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{{short description|Human disease}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Kyasanur forest disease
| synonyms = Monkey disease, monkey fever
| field = [[Infectious disease (specialty)|Infectious disease]]
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| image = Kyasanur Forest disease virus ecology.jpg
| caption = Virus ecology
}}

'''Kyasanur forest disease''' ('''KFD''') is a [[tick-borne disease|tick-borne]] [[viral haemorrhagic fever]] endemic to southwestern India.<ref name="gould">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X |author=EA Gould |author2=T Solomon |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Pathogenic flaviviruses |journal=The Lancet |volume=371 |issue=961 |pages=500–509 |issn=0140-6736 |ref=gould |pmid=18262042|s2cid=205949828 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The disease is caused by a [[virus]] belonging to the family ''[[Flaviviridae]].'' The KFD virus (KFDV) is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected hard ticks (''[[Haemaphysalis spinigera]]''), which act as a [[Natural reservoir|reservoir]] of KFDV.

==Signs and symptoms==
The symptoms of the disease include a high fever with frontal headaches, chills, severe muscle pain, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Bleeding problems may occur 3–4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally [[Hypotension|low blood pressure]], and [[Thrombocytopenia|low platelet]], [[Anemia|red blood cell]], and [[Leukopenia|white blood cell counts]]. After 1–2 weeks of symptoms, some patients recover without complications. However, the illness is biphasic for a subset of patients (10–20%) who experience a second wave of symptoms at the beginning of the third week. These symptoms include fever and signs of neurological manifestations, such as severe headache, mental disturbances, tremors, and vision deficits.<ref name="dobler" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dobler|first1=Gerhard|title=Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|date=2010|volume=140|issue=3/4|pages=221–228|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024|pmid=19765917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mourya|first1=Devendra|last2=Yadav|first2=Pragya|last3=Sandhya|first3=V|last4=Reddy|first4=Shivanna|title=Spread of Kyasanur Forest Disease, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India, 2012-2013|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=2013|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1540–1541|doi=10.3201/eid1909.121884|pmid=23977946|pmc=3810911}}</ref> The convalescent period is typically very long, lasting several months. Muscle aches and weakness also occur during this period, and the patient is unable to engage in physical activities.

==Cause==
===Virology===
{{Virusbox
| name = Kyasanur Forest disease virus
| image = Ijms-20-04657-g002.webp
| image_alt = Flavivirus structure and genome
| image_caption = Flavivirus structure and genome
| parent = Euflavivirus
| species = Orthoflavivirus kyasanurense
| synonyms = Kyasanur Forest virus
| synonyms_ref = <ref>ICTV 2nd Report {{cite journal | last1 = Fenner | first1 = F | year = 1976 | title = Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses | url = https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf | journal = Intervirology | volume = 7 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–115 | doi = 10.1159/000149938 | pmid = 826499 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
The KFD virus is a typical flavivirus measuring about 40–60 nm in diameter. The [[genome]] of KFDV consists of 10,774 [[nucleotides]] of single-stranded, [[positive-sense RNA]] encoding a single polyprotein that is cleaved post-translationally into three structural (C, prM/M and E) and seven non-structural (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b and NS5) proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Bradley W. M.|last2=Cutts|first2=Todd A.|last3=Court|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Theriault|first4=Steven|date=February 2012|title=The generation of a reverse genetics system for Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus and the ability to antagonize the induction of the antiviral state in vitro|journal=Virus Research|volume=163|issue=2|pages=431–438|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.002|issn=1872-7492|pmid=22100401}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Bradley|last2=Ranadheera|first2=Charlene|last3=Nikiforuk|first3=Aidan|last4=Cutts|first4=Todd|last5=Kobasa|first5=Darwyn|last6=Court|first6=Deborah|last7=Theriault|first7=Steven|title=Limited Effects of Type I Interferons on Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus in Cell Culture|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2016|volume=10|issue=8|article-number=e0004871|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004871|pmid=27479197|pmc=4968803 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Kimberly|last2=Bird|first2=Brian|last3=Khristova|first3=Marina|last4=Albariño|first4=César|last5=Carroll|first5=Serena|last6=Comer|first6=James|last7=Erickson|first7=Bobbie|last8=Rollin|first8=Pierre|last9=Nichol|first9=Stuart|title=Ancient Ancestry of KFDV and AHFV Revealed by Complete Genome Analyses of Viruses Isolated from Ticks and Mammalian Hosts|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2011|volume=5|issue=10|article-number=e1352|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001352|pmid=21991403|pmc=3186760 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The genome of KFDV is very similar (>92% homologous) to that of [[Alkhurma virus|Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus]] which is primarily found in [[Saudi Arabia]]. These two species both belong to the family ''[[Flaviviridae]]'' and diverged over 700 years ago and have thus remained geographically separated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Kimberly|last2=Bird|first2=Brian|last3=Jones|first3=Megan|last4=Nichol|first4=Stuart|last5=Spiropoulou|first5=Christina|title=Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus Infection in Mice Is Associated with Higher Morbidity and Mortality than Infection with the Closely Related Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2014|volume=9|issue=6|article-number=e100301|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0100301 |pmid=24950196|pmc=4065072|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j0301D|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Transmission===
A variety of animals are thought to be [[Natural reservoir|reservoir hosts]] for the disease, including porcupines, rats, squirrels, mice, and shrews.<ref name="dobler">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.024 |author=Gerhard Dobler |date=27 January 2010 |title=Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4, Zoonoses: Advances and Perspectives |pages=221–228 |issn=0378-1135 |ref=dobler |pmid=19765917}}</ref> Monkeys are the main amplifying hosts for KFD virus, and they are also affected by the virus. The [[surili]] ''Presbytis entellus'' and the [[bonnet macaque]] are very susceptible to the KFD virus. They develop tremendous viremia and infect the ticks. The [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] for disease transmission is ''[[Haemaphysalis spinigera]]'', a forest [[tick]].<ref name="Kyasanur forest disease">{{cite journal|last1=Holbrook|first1=Michael|title=Kyasanur forest disease|journal=Antiviral Research|date=2012|volume=96|issue=3|pages=353–362|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.005|pmid=23110991|pmc=3513490}}</ref> Humans contract infection from the bite of [[nymph (biology)|nymphs]] of the tick. Man is a terminal host, and there is no human-to-human transmission because the human domestic environment does not sustain the ticks.

