Kuravar - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 15:14, 5 August 2021
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	\|image=		\|image=
	\|popplace= [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]		\|popplace= [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]
	\|langs= [[Tamil language]], [[Malayalam]]		\|langs= [[Tamil language]], [[Malayalam]]
	\|rels= [[Hinduism]]		\|rels= [[Hinduism]]
	\|related= [[Tamil people]]		\|related= [[Tamil people]]
	}}		}}

	The '''Kuravar''' is an ethnic [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] community native to the [[Kurinji]] mountain region of ~~TamilNadu~~ and [[Kerala]], India.{{citation needed\|date=August 2012}}		The '''Kuravar''' is an ethnic [[Tamil people\|Tamil]] community native to the [[Kurinji]] mountain region of Tamil Nadu and [[Kerala]], India.{{citation needed\|date=August 2012}}

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
Line 22:		Line 22:

	==History==		==History==
			Word "'''Kuravan'''" means "'''uyarnthavan'''" or "'''Thalaivan'''" means "'''Leader'''" and from Tamil Sangam period(Dated 300 BCE – c. 300 CE [[Sangam period]]) this community celebrated and talked in many Tamil literatures Example: Tolkāppiyam, Silapathigaram, Purananuru, Kutrala Kuravanji and more. They were ruling the Mountain(Kurunji) lands, Kannapa Nayanar(கண்ணப்ப நாயனார் குறவர்) one of the '''Nayanars''' (or '''Nayanmars'''; [[Tamil language\|Tamil]]:நாயன்மார், <small>romanized:</small> ''Nāyaṉmār'', <small>[[Literal translation\|lit.]]</small> 'hounds of Siva', and later 'teachers of Siva') were a group of 63 saints living in [[Tamil Nadu]] during the 6th to 8th centuries CE (who were devoted to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]), and there are so many poet and warriors where lived in this community.
	Word "'''Kuravan'''" means "'''uyarnthavan'''" or "'''Thalaivan'''" means "'''Leader'''" and from Tamil Sangam period(Dated 300 BCE – c. 300 CE [[Sangam period]]) this community celebrated and talked in many Tamil literatures Example: Tolkāppiyam, Silapathigaram, Purananuru, Kutrala Kuravanji and more. They were ruling the Mountain(Kurunji) lands, Kannapa Nayanar(கண்ணப்ப நாயனார் குறவர்) one of the '''Nayanars''' (or '''Nayanmars'''; [[Tamil language\|Tamil]]:நாயன்மார், <small>romanized:</small> ''Nāyaṉmār'', <small>[[Literal translation\|lit.]]</small> 'hounds of Siva', and later 'teachers of Siva') were a group of 63 saints living in [[Tamil Nadu]] during the 6th to 8th centuries CE who were devoted to the Hindu god [[Shiva]].), and there are so many poet and warriors where lived in this community.

	Kuravar is an ancient clan mentioned in the [[Sangam literature\|Sangam]] literature, along with Kallar and Maravar. Kuravar were amongst the inhabitants of Kurinji land as "the hunters and the gatherers, the people of foothills" along with Poruppan (the soldiers), Verpan (the leaders of the tribe / weaponists), Silamban (masters of martial arts / the art of fighting), and Kaanavar (the people of the mountainous forests).		Kuravar is an ancient clan mentioned in the [[Sangam literature\|Sangam]] literature, along with Kallar and Maravar. Kuravar were amongst the inhabitants of Kurinji land as "the hunters and the gatherers, the people of foothills" along with Poruppan (the soldiers), Verpan (the leaders of the tribe / weaponists), Silamban (masters of martial arts / the art of fighting), and Kaanavar (the people of the mountainous forests).

