Shenna87P79423: edit

2026-01-21T18:51:05Z

edit

>Officer781: /* See also */Remove duplicate for lacto ovo

2021-07-03T01:18:22Z

See also: Remove duplicate for lacto ovo

New page

{{short description|Vegetarian diet that includes dairy products}}
[[File:Soy-whey-protein-diet.jpg|thumb|Lacto-vegetarians consume dairy products, but not eggs or meat.]]
A '''lacto-vegetarian''' (sometimes referred to as a '''lactarian'''; from the [[Latin]] root '''lact-''', ''milk'') diet is a diet that abstains from the consumption of [[meat]] as well as [[egg]]s, while still consuming [[dairy product]]s such as [[milk]], [[cheese]], [[yogurt]], [[butter]], [[ghee]], [[cream]], and [[kefir]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian|title=Becoming a vegetarian|date=Oct 2009|access-date=18 Nov 2017|website=Harvard Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609172502/https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian|archive-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>

==History==
The concept and practice of lacto-vegetarianism among a significant number of people comes from [[ancient India]].<ref>Spencer, Colin: ''The Heretic’s Feast. A History of Vegetarianism'', London: Fourth Estate 1993, p. 69–84. {{ISBN|1-85702-078-2}}.</ref>

An early advocate of lacto-vegetarianism was the Scottish physician [[George Cheyne (physician)|George Cheyne]] who promoted a milk and vegetable-based diet to [[Treatment of obesity|treat obesity]] and other health problems in the early 18th century.<ref>Kiple, Kenneth F; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè. (2000). ''The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 1556. {{ISBN|0-521-40215-8}}</ref><ref>Beatty, Heather R. (2012). ''Nervous Disease in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain: The Reality of a Fashionable Disorder''. Routledge. pp. 103-104. {{ISBN|978-1-84893-308-8}}</ref>

During the 19th century, the diet became associated with [[naturopathy]]. German naturopaths [[Heinrich Lahmann]] and [[Theodor Hahn]] promoted lacto-vegetarian diets of raw vegetables, [[whole wheat bread]], and dairy products such as milk.<ref>Bergdolt, Klaus. (2008). ''Wellbeing: A Cultural History of Healthy Living''. Polity Press. p. 286. {{ISBN|978-07456-2913-1}}</ref><ref>Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret. (2010). ''Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism''. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. {{ISBN|978-0-313-37556-9}}</ref><ref name="Treitel 2017">Treitel, Corinna. (2017). ''Eating Nature in Modern Germany: Food, Agriculture and Environment, c.1870 to 2000''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77-81. {{ISBN|978-1-107-18802-0}}</ref>

In the 20th century, lacto-vegetarianism was promoted by the American biochemist [[Elmer McCollum]] and the Danish physician and nutritionist [[Mikkel Hindhede]].<ref name="Treitel 2017"/><ref name="Iacobbo 2004">Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004). ''Vegetarian America: A History''. pp. 138-140. {{ISBN|0-275-97519-3}}</ref> In 1918, McCollum commented that "lacto-vegetarianism should not be confused with strict vegetarianism. The former is, when the diet is properly planned, the most highly satisfactory plan which can be adopted in the nutrition of man."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition|url=https://archive.org/details/newerknowledgen02mccogoog|author=McCollum, Elmer Verner|year=1918|publisher=Macmillan Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/newerknowledgen02mccogoog/page/n74 52]}}</ref>

