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imported>Zogammanipur: /* VanBik (2009) */

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VanBik (2009)

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	***[[Falam language\|Falam]]: [[Bawm language\|Bawm]], Bualkhaw, [[Falam language\|Laizo]], Lente, [[Khualshim language\|Khualsim]], Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, [[Zanniat language\|Zanniat]]		***[[Falam language\|Falam]]: [[Bawm language\|Bawm]], Bualkhaw, [[Falam language\|Laizo]], Lente, [[Khualshim language\|Khualsim]], Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, [[Zanniat language\|Zanniat]]
	**[[Mizo language\|Mizo]]		**[[Mizo language\|Mizo]]
	***[[Mizo language\|Mizo]]: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte,		***[[Mizo language\|Mizo]]: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte
	***[[Hmar language\|Hmar]]: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri		***[[Hmar language\|Hmar]]: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri
	[[Maraic languages\|Maraic]]: kr- > ts-; -ʔ, -r, -l > -Ø; -p, -t, -k > -ʔ; θ- > s-		[[Maraic languages\|Maraic]]: kr- > ts-; -ʔ, -r, -l > -Ø; -p, -t, -k > -ʔ; θ- > s-

111.184.28.146 at 21:22, 16 May 2021

2021-05-16T21:22:31Z

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{{short description|Language family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Kuki-Chin
| altname = Mizo-Kuki-Chin, Kukish
| region = [[India]], [[Burma]], [[Bangladesh]]
| ethnicity = [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Zomi people|Zomi]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Naga people|Naga]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 =
| child1 = [[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]
| child2 = [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
| child3 = [[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
| child4 = [[Maraic languages|Maraic]]
| child5 = [[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]
| child6 = [[Khomic languages|Khomic]]
| glotto = kuki1246
| glottoname = Kuki-Chin
| ancestor =
| notes =
}}
The '''Kuki-Chin languages''' (also called '''Mizo-Kuki-Chin''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Burling |first=Robbins |year=2003 |chapter=The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India |editor=Graham Thurgood |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |pages=169–191}}</ref> '''Kukish''' or '''South-Central Tibeto-Burman''' languages) are a branch of 50 or so [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in northeastern [[India]], western [[Burma]] and southeastern [[Bangladesh]]. Most speakers of these languages are known as [[Mizo people|Mizo]] in [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]]. Also, as [[Kuki people|Kukī]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and as [[Chin people|Chin]] in [[Burmese language|Burmese]]; some also identify as Zomi . [[Mizo language|Mizo]] is the most widely spoken of the Kuki-Chin languages.

Kuki-Chin is sometimes placed under [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]], a geographical rather than linguistic grouping.

Most Kuki-Chin languages are spoken in and around [[Chin State]], Burma, with some languages spoken in [[Sagaing Division]], [[Magway Region]] and [[Rakhine State]] as well. In [[Northeast India]], many Northern Kuki-Chin languages are also spoken in [[Mizoram]] State and [[Manipur]] State, India, especially in [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur District]], [[Pherzawl District]], [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi District]], [[Senapati district|Senapati District]]. Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages are spoken mostly in [[Chandel District]], Manipur.

Kuki-Chin is alternatively called ''South-Central'' Trans-Himalayan (or ''South Central'' Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Kuki-Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.<ref>Konnerth, Linda. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.5070/H917134878 The historical phonology of Monsang (Northwestern South-Central/“Kuki-Chin”): A case of reduction in phonological complexity]. ''Himalayan Linguistics'', Vol. 17(1): 19-49, note [2]: "...many language activists among the speakers of languages of the South-Central branch has made it clear to me that using the “Kuki-Chin” label is very insensitive."</ref>

==Internal classification==
The [[Karbi language]]s may be closely related to Kuki-Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.<ref>Thurgood, Graham (2003) "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance." In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla, eds., ''The Sino-Tibetan languages'', pp. 13–14. London: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1129-1}}.</ref><ref>{{citation
|last=van Driem
|first=George L.
|title=Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar
|journal=Himalayan Linguistics Journal
|volume=10
|issue=1
|year=2011a
|pages=31–39
|url=http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html
|postscript=.
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112220623/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html
|archive-date=12 January 2012
}}</ref>

