Ladakhi language - Revision history

LatonyaOconnor: fixed issues

2026-02-21T21:40:44Z

fixed issues

imported>Rsjaffe: clean up

2021-07-21T21:25:36Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 22 July 2021
Line 25:		Line 25:
	\| glotto = kenh1234		\| glotto = kenh1234
	\| glottorefname = Kenhatic		\| glottorefname = Kenhatic
	\| speakers2 = Most speakers counted under "Bhoti"{{~~fact~~\|date=January 2021}}		\| speakers2 = Most speakers counted under "Bhoti"{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}}
	}}		}}

Line 35:		Line 35:
	The Ladakhi language ({{bo\|t=ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་\|w=La-dwags skad}}) is also called '''Bhoti''' or '''Bodhi'''.<ref>[https://himalayaninitiatives.org/courses/ladakhi-language/ Ladakhi language], The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.		The Ladakhi language ({{bo\|t=ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་\|w=La-dwags skad}}) is also called '''Bhoti''' or '''Bodhi'''.<ref>[https://himalayaninitiatives.org/courses/ladakhi-language/ Ladakhi language], The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.
	</ref><ref>		</ref><ref>
	{{citation \|last=Namgial \|first=Eshay \|title=Ladakhi: An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language \|journal=The Tibet Journal \|volume=43 \|number=1 \|date=Spring–Summer 2018 \|pp=~~35-47~~ \|jstor=26634904}}		{{citation \|last=Namgial \|first=Eshay \|title=Ladakhi: An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language \|journal=The Tibet Journal \|volume=43 \|number=1 \|date=Spring–Summer 2018 \|pp=35–47 \|jstor=26634904}}
	</ref>		</ref>
	However, since Bhoti and Bodhi sound like “Buddhist” and can alienate Ladakhi Muslims who speak the same language, most Ladakhis usually refer to their language as Ladakhi.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=\|title=Ladakhi Language & Phrasebook\|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/ladakhi-language-and-phrasebook\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=}}</ref>		However, since Bhoti and Bodhi sound like “Buddhist” and can alienate Ladakhi Muslims who speak the same language, most Ladakhis usually refer to their language as Ladakhi.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=\|title=Ladakhi Language & Phrasebook\|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/ladakhi-language-and-phrasebook\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=}}</ref>
Line 42:		Line 42:
	[[Nicolas Tournadre]] considers Ladakhi, [[Balti dialect\|Balti]], and [[Purgi language\|Purgi]] to be distinct languages on the basis of [[mutual intelligibility]] (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed '''Ladakhi–Balti''' or '''Western Archaic Tibetan'''.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Nicolas \|last=Tournadre \|author-link=Nicolas Tournadre \|year=2005 \|title=L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes \|work=Lalies \|volume=25 \|pages=7–56 \|url=http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf }}</ref>		[[Nicolas Tournadre]] considers Ladakhi, [[Balti dialect\|Balti]], and [[Purgi language\|Purgi]] to be distinct languages on the basis of [[mutual intelligibility]] (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed '''Ladakhi–Balti''' or '''Western Archaic Tibetan'''.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Nicolas \|last=Tournadre \|author-link=Nicolas Tournadre \|year=2005 \|title=L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes \|work=Lalies \|volume=25 \|pages=7–56 \|url=http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf }}</ref>

	[[Zangskari dialect\|Zangskari]] is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of [[Lahaul]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and [[Paddar]] (Paldar).{{cn\|date=April 2020}}		[[Zangskari dialect\|Zangskari]] is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of [[Lahaul]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and [[Paddar]] (Paldar).{{citation needed\|date=April 2020}}
	It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the [[Tibetan script]].{{~~fact~~\|date=February 2020}}		It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the [[Tibetan script]].{{citation needed\|date=February 2020}}

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
Line 263:		Line 263:

