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			{{Short description\|Indian Jain monk}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2015}}
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	'''Kundakunda''' was a [[Digambara]] [[Jain monasticism\|Jain monk]] and philosopher, who likely lived in the 2nd CE century CE or later.{{sfn\|Jayandra Soni\|2003\|pp=25–26}}{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=48}}<ref name="shrimadkoba.org">{{Cite web \|title=Shri Kundkundacharya \|website=Shrimad Rajchandra Adyatmik Sadhana Kendra, Koba \|url=http://www.shrimadkoba.org/shri_kundkundacharya.php \|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref>		'''Kundakunda''' was a [[Digambara]] [[Jain monasticism\|Jain monk]] and philosopher, who likely lived in the 2nd CE century CE or later.{{sfn\|Jayandra Soni\|2003\|pp=25–26}}{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=48}}<ref name="shrimadkoba.org">{{Cite web \|title=Shri Kundkundacharya \|website=Shrimad Rajchandra Adyatmik Sadhana Kendra, Koba \|url=http://www.shrimadkoba.org/shri_kundkundacharya.php \|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref>

			His date of birth is māgha māsa, śukla pakṣa, pañcamī tithi, on the day of [[Vasant Panchami]].
	He authored many [[Jain texts]] such as: ''[[Samayasara]], [[Niyamasara]], [[Pancastikayasara]], [[Pravachanasara]], Astapahuda'' and ''Barasanuvekkha''. He occupies the highest place in the tradition of the [[Digambara]] Jain [[acharya]]s. All Digambara Jains say his name before starting to read the scripture. He spent most of his time at [[Ponnur Hills]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and later part of life at [[Kundadri]], [[Shimoga]], Karnataka,<ref name="shrimadkoba.org"/>		He authored many [[Jain texts]] such as: ''[[Samayasara]], [[Niyamasara]], [[Pancastikayasara]], [[Pravachanasara]], Astapahuda'' and ''Barasanuvekkha''. He occupies the highest place in the tradition of the [[Digambara]] Jain [[acharya]]s. All Digambara Jains say his name before starting to read the scripture. He spent most of his time at [[Ponnur Hills]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and later part of life at [[Kundadri]], [[Shimoga]], Karnataka,<ref name="shrimadkoba.org"/>

	==Names==		==Names==
	His proper name was ''Padmanandin'',{{sfn\|Jayandra Soni\|2003\|p=26}} he is popularly referred to as Kundakunda possibly because the modern village of ~~Kondakunde~~ in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] ~~might represent~~ his ~~native home~~.{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=48}}{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2008\|p=524}} He is also presumed to be the one being alluded to by names such as ''Elacarya'', ''Vakragriva'', ''Grdhrapiccha'' or ''Mahamati''~~, but these names have caused confusion and are likely incorrect because they have been used for other Jain scholars such as [[Umaswati]] in texts and others in inscriptions~~.{{sfn\|Jayandra Soni\|2003\|p=26}}		His proper name was ''Padmanandin'',{{sfn\|Jayandra Soni\|2003\|p=26}} he is popularly referred to as Kundakunda possibly because the modern village of Konakondla in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] which is his birth place.{{sfn\|Natubhai Shah\|2004\|p=48}}{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2008\|p=524}} He is also presumed to be the one being alluded to by names such as ''Elacarya'', ''Vakragriva'', ''Grdhrapiccha'' or ''Mahamati''.{{sfn\|Jayandra Soni\|2003\|p=26}} He is also called [[Thiruvalluvar]], the author of tamil classical [[Thirukkural]], besides many other cannons in jain literature.

	==Biography==		==Biography==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]]
| image = Acharya KundaKunda.jpg
| caption = Idol of KundaKunda, [[Karnataka]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| birth_date = 2nd century CE{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=28}}
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Kundakunda''' was a [[Digambara]] [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] and philosopher, who likely lived in the 2nd CE century CE or later.{{sfn|Jayandra Soni|2003|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=48}}<ref name="shrimadkoba.org">{{Cite web |title=Shri Kundkundacharya |website=Shrimad Rajchandra Adyatmik Sadhana Kendra, Koba |url=http://www.shrimadkoba.org/shri_kundkundacharya.php |access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref>

He authored many [[Jain texts]] such as: ''[[Samayasara]], [[Niyamasara]], [[Pancastikayasara]], [[Pravachanasara]], Astapahuda'' and ''Barasanuvekkha''. He occupies the highest place in the tradition of the [[Digambara]] Jain [[acharya]]s. All Digambara Jains say his name before starting to read the scripture. He spent most of his time at [[Ponnur Hills]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and later part of life at [[Kundadri]], [[Shimoga]], Karnataka,<ref name="shrimadkoba.org"/>

==Names==
His proper name was ''Padmanandin'',{{sfn|Jayandra Soni|2003|p=26}} he is popularly referred to as Kundakunda possibly because the modern village of Kondakunde in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] might represent his native home.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=48}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=524}} He is also presumed to be the one being alluded to by names such as ''Elacarya'', ''Vakragriva'', ''Grdhrapiccha'' or ''Mahamati'', but these names have caused confusion and are likely incorrect because they have been used for other Jain scholars such as [[Umaswati]] in texts and others in inscriptions.{{sfn|Jayandra Soni|2003|p=26}}