The Kuki-Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with the ''[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]'' branch added from [[Scott DeLancey]], et al. (2015),<ref>DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth1; Amos Teo. 2015. ''Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland''. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.</ref> and the ''[[Khumic languages|Khumic]]'' branch (which has been split off from the ''Southern'' branch) from Peterson (2017).<ref name="Peterson2017"/>

;'''Kuki-Chin'''
*'''[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]''': [[Mizo language|Mizo]] (Duhlian), [[Bawm language|Bawm]] (Sunthla and Panghawi), [[Tawr language|Tawr]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]] (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua), [[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]], [[Saihriem language|Saihriem]], [[Falam language|Laizo]]/[[Taisun language|Tlaisun]], [[Khualshim language|Khualsim]], [[Zanniat]], [[Zahau language|Zahau]]
*'''[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]''': [[Mara language|Mara]] (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}), [[Zyphe language|Zophei]], [[Senthang language|Senthang]], [[Zotung language|Zotung]] (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai), [[Lautu Chin language|Lautu]]
*'''[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]''': [[Falam language|Falam]] (Hallam, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo, [[Chorei]]), Suantak-Vaiphei, [[Hrangkhol language|Hrangkhol]], [[Zou language|Zo]] (Zou), [[Biate language|Biate]] (Bete), [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Tedim language|Tedim]], [[Thado language|Thado]] (Kuki), [[Gangte language|Gangte]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Sizang language|Sizang]], [[Ralte language|Ralte]], [[Ngawn language|Ngawn]]
*'''[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]''': [[Shö language|Shö]] (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon), [[Thaiphum language|Thaiphum]], [[Daai language|Daai]] (Nitu), [[Mün language|Mün]], [[Yindu Daa languages|Yindu]], [[Nga La language|Matu]], [[Welaung language|Welaung]] (Rawngtu), [[Kaang Chin language|Kaang]], [[Laitu Chin language|Laitu]], [[Rungtu Chin language|Rungtu]], [[Songlai Chin language|Songlai]], [[Sumtu Chin language|Sumtu]]
*'''[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]''': [[Khumi language|Khumi]] (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa), [[Mro language|Mro]], [[Rengmitca language|Rengmitca]], etc.
*'''[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]''': [[Monsang language|Monsang]], [[Moyon language|Moyon]], [[Lamkang language|Lamkang]], [[Aimol language|Aimol]], [[Anal language|Anal]], [[Tarao language|Tarao]], [[Koireng language|Koireng]] (Kolhreng), [[Chiru language|Chiru]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]], [[Chothe language|Chothe]], [[Purum language|Purum]],<ref name="Peterson2017"/> [[Kharam language|Kharam]],<ref name="Peterson2017"/>

[[Darlong language|Darlong]] and [[Ranglong language|Ranglong]] are unclassified Kuki-Chin language.
The recently discovered [[Sorbung language|Sorbung]] language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin or [[Tangkhul languages|Tangkhul]] language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).<ref>David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. "[http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman]", in ''JEALS'' 4, vol 1.</ref>

[[Anu-Hkongso Chin language|Anu-Hkongso]] speakers self-identify as ethnic [[Chin people]], although their language is closely related to [[Mru language|Mru]] rather than to Kuki-Chin languages. The [[Mruic languages]] constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Kuki-Chin.<ref name="Peterson2017"/>

===VanBik (2009)===
Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on shared [[sound changes]] (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows.

'''Kuki-Chin'''
*[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z-
**[[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]]?
**[[Tawr language|Lamtuk Thet]]: Lamtuk, Ruavan
**[[Lai languages|Lai]]
***[[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]]: [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]], [[Thantlang]], Zokhua
***[[Falam language|Falam]]: [[Bawm language|Bawm]], Bualkhaw, [[Falam language|Laizo]], Lente, [[Khualshim language|Khualsim]], Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, [[Zanniat language|Zanniat]]
**[[Mizo language|Mizo]]
***[[Mizo language|Mizo]]: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte,
***[[Hmar language|Hmar]]: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri
*[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s-
**[[Mara language|Mara]]
***Tlosai
****Saikao
****Siaha
***Hlaipao
****Heima
****Lialai
****Vahapi/Zyhno
***HawThai
****Sizo
*****Ngaphepi
*****Sabyu
*****Chapi
****Lyvaw
*****Lochei
*****Tisih
*****Phybyu
**[[Lautu language|Lautu]]
***Hnaro
***Chawngthia
**[[Zyphe language|Zophei]]
***Vytu
***Sate/Awsa
**[[Senthang language|Senthang]]
***Khuapi
***Surkhua
**[[Zotung language|Zotung]] *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(h)- > *t(h)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(h)-; *w- > *v-
***Calthawng
***Innmai
***Lungngo/Tinpa
*Peripheral: *r- > *g-
**[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]: *θ- > *ts-; *kl- > *tl-; *-r > *-k
***[[Thado language|Thado]]/[[Kuki language|Kuki]], [[Tedim language|Tedim]], Khuangsai, [[Paite language|Paite]] Vuite, [[Chiru language|Chiru]]
***[[Siyin language|Sizang]], [[Guite people|Guite]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Ralte language|Ralte]],
**[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]] (Southern Plains): *-r > *-y
***[[Khumi language|Khumi]]: Khomi, Wakung
***[[Shö language|Cho-Asho]]
****Asho
****Cho: [[Matu language|Matu]]; Chinpon; [[Daai language|Daai]], Nghmoye, Ngmuun, Mkaang