	A section of Ladakhi society has been demanding inclusion of a newly named language, Bhoti, to be added to the [[Schedule 8 languages\|8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. They claim that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the [[Himalayas]] from [[Baltistan]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html \|title=National Seminar on 'Bhoti Language' held at Leh \|last=Tsewang Rigzin \|date=13 September 2013 \|website=Reach Ladakh \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924101438/http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html \|archive-date=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-J-K-logo/Article1-667511.aspx \|title=Ladakh council adopts new emblem replacing J-K logo \|date=27 February 2011 \|work=Hindustan Times \|access-date=2011-02-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301060545/http://www.hindustantimes.com//ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-j-k-logo/article1-667511.aspx \|archive-date=2011-03-01 \|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>		A section of Ladakhi society has been demanding inclusion of a newly named language, Bhoti, to be added to the [[Schedule 8 languages\|8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. They claim that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the [[Himalayas]] from [[Baltistan]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html \|title=National Seminar on 'Bhoti Language' held at Leh \|last=Tsewang Rigzin \|date=13 September 2013 \|website=Reach Ladakh \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924101438/http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html \|archive-date=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-J-K-logo/Article1-667511.aspx \|title=Ladakh council adopts new emblem replacing J-K logo \|date=27 February 2011 \|work=Hindustan Times \|access-date=2011-02-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301060545/http://www.hindustantimes.com//ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-j-k-logo/article1-667511.aspx \|archive-date=2011-03-01 \|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
	However, Bhoti may be one of the [[Lahuli–Spiti languages]] rather than Ladakhi. In the Indian census, most Ladakhi speakers registered their mother tongue under "Bhoti."{{~~fact~~\|date=January 2021}}		However, Bhoti may be one of the [[Lahuli–Spiti languages]] rather than Ladakhi. In the Indian census, most Ladakhi speakers registered their mother tongue under "Bhoti."{{citation needed\|date=January 2021}}

	==References==		==References==

202.83.59.191 at 14:33, 2 July 2021

2021-07-02T14:33:24Z

New page

{{short description|Tibetic language spoken in the Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ladakhi
| nativename = {{bo-textonly|ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་}} ''La-dwags skad''
| states = [[India]], [[China]]
| region = [[Ladakh]]
| ethnicity = [[Ladakhis]]
|image=[[File:Ladakhi.png|250px]]
| speakers = 110,826
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri]]
| fam3 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| fam4 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| fam5 = [[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi–Balti]]
| script = [[Tibetan script]]
| nation =
| lc1 = lbj
| ld1 = Ladakhi
| lc2 = zau
| ld2 = [[Zangskari dialect|Zangskari]]
| glotto = kenh1234
| glottorefname = Kenhatic
| speakers2 = Most speakers counted under "Bhoti"{{fact|date=January 2021}}
}}

The '''Ladakhi language''' is a [[Tibetic language]] spoken in [[Ladakh]], a region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]. It is the predominant language in the [[Buddhist]]-dominated district of [[Leh district|Leh]]. Though a member of the Tibetic family, Ladakhi is not mutually intelligible with [[Standard Tibetan]].

Ladakhi has approximately 30,000 speakers in India, and perhaps 20,000 speakers in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of China, mostly in the [[Qiangtang]] region. Ladakhi has several dialects: ''Lehskat'' after [[Leh]], where it is spoken; ''Shamskat'', spoken in the northwest of Leh; ''Stotskat'', spoken in the [[Indus River|Indus valley]] and which is tonal unlike the others; and ''Nubra'', spoken in the north of Leh. It is a distinct language from the related [[Purgi language|Purigi]] and [[Balti language|Balti]] spoken in the adjacent [[Kargil district]].

== Name ==
The Ladakhi language ({{bo|t=ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་|w=La-dwags skad}}) is also called '''Bhoti''' or '''Bodhi'''.<ref>[https://himalayaninitiatives.org/courses/ladakhi-language/ Ladakhi language], The Himalayan Initiatives, retrieved 23 January 2021.
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Namgial |first=Eshay |title=Ladakhi: An off Shoot of Classical Tibetan Language |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=43 |number=1 |date=Spring–Summer 2018 |pp=35-47 |jstor=26634904}}
</ref>
However, since Bhoti and Bodhi sound like “Buddhist” and can alienate Ladakhi Muslims who speak the same language, most Ladakhis usually refer to their language as Ladakhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ladakhi Language & Phrasebook|url=https://www.leh-ladakh-taxi-booking.com/practical-info/ladakhi-language-and-phrasebook|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==Classification==
[[Nicolas Tournadre]] considers Ladakhi, [[Balti dialect|Balti]], and [[Purgi language|Purgi]] to be distinct languages on the basis of [[mutual intelligibility]] (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed '''Ladakhi–Balti''' or '''Western Archaic Tibetan'''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Tournadre |author-link=Nicolas Tournadre |year=2005 |title=L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes |work=Lalies |volume=25 |pages=7–56 |url=http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf }}</ref>

[[Zangskari dialect|Zangskari]] is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of [[Lahaul]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and [[Paddar]] (Paldar).{{cn|date=April 2020}}
It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the [[Tibetan script]].{{fact|date=February 2020}}

==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|t̪}}
|
|{{IPA|ʈ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPA|t̪ʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|d̪}}
|
|{{IPA|ɖ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|
|{{IPA|t͡s}}
|
|{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|
|
|{{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|{{IPA|d͡z}}
|
|{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
|
|{{IPA|s}}
|{{IPA|ʂ}}
|{{IPA|ʃ}}
|
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|{{IPA|z}}
|
|{{IPA|ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|n̪}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ɲ}}
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!plain
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|murmured]]
|
|
|{{IPA|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}