	The ''kula theivam'' was a clan god in Kurava and was [[Murugan]]. it was assumed<sup>[''[[wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported~~%20attributions~~\|by whom?]]'']</sup> to be one of the gods of ancient Tamil country. the clan inhabited the mountainous regions of Tamil Nadu and used bamboo grass in large quantities. During their hunting and gathering stage, they used bamboos against animals. In a later Civilized settlement stage, Kuravas also used bamboos as a self-defence weapon which, later was transformed into [[silambattam]] of Tamil country. The self-defence art with a [[silambattam]] is still considered to be a known and appreciated fighting art of Maravars, Kallars who are the other native people of Tamil country.		The ''kula theivam'' was a clan god in Kurava and was [[Murugan]]. it was assumed<sup>[''[[wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions\|by whom?]]'']</sup> to be one of the gods of ancient Tamil country. the clan inhabited the mountainous regions of Tamil Nadu and used bamboo grass in large quantities. During their hunting and gathering stage, they used bamboos against animals. In a later Civilized settlement stage, Kuravas also used bamboos as a self-defence weapon which, later was transformed into [[silambattam]] of Tamil country. The self-defence art with a [[silambattam]] is still considered to be a known and appreciated fighting art of Maravars, Kallars who are the other native people of Tamil country.

	During the first quarter of the 12th century AD, areas of Kanyakumari district was brought under the fold several kings: Konanki Kuravar, Bommayya Kuravar and Nanchil Kuravar. {{Infobox settlement		During the first quarter of the 12th century AD, areas of Kanyakumari district was brought under the fold several kings: Konanki Kuravar, Bommayya Kuravar and Nanchil Kuravar. {{Infobox settlement
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	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	}}		}}
	A Classic Period of the Kingdom of NanjilNadu (modern day [[Nagercoil]] Region of Tamil Nadu)started with the accession of a Konanki Kuravar, who was an alchemist establishing his way over [[Kottar]], [[Suchindram]] and other places. There are literary evidences that the Kingdom of NanjilNadu was Ruled by "Kurunji Nattan NambiRajan", also called as Naga Raja, a Kurava king. Historical evidences can be traced back from the spots of Idukki District in Kerala. Places like [[Ramakkalmedu]], kuravanmala, Kurinjimala, Idukki arch dam (it is the largest arch dam in Asia) are the places showing the Early ages of Kuravas of South India. People of this community are called with different names in different parts of South India. They are called as Sidhanar in [[Kerala]]. In essence, all these communities form a big community from south India. The gothras among all these communities is the same.		A Classic Period of the Kingdom of NanjilNadu (modern day [[Nagercoil]] Region of Tamil Nadu)started with the accession of a Konanki Kuravar, who was an alchemist establishing his way over [[Kottar]], [[Suchindram]] and other places. There are literary evidences that the Kingdom of NanjilNadu was Ruled by "Kurunji Nattan NambiRajan", also called as Naga Raja, a Kurava king. Historical evidences can be traced back from the spots of Idukki District in Kerala. Places like [[Ramakkalmedu]], kuravanmala, Kurinjimala, Idukki arch dam (it is the largest arch dam in Asia) are the places showing the Early ages of Kuravas of South India. People of this community are called with different names in different parts of South India. They are called as Sidhanar in Kerala. In essence, all these communities form a big community from south India. The gothras among all these communities is the same.

	The main occupation of the people, who originally belong to the indigenous tribes, is hunting. But as they were prohibited entry into the forests to pursue this livelihood, they were forced to take up other alternatives.		The main occupation of the people, who originally belong to the indigenous tribes, is hunting. But as they were prohibited entry into the forests to pursue this livelihood, they were forced to take up other alternatives.
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	During [[British rule in India]] they were placed under [[Criminal Tribes Act]] 1871, hence stigmatized for a long time, after Independence however they were [[Denotified tribes of India\|denotified]] in 1952, though the stigma continues.		During [[British rule in India]] they were placed under [[Criminal Tribes Act]] 1871, hence stigmatized for a long time, after Independence however they were [[Denotified tribes of India\|denotified]] in 1952, though the stigma continues.