==Pathology==
The [[pathogenesis]] of KFDV is not completely understood. Research using mouse models found that KFDV primarily replicates in the brain.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sawatsky|first1=Bevan|last2=McAuley|first2=Alexander|last3=Holbrook|first3=Michael|last4=Bente|first4=Dennis|title=Comparative Pathogenesis of Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever and Kyasanur Forest Disease Viruses in a Mouse Model|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2014|volume=8|issue=6|article-number=e2934|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002934|pmc=4055546|pmid=24922308 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other research has expanded on this by described neurological changes that occurred within infected organisms. This experiment was completed by using KFDV-infected mice and discovered that KFDV caused [[gliosis]], inflammation, and cell death in the brain. They posited that KFDV could be primarily a [[Peripheral neuropathy|neuropathic disease]] and other symptoms are due to this pathogenesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Atanu|last2=Yadav|first2=Pragya|last3=Prasad|first3=Sharda|last4=Badole|first4=Sachin|last5=Patil|first5=Dilip|last6=Kohlapure|first6=Rajendra|last7=Mourya|first7=Devendra|title=An Early Passage Human Isolate of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus Shows Acute Neuropathology in Experimentally Infected CD-1 Mice|journal=Vector Borne & Zoonotic Diseases|date=2016|volume=16|issue=7|pages=496–498|doi=10.1089/vbz.2015.1917|pmid=27171207}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
In earlier days, suspected cases were confirmed in a laboratory by serum inoculation into suckling mice (Swiss Albino mice), and subsequent death of mice was labeled as KFD-positive cases. Other methods of diagnosis included hemagglutination inhibition (HI), [[Complement fixation test|complement fixation]], [[Plaque reduction neutralization test|neutralization tests]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=S.|last2=Narasimha Murthy|first2=D. P.|last3=Yashodhara Murthy|first3=B. K.|date=July 1975|title=Viraemia studies on the Kyasanur Forest Disease human cases of 1966|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=63|issue=7|pages=950–953|issn=0971-5916|pmid=175006}}</ref> However, new research has introduced more efficient molecular-based methods to diagnose KFDV. These methods include: RT-PCR, [[Nested polymerase chain reaction|nested RT-PCR]], [[TaqMan | TaqMan-based]] [[Real-time polymerase chain reaction|real-time RT-PCR]], Immunoglobin M antibodies, and Immunoglobin G detection by [[ELISA]]. The two methods involving RT-[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] can function by attaching a primer to the NS-5 gene, which is highly conserved among the [[genus]] to which KFDV belongs. PCR positivity is limited to 8–10 days from the onset of symptoms. The ELISA-based methods allow for the detection of anti-KFDV [[antibodies]] in patients typically from the 5th day of onset of symptoms up to 3 months.<ref name="RT-PCR 2012"/>