===Peterson (2017)===
David A. Peterson's (2017:206)<ref name="Peterson2017">Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley'', 189-209. Leiden: Brill.</ref> internal classification of the Kuki-Chin languages is as follows.

;Kuki-Chin
*[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]: ''[[Purum language|Purum (Naga)]], Koireng, [[Monsang language|Monsang (Naga)]]'', etc.
*Central
**[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Core Central]]
**[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]
*Peripheral
**[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northeastern]]
**[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]: ''Khami/[[Khumi language|Khumi]], [[Mro language|Mro]]-Khimi, Lemi, [[Rengmitca language|Rengmitca]]'', etc.
**[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]
***''Cho''
***Daai''
***''Hyow''/''[[Shö language|Asho]]''

Peterson's ''Northeastern'' branch corresponds to VanBik's ''Northern'' branch, while Peterson's ''Northwestern'' corresponds to the ''Old Kuki'' branch of earlier classifications.

==See also==
*[[Lai languages]]
*[[Pau Cin Hau script]]
*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Kuki-Chin Swadesh lists|Kuki-Chin Swadesh lists]] (Wiktionary)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill, {{ISBN|978-90-04-12062-4}}.
* VanBik, Kenneth. 2009. ''Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages''. STEDT Monograph 8. {{ISBN|0-944613-47-0}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*Button, Christopher. 2011. ''Proto Northern Chin''. STEDT Monograph 10. {{ISBN|0-944613-49-7}}. http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph10_Proto-Northern-Chin.pdf
*{{cite journal | surname = Hill | given = Nathan W. | year = 2014 | title = Proto-Kuki-Chin initials according to Toru Ohno and Kenneth VanBik | journal = Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society | volume = 7 | pages = 11–30 | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18355/ }}
*{{cite thesis | given = Khoi | surname = Lam Thang | year = 2001 | title = A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Chin | type = MA thesis | location = Chiang Mai | publisher = Payap University | url = http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf }}
*Mann, Noel, and Wendy Smith. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Chin%20Bibliography.pdf Chin bibliography]. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*S. Dal Sian Pau. 2014. ''The comparative study of Proto-Zomi (Kuki-Chin) languages''. Lamka, Manipur, India: Zomi Language & Literature Society (ZOLLS). [Comparative word list of [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Thangkhal language|Thangkhal]], [[Zou language|Zou]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]], [[Paite language|Paite]] or [[Tedim language|Tedim]], and [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]]]
*Smith, Wendy and Noel Mann. 2009. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Chin%20Bibliography%20with%20Selected%20Annotations.pdf Chin bibliography with selected annotations]. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*{{cite book | surname = VanBik | given = Kenneth | year = 2009 | title = Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages | series = STEDT Monograph | volume = 8 | isbn = 0-944613-47-0 | url = https://www.academia.edu/4339564 }}

==External links==
* [http://hmartlangsam.blogspot.com/ Tlângsam: Latest News in Hmar language – Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, NE India]
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFJadjKGLrZCkr7m1Dl37exwsauW9OODP Recent Advances in Kuki-Chin Linguistics]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Myanmar}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Kukish languages|*]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]

Kuki-Chin languages - Revision history

StaciWinslow: improved article

imported>Zogammanipur: /* VanBik (2009) */

111.184.28.146 at 21:22, 16 May 2021