	The 1906 publication the ''[[Travancore State Manual]]'', of the [[princely state]] of Travancore, contains an entry describing the Kuravar:<blockquote>The Kuravars, a race bearing resemblance to the Vedars or hill-men, form a pretty large community in Travancore, numbering 53,584 according to the last Census. The names of some places and tradition show that they must have been holding sway over some small territories on this coast. They are divided into several groups some of which are the ''Kunta Kurava'', the ''Pandi Kurava'', and the ''Kakka Kurava''. Like the Pulayas they form the chief field labourers in the taluqs in which they live. They are found in the greatest number in Kunnattur, Chirayinkil, and Kottarakara. The Kunta Kurava, the most important sect among the class, resemble the Nayars in several respects. They are divided into ''Illam'', ''Swarupam'', &c, and follow the ''Marumakkathayam'' system of inheritance. They also celebrate the ''Kettu Kalyanam'' and ''Sambandham'' and observe sixteen days' death-pollution like the Nayars. They bury their dead and are considered extremely low in the social scale. Primary education has not made any progress among them. Barely four in a thousand can read and write.</blockquote>Today there are an estimated 1.2 million(12 lakh) '''Kuravar''' in [[Tamil Nadu]] and Kerala.		The 1906 publication the ''[[Travancore State Manual]]'', of the [[princely state]] of Travancore, contains an entry describing the Kuravar:<blockquote>The Kuravars, a race bearing resemblance to the Vedars or hill-men, form a pretty large community in Travancore, numbering 53,584 according to the last Census. The names of some places and tradition show that they must have been holding sway over some small territories on this coast. They are divided into several groups some of which are the ''Kunta Kurava'', the ''Pandi Kurava'', and the ''Kakka Kurava''. Like the Pulayas they form the chief field labourers in the taluqs in which they live. They are found in the greatest number in Kunnattur, Chirayinkil, and Kottarakara. The Kunta Kurava, the most important sect among the class, resemble the Nayars in several respects. They are divided into ''Illam'', ''Swarupam'', &c, and follow the ''Marumakkathayam'' system of inheritance. They also celebrate the ''Kettu Kalyanam'' and ''Sambandham'' and observe sixteen days' death-pollution like the Nayars. They bury their dead and are considered extremely low in the social scale. Primary education has not made any progress among them. Barely four in a thousand can read and write.</blockquote>Today there are an estimated 1.2 million(12 lakh) '''Kuravar''' in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

	== Politics ==		== Politics ==
	The whole population of Tamil Nadu knows that kuravar best Community as Tribal Gypsies but the subsequent ~~Governments~~ denied that fact and helped the reservation mechanism which systematically oppressed this group of people who were already been oppressed for ages by their own Tamil people. This has led to protests and resentment from the community.<ref name="narikorava_sc_12">{{cite news\|date=January 14, 2005\|title=Narikuravas running from pillar to post for ST status\|work=The Hindu: Friday Review\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2005/01/14/stories/2005011416090300.htm\|access-date=2008-07-28}}</ref> However, the Narikuravas are not Tamil and they should be called as Kurivikar/AKI-PIKI/Narikarar. Narikarar came to South India from Maharastra they are not a Tamil community. Their Languages is Vagiri.		The whole population of Tamil Nadu knows that kuravar best Community as Tribal Gypsies but the subsequent governments denied that fact and helped the reservation mechanism which systematically oppressed this group of people who were already been oppressed for ages by their own Tamil people. This has led to protests and resentment from the community.<ref name="narikorava_sc_12">{{cite news\|date=January 14, 2005\|title=Narikuravas running from pillar to post for ST status\|work=The Hindu: Friday Review\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2005/01/14/stories/2005011416090300.htm\|access-date=2008-07-28}}</ref> However, the Narikuravas are not Tamil and they should be called as Kurivikar/AKI-PIKI/Narikarar. Narikarar came to South India from Maharastra they are not a Tamil community. Their Languages is Vagiri.