==Prevention and treatment==
Prevention is by vaccination, as well as preventive measures such as protective clothing and tick population control. The [[vaccine]] for KFDV consists of [[Formaldehyde|formalin]]-inactivated KFDV. The vaccine has a 62.4% effectiveness rate for individuals who receive two doses. For individuals who receive an additional dose, the effectiveness increases to 82.9%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kasabi|first1=Gudadappa|last2=Murhekar|first2=Manoj|last3=Sandhya|first3=Vijay|last4=Raghunandan|first4=Ramappa|last5=Kiran|first5=Shivani|last6=Channabasappa|first6=Gowdra|last7=Mehendale|first7=Sanjay|title=Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005-10|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2013|volume=7|issue=1|article-number=e2025|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002025|pmid=23359421|pmc=3554520 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Specific antiviral treatments are not available as of 2022.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gupta | first1 = N | last2 = Wilson | first2 = W | last3 = Neumayr | first3 = A | last4 = Saravu | first4 = K | date = Jun 2022 | title = Kyasanur forest disease: a state-of-the-art review | url = | journal = QJM | volume = 115 | issue = 6| pages = 351–358 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa310 | pmid = 33196834 }}</ref>

== Risk factors and risk groups ==
Kyassanur forest disease spreads in places where humans interact with wildlife, especially villages adjoining forest areas and inter-state borders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davison |first=Catherine |title=Why areca nut plantations are driving 'monkey fever' |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230315-how-the-addictive-areca-nut-drives-monkey-fever-in-india |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-17 |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref> People who frequently visit the forest areas of the Western Ghats and who refuse the KFD vaccination have a high risk of acquiring KFD infection.

==History==
The disease was first reported from Kattinakere village forest, which is in the Kyasanur forest range of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]] in March 1957. When the officials visited the Kattinakere forest and discovered the diseases, they noticed a signboard informing them that this was the Kyasanur forest range. Hence the name. The disease first manifested as an [[epizootic]] outbreak among monkeys, killing several of them in the year 1957. Hence, the disease is also locally known as "monkey disease" or "monkey fever".<ref name=ethno>{{cite journal|title=Kyasanur Forest Disease: An Ethnography of a Disease of Development| author=Nichter, Mark|journal=Medical Anthropology Quarterly |series=New Series| volume=1| issue=4| year=1987|pages=406–423| doi=10.1525/maq.1987.1.4.02a00040}}</ref> The similarity with [[Spring-summer encephalitis|Russian spring-summer encephalitis]] was noted by the British neurovirologist [[Hubert Webb (neurovirologist)|Hubert Webb]], and the possibility of migratory birds carrying the disease was raised.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2105/AJPH.49.7.869|author=Work, Telford H.|last2=Roderiguez|first2=FR|last3=Bhatt|first3=PN| title=Virological Epidemiology of the 1958 Epidemic of Kyasanur Forest Disease|year=1959| pages=869–874 |volume=49| issue=7| journal=American Journal of Public Health|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/49/7/869.pdf|pmid=13661478|pmc=1372906}}</ref> Studies began to look for the possible species that acted as reservoirs for the virus and the agents responsible for transmission. Subsequent studies failed to find any involvement of migratory birds, although the possibility of their role in initial establishment was not ruled out. The virus was found to be quite distinctive and not closely related to the Russian virus strains. Antigenic relatedness is, however, close to many other strains, including the [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]] (OHF), and birds from Siberia have been found to show an antigenic response to KFD virus. Sequence based studies note the distinctiveness of OHF.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00246-0|journal=Virology|year=2003 | volume=313|issue=1|pages=81–90| title=Analysis of the complete genome of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus|vauthors=Lin D, Li L, Dick D, Shope RE, Feldmann H, Barrett AD, Holbrook MR |pmid=12951023|doi-access=free}}</ref> Early studies in India were conducted in collaboration with the US Army Medical Research Unit and this led to controversy and conspiracy theories.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|year=1963|volume=28| issue=2|pages=235–262|title=Ticks (Ixodidae) on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959-61|author1=Harry Hoogstraal |author2=Makram N. Kaiser |author3=Melvin A. Traylor |author4=Ezzat Guindy |author5=Sobhy Gaber |pmc=2554471|pmid=13961632}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lewis, Michael |year=2002| title=Scientists or Spies? Ecology in a Climate of Cold War Suspicion | journal= Economic and Political Weekly |volume= 37 |issue= 24 |pages=2324–2332 |jstor=4412243}}</ref>