==Biography==
[[File:Djtradition marhiaji.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The Digambara Shruta tradition]]

Kundakunda belonged to the [[Digambara]] sect. Natubhai Shah places him in the second-century CE.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=48}} Jayandra Soni places him in either the 2nd– or 3rd–century CE.{{sfn|Jayandra Soni|2003|pp=25–26}} Western scholars, however, place him much later primarily because of ideas he refers to and because his hagiography and quotations from his influential and important work begin to appear around 8th-century CE. For example, [[Paul Dundas]] dates him to about mid-8th-century.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=107–108}}{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=65–66}}

In the Digambara tradition, Kundakunda's texts are among the most important and treasured. The reverence for his scholarship is such that some later texts such as ''Pravachanasara'' list him third in importance, right after Mahavira and Mahavira's disciple Indrabhuti Gautama.{{sfn|Jaini|1991|p=32}} [[A.N. Upadhye]] in his critical edition of the ''Pravachansara'' suggests Kundakunda to have lived in the middle of the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|Jaini|1991|p=32–33}}

==Thought==
In texts such as ''Pravacanasāra''
(‘The Essence of the Doctrine’) and ''Samayasāra'' (‘The Essence of the Soul’), Kundakunda distinguishes between two perspectives of truth:

*''vyavahāranaya'' or ‘mundane perspective’, also delusion (''moha'')
*''niścayanaya'' or ‘ultimate perspective’, also called “supreme” (''paramārtha'') and “pure” (''śuddha''){{sfn|Long|2013|p=126}}

For Kundakunda, the mundane realm of truth is also the relative perspective of normal folk, where the workings of [[karma]] operate and where things emerge, last for a certain duration and perish. The mundane aspect is associated with the changing qualities of the soul mainly the influx of karmic particles. The ultimate perspective meanwhile, is that of the pure [[soul]] or [[Ātman (Buddhism)|atman]], the [[jiva]], which is "blissful, energetic, perceptive, and omniscient".{{sfn|Long|2013|p=126}} Delusion and bondage is caused by the confusion of the workings of karma with the true nature of the soul, which is always pure, in other words, it is caused by taking the view of ''vyavahāranaya'', not the higher ''niścayanaya'' which is the absolute perspective of a [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] - [[Kevala Jnana]]. His view has become the mainstream view in [[Digambara]] Jainism.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=128}}

==Works==
[[File:Panchastikayasara.pdf|thumb|''Pancastikayasara'' of Kundakunda]]
[[File:Niyamsara.jpg|thumb|Niyamsara, another text by Kundakunda]]
The works attributed to Kundakunda, all of them in [[Prakrit]],{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=524}} can be divided in three groups.

The first group comprises four original works described as "[[The Essence]]" (sara)—namely, the ''[[Niyamasara|Niyamasāra]]'' (The Essence of the Restraint, in 187 verses), the ''[[Pancastikayasara|Pañcāstikāyasāra]]'' (The Essence of the Five Existents, in 153 verses), the ''[[Samayasara|Samayasāra]]'' (The Essence of the Self, in 439 verses), and the ''[[Pravachanasara|Pravacanasāra]]'' (The Essence of the Teaching, in 275 verses).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=48}}

The second group is a collection of ten bhaktis (devotional prayers), short compositions in praise of the [[acharya]] (Acharyabhakti), the [[scriptures]] (Srutabhakti), the [[mendicant]] conduct (Charitrabhakti), and so forth. They form the standard liturgical texts used by the [[Digambara]] in their daily rituals and bear close resemblance to similar texts employed by the [[Śvētāmbara]], suggesting the possibility of their origin in the canonical period prior to the division of the community.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The last group consists of eight short texts called Prabhrta (Pkt. pahuda, i.e., a gift or a treatise), probably compilations from some older sources, on such topics as the right view (Darsanaprabhrta, in 36 verses), right conduct (Charitraprabhrta, in 44 verses), the scripture (Sutraprabhrta, in 27 verses), and so forth.

==See also==
* [[Simandhar Swami]]
* [[Kundadri]]
* [[Taran Svami]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=10 July 1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-26606-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt6-YXE2aUwC}}
* {{citation|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara|url=https://archive.org/details/AcharyaKundkundsSamayasara|year=2012|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-3-8}}
* {{citation |author=Jayandra Soni|editor-last=Balcerowicz |editor-first=Piotr |editor-link=Piotr Balcerowicz |title=Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRpfZcIhLoC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=2003 |orig-year=2002 |isbn=81-208-1977-2 }}
* {{citation | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women| url= http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft138nb0wk;brand=ucpress| publisher =University of California Press| year =1991 | location =Berkeley}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |title=Jainism: An Introduction |date= 2013 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-392-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC|ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2008}}}}
* {{citation |title=The Date of Kundakundācārya, Aspects of Jainology Vol. III: Pt. Dalsukh Bhai Malvania Felicitation Volume I. Varanasi|volume = I|pages = 187–206|editor1-last=Dhaky|editor1-first= M.A.|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Sagarmal|year = 1991}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/jainism/database/ARTICLE/kunda.doc Jain Literature and Kundakunda]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062034/http://www.jainworld.com/guru/wkundku.htm Acharya Kundkund]

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2nd-century BC births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Jain philosophy]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Indian Jains]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Jain monks]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]

Kundakunda - Revision history

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