	Kuravar community people are living in Kerala and all parts of the ~~TamilNadu~~ mostly Salem, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Madurai, Thiruvanamalai, Thanjavur and they are educated and there are so many Government Officers, Doctors, Engineers, Actors(cinema and other industries) came from this community, but since the name Kuravar shared with Narikuravar, Tamil native Kurunji people(Kuravar) are not coming forward. Some of the Movies and other TV programme's are manipulated the identity of the Kuravar community. But slowly people of this community started to talking about their history and pride, there are political parties are started by this community people to get the political support and status.		Kuravar community people are living in Kerala and all parts of the Tamil Nadu mostly Salem, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Madurai, Thiruvanamalai, Thanjavur and they are educated and there are so many Government Officers, Doctors, Engineers, Actors(cinema and other industries) came from this community, but since the name Kuravar shared with Narikuravar, Tamil native Kurunji people(Kuravar) are not coming forward. Some of the Movies and other TV programme's are manipulated the identity of the Kuravar community. But slowly people of this community started to talking about their history and pride, there are political parties are started by this community people to get the political support and status.

	== References ==		== References ==
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	==Sources==		==Sources==
	* Meena Radhakrishna (2006-07-16). "Dishonoured by history". ''folio: Special issue with the Sunday Magazine''. [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved 2007-05-31.		* Meena Radhakrishna (2006-07-16). "Dishonoured by history". ''folio: Special issue with the Sunday Magazine''. [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
	* Travancore (Princely State); Aiya, V.N. (1906). ''The Travancore State Manual''. '''2'''. Travancore government Press. p. 402. Retrieved 2015-07-05.		* Travancore (Princely State); Aiya, V.N. (1906). ''The Travancore State Manual''. '''2'''. Travancore government Press. p. 402. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
	* {{cite book\|author=Viramma\|url=https://archive.org/details/virammalifeofunt0000vira\|title=Viramma: Life of an Untouchable\|author2=Josiane Racine\|author3=Jean-Luc Racine\|publisher=Verso\|year=1997\|isbn=1859848176\|translator-last=Hobson\|translator-first=Will\|ref=Viramma\|url-access=registration}}		* {{cite book\|author=Viramma\|url=https://archive.org/details/virammalifeofunt0000vira\|title=Viramma: Life of an Untouchable\|author2=Josiane Racine\|author3=Jean-Luc Racine\|publisher=Verso\|year=1997\|isbn=1859848176\|translator-last=Hobson\|translator-first=Will\|ref=Viramma\|url-access=registration}}
	* {{cite book\|last=Hatch\|first=William John\|title=The Land Pirates of India\|publisher=[[Seeley, Service\|Seeley, Service & Co.]]\|year=1928\|ref=The Land Pirates of India}}		* {{cite book\|last=Hatch\|first=William John\|title=The Land Pirates of India\|publisher=[[Seeley, Service\|Seeley, Service & Co.]]\|year=1928\|ref=The Land Pirates of India}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{lead rewrite|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group=Kuravar குறவர்
|image=
|popplace= [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]
|langs= [[Tamil language]], [[Malayalam]]
|rels= [[Hinduism]]
|related= [[Tamil people]]
}}

The '''Kuravar''' is an ethnic [[Tamil people|Tamil]] community native to the [[Kurinji]] mountain region of TamilNadu and [[Kerala]], India.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

== Etymology ==
The "Kuravan" is a Tamil word which means "uyarnthavan" or "Thalaivan" means "Leader"

== Ethnonym ==
The "Kuravan" is a Tamil word which means "uyarnthavan" or "Thalaivan" means "Leader"

People of this community are called with different names in different parts of South India. They are called as Yerukula in [[Andhra Pradesh]] (derived from the tradition of fortune telling by the women),<ref>{{cite book|title=Primitive tribes in contemporary India: concept, ethnography and demography|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2005|isbn=81-8324-026-7|editor-last=Chaudhuri|editor-first=Sarit Kumar|volume=2|pages=263|editor2-last=Chaudhuri|editor2-first=Sucheta Sen}}</ref> Korama, Korachas in [[Karnataka]], Kaikadi in [[Maharashtra]], and Sidanar in [[Kerala]].The gothras among all these communities is the same, i.e. Kavadi, Sathupadi, Maanupadi and Mendraguthi. They are also known as Malai Kuruvans, Kuravan, Thalaiyaris, Kavalkara koravars, uppu koravars, Dabi kuravar(simbu kuravar), Gandarvakottai kuravar, Inji kuravar, Koravas, Kalinji Dabikoravas, Kala kuravar.