Subsequent studies based on sequencing found that the [[Alkhurma virus]] found in [[Saudi Arabia]] is closely related.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1006/bbrc.2001.5610|vauthors=Charrel RN, Zaki AM, Attoui H, Fakeeh M, Billoir F, Yousef AI, de Chesse R, De Micco P, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X |year=2001| title=Complete coding sequence of the Alkhurma virus, a tick-borne ''Flavivirus'' causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in Saudi Arabia|journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=287|issue=2|pages=455–461|pmid=11554750}}</ref> In 1989, a patient in Nanjianin, China was found with fever symptoms, and in 2009, its viral gene sequence was found to exactly match that of the KFD reference virus of 1957. This has been questioned, though, since the Indian virus shows variations in sequence over time, and the exact match with the virus sequence of 1957 and the Chinese virus of 1989 is not expected. This study also found, using immune response tests, that birds and humans in the region appeared to have been exposed to the virus.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |year=2009 |volume=15| issue=2|pmid=19193286|title=Isolation of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus from Febrile Patient, Yunnan, China|pmc=2657630| pages= 326–328| doi= 10.3201/eid1502.080979|author1=Jinglin Wang |author2=Hailin Zhang |author3=Shihong Fu |author4=Huanyu Wang |author5=Daxin Ni |author6=Roger Nasci |author7=Qing Tang |author8=Guodong Liang }}</ref> Another study has suggested that the virus is recent in origin dating the nearest common ancestor of it and related viruses to around 1942, based on the estimated rate of sequence substitutions. The study also raises the possibility of bird involvement in long-distance transfer.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rajeev Mehla |author2=Sandeep R.P. Kumar |author3=Pragya Yadav |author4=Pradip V. Barde |author5=Prasanna N. Yergolkar |author6=Bobbie R. Erickson |author7=Serena A. Carroll |author8=Akhilesh C. Mishra |author9=Stuart T. Nichol |author10=Devendra T. Mourya |title=Recent Ancestry of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus|doi=10.3201/eid1509.080759|pmc= 2819879| journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases| volume=15|pmid= 19788811|year= 2009| issue=9| pages=1431–1437}}</ref> It appears that these viruses diverged 700 years ago.<ref name=Dodd2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodd KA, Bird BH, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Carroll SA, Comer JA, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Nichol ST | year = 2011 | title = Ancient ancestry of KFDV and AHFV revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts | journal = PLOS Negl Trop Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 10| article-number = e1352 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001352| pmid = 21991403 | pmc = 3186760 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A recent outbreak in 2020 claimed two lives in '''Siddapura''', Karnataka. The peak season for this disease in '''Malnad''' is from March till May, but has been observed to peak earlier in the year as well. There were a total of 55 reported cases in Shivamogga district, Karntaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationphile.com/2020/03/Monkey-Fever.html|title=Monkey Fever or Kyasanur Forest Disease|website=Educationphile|access-date=2020-03-02|archive-date=2020-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302064743/https://www.educationphile.com/2020/03/Monkey-Fever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/monkey-fever-claims-second-victim-in-karnataka-809397.html|title=Monkey fever claims second victim in Karnataka|date=2020-03-01|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>

== Affected states in India ==
[[File:Kyasanur Forest disease distribution map.jpg|thumb|Disease distribution]]
The disease was initially reported from the Shimoga district of Karnataka, which is a primitive sylvan territory in the Western Ghats of India. The disease spread to other districts of Karnataka, involving districts of Chikkamagalore, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Chamarajanagar (2012), and Belagavi (2016). In 2013, KFDV was detected in monkey autopsies from the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu state. Monkey deaths and human cases have now been reported from three neighbouring states bordering Karnataka, i.e., Wayanad (2013) and Malappuram districts of Kerala (2014), North Goa district of Goa state (2015), and Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra (2016).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mourya|first1=D. T.|last2=Yadav|first2=P. D.|date=2016-02-03|title=Recent Scenario of Emergence of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India and Public Health Importance|journal=Current Tropical Medicine Reports|volume=3|issue=1|pages=7–13|doi=10.1007/s40475-016-0067-1|s2cid=87259702|issn=2196-3045}}</ref>