Hindhede became a food advisor to the [[Danish government]] during [[World War I]] and was influential in introducing a lacto-vegetarian diet to the public.<ref name="Treitel 2017"/><ref name="Iacobbo 2004"/><ref name="Sebastia 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Briesen |author-first=Detlef |chapter=What is a healthy diet? Some ideas about the construction of healthy food in Germany since the nineteenth century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |editor-last=Sebastia |editor-first=Brigitte |year=2017 |title=Eating Traditional Food: Politics, Identity and Practices |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |series=Routledge Studies in Food, Society and The Environment |page=172 |isbn=978-1-138-18700-9 |lccn=2016021306}}</ref> The system of rationing restricted meat and alcohol so the [[Danes|Danish population]] were mostly living on a diet of milk and vegetables.<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/> During the years of food restriction from 1917 to 1918, both [[Mortality rate|mortality]] and [[morbidity]] decreased;<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/> the mortality rate dropped by 34%, the lowest death rate ever reported for Denmark.<ref name="Iacobbo 2004"/> Hindhede's dieting ideas expressed in his scientific publications, along with those written by other Scandinavian scientists, were translated in German and well received amongst the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing political spectrum]] in [[Weimar Republic|post-war Germany]].<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/> Subsequently, lacto-vegetarianism was strongly supported by [[Lebensreform|German life reformers]] (''Lebensreform'') and became influential on some of the leading exponents of the [[National Socialist movement]].<ref name="Sebastia 2017"/>

The uric-acid free diet of [[Alexander Haig (physician)|Alexander Haig]] was lacto-vegetarian. On this diet only cheese, milk, nuts, certain vegetables, and [[white bread]] could be eaten.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1908|title=Reviewed Work: Uric Acid As A Factor In The Causation Of Disease by Alexander Haig|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=2483|pages=263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Whorton, James C.|year=1981|title=Muscular Vegetarianism: The Debate Over Diet and Athletic Performance in the Progressive Era|journal=Journal of Sport History|volume=8|issue=2|pages=58–75|pmid=11614819}}</ref><ref>Barnett, L. Margaret. (1995). ''Every Man His Own Physician: Dietetic Fads, 1890-1914''. In Harmke Kamminga, Andrew Cunningham. ''The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940''. p. 165. Rodopi. {{ISBN|90-5183-818-2}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was a notable lacto-vegetarian, who drank milk daily.<ref name="Phelps 2007">Phelps, Norm. (2007). ''The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA''. Lantern Books. pp. 165-166. {{ISBN|978-1-59056-106-5}}</ref> In 1931, Gandhi commented that:

{{quote|I know we must all err. I would give up milk if I could, but I cannot. I have made that experiment times without number. I could not, after a serious illness, regain my strength, unless I went back to milk. That has been the tragedy of my life.<ref name="Phelps 2007"/><ref>[https://ivu.org/news/evu/other/gandhi2.html "The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism"]. Speech delivered by Gandhi at a Social Meeting organised by the London Vegetarian Society, 20 November 1931.</ref>}}

In 1936, [[Narasinh Narayan Godbole]] authored ''Milk: The Most Perfect Food'', a book defending lacto-vegetarianism and [[Ethics of eating meat|promoting the consumption of dairy products in opposition to meat]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=1937|title=Reviewed Work: Milk, The Most Perfect Food by N. N. Godbole, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=5|issue=11|pages=600–601|jstor=24204292}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A. C. D.|year=1938|title=Milk the Most Perfect Food. N. N. Godbole, Benares Hindu Univ., Dipawali, India, 1936|journal=[[Journal of Dairy Science]]|url=https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(38)93006-1/pdf|volume=21|issue=9|pages=242}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{See also|Ahimsa|Ethical vegetarian|Environmental vegetarianism}}

Lacto-vegetarian diets are popular with certain followers of the [[Eastern religion|Eastern]] religious traditions such as [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Sikhism]]. The core of their beliefs behind a lacto-vegetarian diet is the law of [[ahimsa]], or non-violence.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021|reason=Your explanation here}}