==History==

Word "'''Kuravan'''" means "'''uyarnthavan'''" or "'''Thalaivan'''" means "'''Leader'''" and from Tamil Sangam period(Dated 300 BCE – c. 300 CE [[Sangam period]]) this community celebrated and talked in many Tamil literatures Example: Tolkāppiyam, Silapathigaram, Purananuru, Kutrala Kuravanji and more. They were ruling the Mountain(Kurunji) lands, Kannapa Nayanar(கண்ணப்ப நாயனார் குறவர்) one of the '''Nayanars''' (or '''Nayanmars'''; [[Tamil language|Tamil]]:நாயன்மார், romanized: ''Nāyaṉmār'', [[Literal translation|lit.]] 'hounds of Siva', and later 'teachers of Siva') were a group of 63 saints living in [[Tamil Nadu]] during the 6th to 8th centuries CE who were devoted to the Hindu god [[Shiva]].), and there are so many poet and warriors where lived in this community.

Kuravar is an ancient clan mentioned in the [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] literature, along with Kallar and Maravar. Kuravar were amongst the inhabitants of Kurinji land as "the hunters and the gatherers, the people of foothills" along with Poruppan (the soldiers), Verpan (the leaders of the tribe / weaponists), Silamban (masters of martial arts / the art of fighting), and Kaanavar (the people of the mountainous forests).

The ''kula theivam'' was a clan god in Kurava and was [[Murugan]]. it was assumed[''[[wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported%20attributions|by whom?]]''] to be one of the gods of ancient Tamil country. the clan inhabited the mountainous regions of Tamil Nadu and used bamboo grass in large quantities. During their hunting and gathering stage, they used bamboos against animals. In a later Civilized settlement stage, Kuravas also used bamboos as a self-defence weapon which, later was transformed into [[silambattam]] of Tamil country. The self-defence art with a [[silambattam]] is still considered to be a known and appreciated fighting art of Maravars, Kallars who are the other native people of Tamil country.

During the first quarter of the 12th century AD, areas of Kanyakumari district was brought under the fold several kings: Konanki Kuravar, Bommayya Kuravar and Nanchil Kuravar. {{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramakkalmedu
| population_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 981.07
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 685552
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-69, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-37
| website =
| area_footnotes =
| governing_body = Karunapuram grama panchayath
| other_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|9|47|59|N|77|14|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hill Station
| image_skyline = Statue of Kuruvan & Kuruthi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Statue of Kuruvan & Kuruthi at Ramakkalmedu
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| government_type = Panchayath
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| footnotes =
}}
A Classic Period of the Kingdom of NanjilNadu (modern day [[Nagercoil]] Region of Tamil Nadu)started with the accession of a Konanki Kuravar, who was an alchemist establishing his way over [[Kottar]], [[Suchindram]] and other places. There are literary evidences that the Kingdom of NanjilNadu was Ruled by "Kurunji Nattan NambiRajan", also called as Naga Raja, a Kurava king. Historical evidences can be traced back from the spots of Idukki District in Kerala. Places like [[Ramakkalmedu]], kuravanmala, Kurinjimala, Idukki arch dam (it is the largest arch dam in Asia) are the places showing the Early ages of Kuravas of South India. People of this community are called with different names in different parts of South India. They are called as Sidhanar in [[Kerala]]. In essence, all these communities form a big community from south India. The gothras among all these communities is the same.

The main occupation of the people, who originally belong to the indigenous tribes, is hunting. But as they were prohibited entry into the forests to pursue this livelihood, they were forced to take up other alternatives.

=== Colonial era ===
During [[British rule in India]] they were placed under [[Criminal Tribes Act]] 1871, hence stigmatized for a long time, after Independence however they were [[Denotified tribes of India|denotified]] in 1952, though the stigma continues.