*{{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} can fricative sounds {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} as allophones that occur within free variation.
*{{IPA|/k/}} has an allophone of a retracted velar stop {{IPA|[k̠]}}.
*{{IPA|/l r/}} can have allophones {{IPA|[l̥ r̥]}} when occurring initially before a voiceless consonant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Koshal|first=Sanyukta|title=Ladakhi Grammar|publisher=Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.|year=1979}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|
|{{IPA|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPA|ə}}
|{{IPA|o}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels with allophones
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|
|{{IPA|u}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|
|{{IPA|o}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|[ɛ̝]}}
|{{IPA|ə}}
|{{IPA|[ɔ̝]}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
|{{IPA|[ɐ]}}
|
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA|[a]}}
|
|}

* Allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} in word-final position are heard as {{IPA|[a ɐ]}}.
*Allophones of {{IPA|/e o/}} are heard as {{IPA|[ɛ̝ ɔ̝]}}.
*Allophones occur in free variation.<ref name=":0" />

==Script==
Ladakhi is usually written using [[Tibetan script]] with the pronunciation of Ladakhi being much closer to written [[Classical Tibetan]] than most other [[Tibetic languages]]. Ladakhis pronounce many of the prefix, suffix and head letters that are silent in many other Tibetic languages, such as [[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]], [[Khams Tibetan language|Khams]], and [[Central Tibetan language|Central Tibetan]]. This tendency is more pronounced to the west of Leh, and on the Pakistani side of the [[Line of Control]], in [[Baltistan]]. For example, a Tibetan would pronounce ''sta'' 'axe' as [tá], but a Lehpa would say [sta], and a purgi would pronounce [stare]. While a Tibetan would pronounce འབྲས་ (’bras) 'rice' as [ɳʈɛ́ʔ], Lehpa say [ɖas], and the purgii pronounce it as [bras].

The question of whether to write colloquial Ladakhi in the Tibetan script or to write only a slightly Ladakhified version of [[Classical Tibetan]] is controversial in Ladakh.<ref name="van Beek">{{cite book|title=Tibetan Modernities: Notes from the Field on Cultural and Social Change|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Barnett|editor2-first=Ronald David|editor2-last=Schwartz|publisher=Brill|year=2008|chapter=Imaginaries of Ladakhi Modernity|pages=178–179|first=Martijn|last=van Beek}}</ref> Muslim Ladakhis speak Ladakhi but most do not read the Tibetan script and most Buddhist Ladakhis can sound out the Tibetan script but do not understand Classical Tibetan, but some Ladakhi Buddhist scholars insist that Ladakhi must be written only in a form of Classical Tibetan. A limited number of books and magazines have been published in colloquial Ladakhi.

Written Ladakhi is most often romanised using modified [[Wylie transliteration]], with a ''th'' denoting an [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] dental ''t'', for example.

==Recognition==
The [[medium of instruction]] in most schools in Ladakh is [[English language|English]], with either [[Hindi language|Hindi]] or [[Urdu language|Urdu]] as a compulsory second language, and a choice of Arabic or classical Tibetan as the compulsory third language. Government schools in Ladakh are under [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education|JK SBOSE]], which calls the Tibetan subject Bodhi. Private schools under the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and the [[Central Institute of Buddhist Studies, Leh]] call it Tibetan.

A section of Ladakhi society has been demanding inclusion of a newly named language, Bhoti, to be added to the [[Schedule 8 languages|8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. They claim that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the [[Himalayas]] from [[Baltistan]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html |title=National Seminar on 'Bhoti Language' held at Leh |last=Tsewang Rigzin |date=13 September 2013 |website=Reach Ladakh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924101438/http://www.reachladakh.com/national-seminar-on-bhoti-language-held-at-leh/1891.html |archive-date=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-J-K-logo/Article1-667511.aspx |title=Ladakh council adopts new emblem replacing J-K logo |date=27 February 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301060545/http://www.hindustantimes.com//ladakh-council-adopts-new-emblem-replacing-j-k-logo/article1-667511.aspx |archive-date=2011-03-01 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
However, Bhoti may be one of the [[Lahuli–Spiti languages]] rather than Ladakhi. In the Indian census, most Ladakhi speakers registered their mother tongue under "Bhoti."{{fact|date=January 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ladakhi phrasebook|Lakakhi|a phrasebook}}
*A. H. Francke 1901 [https://www.scribd.com/doc/42478983/Francke-1901-Ladakhi-Sketch-Grammar A Sketch of Ladakhi Grammar]''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 70.1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729111835/http://www.scribd.com/doc/42478983/Francke-1901-Ladakhi-Sketch-Grammar |date=29 July 2013 }}
{{incubator|lbj}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Bodic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Culture of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]