== Serological evidence for KFD ==
There are reported serological evidence for KFD detected in humans in other parts of India, namely Kutch and Saurashtra regions of Gujarat state, Kingaon and Parbatpur of West Bengal state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pattnaik|first=Priyabrata|date=May 2006|title=Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–165|doi=10.1002/rmv.495|issn=1052-9276|pmid=16710839|s2cid=32814428}}</ref> A seroprevalence study in Andaman and Nicobar islands in 2002 revealed a high prevalence of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against KFDV.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Padbidri|first1=V. S.|last2=Wairagkar|first2=N. S.|last3=Joshi|first3=G. D.|last4=Umarani|first4=U. B.|last5=Risbud|first5=A. R.|last6=Gaikwad|first6=D. L.|last7=Bedekar|first7=S. S.|last8=Divekar|first8=A. D.|last9=Rodrigues|first9=F. M.|date=December 2002|title=A serological survey of arboviral diseases among the human population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India|journal=The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health|volume=33|issue=4|pages=794–800|issn=0125-1562|pmid=12757228}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
The disease has a [[Case fatality rate|fatality rate]] of 3-10%, and it affects 400-500 people annually.<ref name="Kyasanur forest disease"/><ref name="RT-PCR 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Mourya|first1=Devendra|last2=Yadav|first2=Pragya|last3=Mehla|first3=Rajeev|last4=Barde|first4=Pradip|last5=Yergolkar|first5=Prasanna|last6=Kumar|first6=Sandeep|last7=Thakare|first7=Jyotsna|last8=Mishra|first8=Akhilesh|title=Diagnosis of Kyasanur forest disease by nested RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and IgM capture ELISA|journal=Journal of Virological Methods|date=2012|volume=186|issue=1/2|pages=49–54|doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.019|pmid=22874757}}</ref>

The disease was first noted at Kyasanur village near Sagar in Shivamogga district of Karnataka. The virus has been detected in monkeys in parts of Bandipur National Park (Chamarajnagar) and parts of the Nilgiris. Human infection occurred in Bandipur through handling of dead monkeys that were infected. A human carrier was also detected in Wayanad (Kerala).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Sandhya VK, Reddy S | year = 2013 | title = Spread of Kyasanur Forest disease, Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India, 2012–2013 [letter] | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 19 | issue = 9| pages = 1540–1541 | doi = 10.3201/eid1909.121884 | pmid = 23977946 | pmc=3810911}}</ref> The disease has shown its presence in the adjacent states of Karnataka including Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Outbreak of Kyasanur Forest disease (monkey fever) in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra State, India, 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=72|issue=6|pages=759–761|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.03.006|year=2016 | last1 = Awate | first1 = P. | last2 = Yadav | first2 = P. | last3 = Patil | first3 = D. |pmid = 26997635| last4 = Shete | first4 = A. | last5 = Kumar | first5 = V. | last6 = Kore | first6 = P. | last7 = Dolare | first7 = J. | last8 = Deshpande | first8 = M. | last9 = Bagde | first9 = S. | last10 = Sapkal | first10 = G. | last11 = Gurav | first11 = Y. | last12 = Mourya | first12 = D.T.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patil|first1=D.Y.|last2=Yadav|first2=P.D.|last3=Shete|first3=A.M.|last4=Nuchina|first4=J.|last5=Meti|first5=R.|last6=Bhattad|first6=D.|last7=Someshwar|first7=S.|last8=Mourya|first8=D.T.|title=Occupational exposure of cashew nut workers to Kyasanur Forest disease in Goa, India|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=61|pages=67–69|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2017.06.004|pmid=28627428|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sadanandane|first1=C.|last2=Elango|first2=A.|last3=Marja|first3=Noonu|last4=Sasidharan|first4=P.V|last5=Raju|first5=K.H.K|last6=Jambulingam|first6=P.|title=An outbreak of Kyasanur forest disease in the Wayanad and Malappuram districts of Kerala, India|journal=Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases|volume=8|issue=1|pages=25–30|doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.010|pmid=27692988|year=2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| ICD11 = {{ICD11|1D4B}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|2|a|90}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.2}}
| MeshID = D007733
| Orphanet = 319254
}}
{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
{{Tick-borne diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q19838389}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyasanur Forest Disease}}
[[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]]
[[Category:Tick-borne diseases]]

Kyasanur Forest disease - Revision history

DesignersX: Put Up A Details