The 1906 publication the ''[[Travancore State Manual]]'', of the [[princely state]] of Travancore, contains an entry describing the Kuravar:<blockquote>The Kuravars, a race bearing resemblance to the Vedars or hill-men, form a pretty large community in Travancore, numbering 53,584 according to the last Census. The names of some places and tradition show that they must have been holding sway over some small territories on this coast. They are divided into several groups some of which are the ''Kunta Kurava'', the ''Pandi Kurava'', and the ''Kakka Kurava''. Like the Pulayas they form the chief field labourers in the taluqs in which they live. They are found in the greatest number in Kunnattur, Chirayinkil, and Kottarakara. The Kunta Kurava, the most important sect among the class, resemble the Nayars in several respects. They are divided into ''Illam'', ''Swarupam'', &c, and follow the ''Marumakkathayam'' system of inheritance. They also celebrate the ''Kettu Kalyanam'' and ''Sambandham'' and observe sixteen days' death-pollution like the Nayars. They bury their dead and are considered extremely low in the social scale. Primary education has not made any progress among them. Barely four in a thousand can read and write.</blockquote>Today there are an estimated 1.2 million(12 lakh) '''Kuravar''' in [[Tamil Nadu]] and Kerala.

== Politics ==
The whole population of Tamil Nadu knows that kuravar best Community as Tribal Gypsies but the subsequent Governments denied that fact and helped the reservation mechanism which systematically oppressed this group of people who were already been oppressed for ages by their own Tamil people. This has led to protests and resentment from the community.<ref name="narikorava_sc_12">{{cite news|date=January 14, 2005|title=Narikuravas running from pillar to post for ST status|work=The Hindu: Friday Review|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2005/01/14/stories/2005011416090300.htm|access-date=2008-07-28}}</ref> However, the Narikuravas are not Tamil and they should be called as Kurivikar/AKI-PIKI/Narikarar. Narikarar came to South India from Maharastra they are not a Tamil community. Their Languages is Vagiri.

Kuravar community people are living in Kerala and all parts of the TamilNadu mostly Salem, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Madurai, Thiruvanamalai, Thanjavur and they are educated and there are so many Government Officers, Doctors, Engineers, Actors(cinema and other industries) came from this community, but since the name Kuravar shared with Narikuravar, Tamil native Kurunji people(Kuravar) are not coming forward. Some of the Movies and other TV programme's are manipulated the identity of the Kuravar community. But slowly people of this community started to talking about their history and pride, there are political parties are started by this community people to get the political support and status.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Meena Radhakrishna (2006-07-16). "Dishonoured by history". ''folio: Special issue with the Sunday Magazine''. [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
* Travancore (Princely State); Aiya, V.N. (1906). ''The Travancore State Manual''. '''2'''. Travancore government Press. p. 402. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
* {{cite book|author=Viramma|url=https://archive.org/details/virammalifeofunt0000vira|title=Viramma: Life of an Untouchable|author2=Josiane Racine|author3=Jean-Luc Racine|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=1859848176|translator-last=Hobson|translator-first=Will|ref=Viramma|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Hatch|first=William John|title=The Land Pirates of India|publisher=[[Seeley, Service|Seeley, Service & Co.]]|year=1928|ref=The Land Pirates of India}}
* {{cite book|last=Chatty|first=Dawn|title=Conservation and Mobile Indigenous Peoples|author2=Marcs Colchester|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2002|isbn=1571818421|ref=Conservation and Mobile Indigenous Peoples|author1-link=Dawn Chatty}}
*https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/sep/20/malaikuravan-community-to-be-given-scheduled-tribe-status-2036220.html

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|last=Hatch|first=William John|title=The Land Pirates of India|publisher=[[Seeley, Service|Seeley, Service & Co.]]|year=1928}}
* {{cite book|last=Vijayathilakan|first=J. P.|title=Studies on Vaagrivala|publisher=Madras Christian College, Department of Statistics|year=1977}}
* {{cite book|last=Sathyanandan|first=D. Theodore|title=The Problems of Narikorava Community in Tamilnadu|publisher=Christian Literature Society|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume IV - K: Kuruvikkaran, Pg 181 to 187|author2=K. Rangachari|publisher=Government Press|year=1909|location=Madras|author-link=Edgar Thurston}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]