[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]]
Within Lahnda, [[Ethnologue]] also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" ([[ISO 639-3]] code: ''pnb'') – the [[Majhi dialect]]s transitional between Lahnda and [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern Punjabi]]; these are spoken by about 62 million people.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016b}}

==Development==
The "Bahawalpur Gazette" published from the state of Bahawalpur in 1904 clearly mentions that Punjabi is spoken in the state of Bahawalpur.The Riasti dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in Bahawalpur was later given the Saraiki identity.

Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}}{{sfn|Shackle|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}}

==Classification==

Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />

Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi, and [[Western Pahari languages|Western Pahari]] form a [[dialect continuum]] with no clear-cut boundaries. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.<ref>{{e18|lah}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
15. ^Bahawalpur Guzette 1904 https://sanipanhwar.com › Ga...PDF
Gazetteerr of Bahawalpur State - sani P.115 panhwar.comhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sanipanhwar.com/Gazetteerr%2520of%2520Bahawalpur%2520State%25201904.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiasN2Tx8TxAhUICRoKHajdDuYQFnoECAMQAg&usg=AOvVaw2ndtTO-e29DbWZcvC0DEN5

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal|last = Javaid|first = Umbreen|year = 2004|url = http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title = Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal = Journal of Research (Humanities)|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher = Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
*{{Cite web|title = Western Punjabi| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnb| editor-last1 = Lewis| editor-first1 = M. Paul| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D. | website = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2016b| edition = 19}} (access limited).
*{{Cite web|title = Lahnda| url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lah| editor-last1 = Simons| editor-first1 = Gary F.| editor-last2 = Fennig| editor-first2 = Charles D. | website = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2017| edition = 20}} (access limited).
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
*{{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi=10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan| journal = Modern Asian Studies| issn = 0026-749X| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 379–403| date = 1977| jstor = 311504| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}

== External links ==
*
https://sanipanhwar.com › Ga...PDF
Gazetteerr of Bahawalpur State - sani panhwar.com

[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

{{Punjabi dialects}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]

Lahnda - Revision history

Subhamaykarjee: slightly updated intro per sources and cleaned formatting

imported>Yamaguchi先生: Reverted edits by 2600:8806:405:A000:A917:9EA7:1AAD:3916 (talk) to last version by Uanfala

>Usama Jatt: /* References */I improve this by adding page number.