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v2.04 - Fix errors for CW project (ISBN with incorrect syntax)

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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	*Tiruvaḷḷuvar, & Sundaram, P. S. (1991). ''The Kural''. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN: 978-0-14-400009-8		*Tiruvaḷḷuvar, & Sundaram, P. S. (1991). ''The Kural''. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. {{ISBN\|978-0-14-400009-8}}

	==External links==		==External links==

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{{short description|Tamil verse form}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Largest Thirukkural Book.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A large book of Tirukkural]]

The '''Kural''' is one of the most important forms of classical [[Tamil language]] [[poetry]]. It is a very short [[Poetry#Form in poetry|poetic form]] being an independent couplet complete in 2 lines, the first line consisting of 4 words and the second line consisting of 3. As one of the five types of [[Venpa]] stanza, it must also conform to the [[grammar]] for Venpa, the most difficult and the most highly esteemed of stanzaic structures in classical [[Tamil literature]]. The ''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ]]'' by [[Tiruvalluvar]], one of the greatest philosophical works in Tamil, is a typical example.

==Structure==
===Prosodic background===
The Tamil conception of metrical structure includes elements that appear in no other major prosodic system.{{sfn|Niklas|1988|p=165}} This discussion is presented in terms of syllables, feet, and lines (although syllables are not explicitly present in Tamil prosodic theory).

Similarly to classical [[Prosody (Latin)|Latin]], [[Prosody (Greek)|Greek]], and [[Sanskrit prosody]], a syllable is long if its vowel is (1) long (including diphthongs{{sfn|Rajam|1992|p=42}}) or (2) followed by two or more consonants.{{sfn|Pope|1886|p=xxv}} Generally other syllables are short, though some syllables are considered "overshort" and ignored in the metrical scheme,{{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=170,194}} while "overlong" syllables are variously dealt with.{{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=193-194}}

===Metrical structure===
{{lang|ta-Latn|Veṇpā}} is a closely related family of very strict{{sfn|Niklas|1988|p=166}} Tamil verse forms. They differ chiefly in the number of standard lines that occur before the final short line. In {{lang|ta-Latn|kuṟaḷ-veṇpā}} (or simply "kural") a single 4-foot ("standard") line is followed by a final 3-foot ("short") line, resulting in a 7-foot couplet.{{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=180-181}} Syntactically, each foot normally consists of only a single word, but may also consist of two words if they are very closely linked (for example, in [[apposition]]).{{sfn|Pope|1886|p=xxv}} Metrically, the first six feet are all identical, conforming to this structure:

(u)x (u)x (x)

:'''u''' = 1 short syllable
:'''x''' = 1 short or 1 long syllable (''anceps'' in Western parlance)
:'''( )''' = the enclosed syllable is optional

This very flexible structure would generate 48 possible syllabic patterns, but two additional constraints apply: {{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=171}}
# The initial ''' (u)x''' may not be realized by '''u''' alone.
# The final anceps is prohibited if the second ''' (u)x''' is realized by '''u''' alone.

...leaving 30 possible syllabic patterns per foot, each realized with two to five syllables:

– u
– – (x)
– uu (x)
– u– (x)

uu u
uu – (x)
uu uu (x)
uu u– (x)

u– u
u– – (x)
u– uu (x)
u– u– (x)

:'''–''' = long syllable
:'''(x)''' represents 3 possibilities: absent, u (short), or – (long)

The kural's final foot is essentially a much-shortened version. The structure of the entire couplet is thus:

(u)x (u)x (x) | (u)x (u)x (x) | (u)x (u)x (x) | (u)x (u)x (x)
(u)x (u)x (x) | (u)x (u)x (x) | (u)x

:'''|''' = division between feet (and words)

In actual composition, syllabic patterns are limited further, because every realized foot places constraints upon the syllabic pattern of the ''following'' foot, thus:{{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=180,175}}
* When the final optional anceps of a foot is PRESENT, the next foot must '''not''' begin with a short syllable.
* When the final optional anceps of a foot is ABSENT AND …
** The middle optional short syllable is PRESENT, the next foot must '''not''' begin with a short syllable.
** The middle optional short syllable is ABSENT, the next foot '''must''' begin with a short syllable.

===Ornamentation===
One ornamental feature of Tamil versification is {{lang|ta-Latn|etukai}}, often translated "rhyme",{{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=178}}{{sfn|Pope|1886|p=xxvi}} although it is distinct from typical Western rhyme. This occurs often in kural, but is not obligatory.{{sfn|Niklas|1988|pp=181,180}} There is variance in Tamil practice, but in a kural couplet, {{lang|ta-Latn|etukai}} is usually more or less equivalent to the ''exact repetition of the initial line's second syllable as the final line's second syllable''. An example (not in a kural, but in a four-line {{lang|ta-Latn|veṇpā}}) is:
<poem style="margin-left:2em;font-style:italic">
{{lang|ta-Latn|va'''ȚI'''yērka ṇīrmalka vāṉporuṭkuc ceṉṟār
ka'''ȚI'''yār kaṉaṅkuḻāy kāṇārkol kāṭṭuḷ
i'''ȚI'''yiṉ muḻakkañci yīrṅkavuḷ vēḻam
pi'''ȚI'''yiṉ puṟattacaitta kai}}{{sfn|Niklas|1988|p=201}} </poem>

Sometimes additional syllables, beyond the second, are also repeated.{{sfn|Pope|1886|p=xxvi}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite journal
| last= Niklas
| first= Ulrike
| title= Introduction to Tamil Prosody
| journal= Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
| year=1988
| volume=77
| pages=165–227
| publisher=W. H. Allen & Co.
| location=London
| url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1988_num_77_1_1744
| doi=10.3406/befeo.1988.1744
| format=PDF
}}
*{{Cite book
| last=Pope
| first=G. U.
| author-link=George Uglow Pope
| title=The 'Sacred' Kurraḷ of Tiruvaḷḷuva-Nâyanâr
| year=1886
| publisher=W. H. Allen & Co.
| location=London
| url=https://archive.org/details/tiruvalluvanayan00tiruuoft/page/n3
| format=PDF
}}
*{{Cite book
| last=Rajam
| first=V. S.
| title=A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry (150 B.C. — pre-fifth/sixth century A.D.)
| year=1992
| publisher=American Philosophical Society
| location=Philadelphia
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6VhXLdmdKkC
| isbn=087169199X
}}

==Further reading==
*Tiruvaḷḷuvar, & Sundaram, P. S. (1991). ''The Kural''. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN: 978-0-14-400009-8

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J8Zvltpbow&feature=player_embedded Thirukkural Oli Pathipu: Thirukkural Audio book]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130707034521/http://omtamil.org/category/tirukkural/ Online Thirukkural Lessons]
* {{cite web | url=http://tamilinkural.blogspot.com/2007/10/tamil-inkural-tamilin-kural.html | publisher=Tamil Inkural - Tamilin KuraL | title=கடவுள் வாழ்த்து | date=22 October 2007 | access-date=24 August 2020 }}
* http://philosophyofkural.blogspot.in {{deadlink|date=August 2020}}

[[Category:Tamil poetics]]
[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Poetic form]]

Kural (poetic form) - Revision history

imported>GünniX: v2.04 - Fix errors for CW project (ISBN with incorrect syntax)

>Bhagya sri113: /* Notes */ Column spacing