===Hinduism===
According to the [[Vedas]] (Hindu holy scriptures), all living beings are equally valued.<ref>[http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/5/18/en1 Bhagavad Gita 5.18] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917212912/http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/5/18/en1 |date=2009-09-17 }} "The humble sages, by virtue of true knowledge, see with equal vision a learned and gentle brahmana, a cow, an elephant, a dog and a dog-eater [outcaste]."</ref><ref name="hinduwebsite.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/essays/animals.asp |title=Animals in Hinduism, second paragraph |publisher=Hinduwebsite.com |access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref> Also, Hindus believe that one's personality is affected by the kind of food one consumes, and eating flesh is considered bad for one's spiritual/mental well-being.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=September 2018}} It takes many more vegetables or plants to produce an equal amount of meat,<ref name=feed800>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug97/livestock.hrs.html |title=U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat |publisher=News.cornell.edu |date=1997-08-07 |access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref> many more lives are destroyed, and in this way more suffering is caused when meat is consumed.<ref name=Gabriel001>Gabriel Cousens, Spiritual Nutrition: Six Foundations for Spiritual Life and the Awakening of Kundalini, North Athlantic Books, page 251</ref> Although some suffering and pain is inevitably caused to other living beings to satisfy the human need for food, according to ahimsa, every effort should be made to minimize suffering.<ref name=Gabriel001/> This is to avoid [[Karma|karmic consequences]] and show respect for living things, because all living beings are equally valued in these traditions,<ref name="hinduwebsite.com"/> a vegetarian diet rooted in [[ahimsa]] is only one aspect of environmentally conscious living, relating to those beings affected by our need for food.<ref name=Gabriel001/> However, this does not apply to all Hindus; some do consume meat, though usually not any form of beef.

In India, lacto vegetarian is considered synonymous to vegetarian, while eating eggs is considered a form of non-vegetarian diet. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021|reason=Your explanation here}} However, in other parts of the world, vegetarianism generally refers to [[ovo lacto vegetarianism]] instead, allowing eggs into the diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mariotti |first1=François |last2=Gardner |first2=Christopher D. |title=Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review |journal=Nutrients |date=2019 |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=2661 |doi=10.3390/nu11112661 |pmid=31690027 |pmc=6893534 }}</ref>

[[ISKCON]] encourages devotees to adopt a lacto-vegetarian diet and gives agriculture as the ideal economic basis of society.
===Jainism===
In the case of [[Jainism]], the vegetarian standard is strict. It allows the consumption of only fruit and leaves that can be taken from plants without causing their death. This further excludes from the diet [[list of root vegetables|root vegetables]] like [[carrots]], [[potatoes]], [[onions]], and [[garlic]].<ref name="Shah2004">{{cite book|author=Natubhai Shah|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2|pages=249–251}}</ref>

==Lacto-vegetarians and vegans==

The primary difference between a [[veganism|vegan]] and a lacto-vegetarian diet is the avoidance of dairy products. Vegans do not consume dairy products, believing that their production causes the animal suffering or a premature death,<ref name=marcus>{{cite book|title=Vegan: The New Ethics of Eating|author=Erik Marcus|date=2000|isbn=9781590133446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hHjqs43t8oC}}</ref> or otherwise abridges [[animal rights]].

==See also==

{{div col}}
* [[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism]]
* [[List of butter dishes]]
* [[List of cheese dishes]]
* [[List of dairy products]]
* [[List of diets]]
* [[List of vegetable dishes]]
* [[List of vegetarian restaurants]]
* [[Ovo vegetarianism]]
* [[Sattvic Diet]]
* [[Sentient foods]]
* [[Veganism]]
* [[Vegetarianism]]
* [[VeggieBoards]], a vegetarian forum
{{div col end}}


==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vegetarianism}}

* [http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/nutshell.htm The Vegetarian Resource Group]
* [http://www.goeggless.com/ Lacto-vegetarian menu items and products]

{{Vegetarianism}}

[[Category:Diets]]
[[Category:Vegetarian diets]]
[[Category:Intentional living]]
[[Category:Ethical theories]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]

[[pt:Vegetarianismo#Lactovegetarianismo]]

Lacto vegetarianism - Revision history

Shenna87P79423: edit

>Officer781: /* See also */Remove duplicate for lacto ovo