Kshatriya - Revision history

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	{{short description\|Ruling and warrior class of the Hindu varna system}}		{{short description\|Ruling and warrior class of the Hindu varna system}}
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	[[File:Statue of Bhishma.jpg\|thumb\|[[Bhishma]], a kshatriya of the [[Lunar dynasty]] in Hindu literature.]]		[[File:Statue of Bhishma.jpg\|thumb\|[[Bhishma]], a kshatriya of the [[Lunar dynasty]] in Hindu literature.]]

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	[[File:Statue of Bhishma.jpg\|thumb\|[[Bhishma]], a Kshatriya of the Lunar dynasty]]		[[File:Statue of Bhishma.jpg\|thumb\|[[Bhishma]], a Kshatriya of the Lunar dynasty]]

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	After the collapse of the [[Maurya Empire]], numerous clan-based polities in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan claimed kshatriya status.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2002\|p=211}}		After the collapse of the [[Maurya Empire]], numerous clan-based polities in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan claimed kshatriya status.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2002\|p=211}}

	The [[Shakas]] and [[Yavanas]] were considered to be low-status kshatriyas by brahmin authors.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2004\|p=227}}		The [[Shakas]] and [[Yavanas]] were considered to be low-status or vratya kshatriyas by brahmin authors.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2004\|p=227}}

	In the third to fourth centuries CE, kingdoms in the [[Krishna River\|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River\|Godavari]] rivers claimed kshatriya status and performed [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic rituals]] to legitimate themselves as rulers.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2004\|pp=228–229}}		In the third to fourth centuries CE, kingdoms in the [[Krishna River\|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River\|Godavari]] rivers claimed kshatriya status and performed [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic rituals]] to legitimate themselves as rulers.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2004\|pp=228–229}}
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	=== Modern era ===		=== Modern era ===
	Writing in the context of how the [[jajmani system]] operated in the 1960s, Pauline Kolenda noted that the "caste function of the Kshatriya is to lead and protect the village, and with conquest to manage their conquered lands. The Kshatriyas do perform these functions today to the extent possible, by distributing food as payments to ''kamins'' and providing leadership."<ref name="kolenda">{{cite journal \|title=Toward a Model of the Hindu Jajmani System \|first=Pauline Mahar \|last=Kolenda \|journal=Human Organization \|volume=22 \|issue=1 \|date=Spring 1963 \|pages=11–31 \|doi=10.17730/humo.22.1.x01162046g995q1j \|jstor=44124164}}</ref>		Writing in the context of how the [[jajmani system]] operated in the 1960s, Pauline Kolenda noted that the "caste function of the Kshatriya is to lead and protect the village, and with conquest to manage their conquered lands. The Kshatriyas do perform these functions today to the extent possible, by distributing food as payments to ''kamins'' and providing leadership."<ref name="kolenda">{{cite journal \|title=Toward a Model of the Hindu Jajmani System \|first=Pauline Mahar \|last=Kolenda \|journal=Human Organization \|volume=22 \|issue=1 \|date=Spring 1963 \|pages=11–31 \|doi=10.17730/humo.22.1.x01162046g995q1j \|jstor=44124164}}</ref>

	~~A number of castes in the modern era began claiming kshatriya origin, but that they purportedly fell in status due to economic necessity or ritual faults.{{Sfn\|Thapar\|2004\|p=464}}~~

	==Symbols==		==Symbols==
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	The Vedas do not mention kshatriya (or varna) of any ''vansha'' (lineage). The lineages of the [[Itihasa]]-[[Purana]] tradition<ref name="indianhistory"/> are: the [[Solar dynasty]] (Suryavanshi);<ref name="indianhistory"/> and the [[Lunar dynasty]] (Chandravansi/ Somavanshi).<ref name="indianhistory"/>		The Vedas do not mention kshatriya (or varna) of any ''vansha'' (lineage). The lineages of the [[Itihasa]]-[[Purana]] tradition<ref name="indianhistory"/> are: the [[Solar dynasty]] (Suryavanshi);<ref name="indianhistory"/> and the [[Lunar dynasty]] (Chandravansi/ Somavanshi).<ref name="indianhistory"/>

	There are other lineages, such as [[Agnivanshi]] ("fire lineage"), in which an eponymous ancestor rises out of [[Agni]] (fire),<ref name="indianhistory">Indian History: Ancient and medieval, p. 22. Volume 1 of Indian History, Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd, 2003.</ref> and Nagavanshi (snake-born), claiming descent from the [[Nāga]]s. The Nagavanshi, not ~~attested in the Itihasa-Purana tradition~~, were Naga ~~tribes~~ whose origin can be found in scriptures.<ref>Omacanda Hāṇḍā. Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya, p. 251. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC&pg=PA251]</ref>		There are other lineages, such as [[Agnivanshi]] ("fire lineage"), in which an eponymous ancestor rises out of [[Agni]] (fire),<ref name="indianhistory">Indian History: Ancient and medieval, p. 22. Volume 1 of Indian History, Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd, 2003.</ref> and Nagavanshi (snake-born), claiming descent from the [[Nāga]]s. The Nagavanshi, not mentioned as a purely independent lineage, were Naga clans whose origin can be found in scriptures.<ref>Omacanda Hāṇḍā. Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya, p. 251. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC&pg=PA251]</ref>

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imported>Dimadick: /* Early Rigvedic tribal monarchy */

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Early Rigvedic tribal monarchy

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	==History==		==History==
	===Early Rigvedic tribal monarchy===		===Early Rigvedic tribal monarchy===
	The administrative machinery in the [[Vedic India]] was headed by a tribal king called ''Rajan'' whose position ~~was~~ not hereditary.{{cn\|date=~~February 2021~~}}The king ~~was~~ elected in a tribal assembly (called ''Samiti'') which included women.{{cn\|~~date~~=~~February 2021~~}}The Rajan protected the tribe and cattle; was assisted by a priest; and did not maintain a standing army, though in the later period the rulership appears to have risen as a [[social class]]. The concept of the fourfold varna system is not yet recorded.<ref name=raj>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Ram Sharan\|title=India's ancient past\|year=2005\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=the University of Michigan\|isbn= 9780195667141\|pages=110–112}}</ref>		The administrative machinery in the Vedic India was headed by a tribal king called Rajan whose position may or may not have been hereditary.<ref name=":VedicIndiaRenouKshatriyas">{{Cite book\|last=Renou\|first=Louis\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6854\|title=Vedic India\|date=1957\|pages=130}}</ref>The king may have been elected in a tribal assembly (called Samiti), which included women.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Shori\|first=Maj Gen A. K.\|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FRCiBQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT87&dq=The+king+was+elected+in+a+tribal+assembly+(called+Samiti)+which+%22included+women%22.&hl=en&redir_esc=y\|title=Seven Shades of Rama\|publisher=Notion Press\|isbn=978-93-84391-74-4\|language=en\|chapter=Fifth Shade : Rama as A King}}</ref><ref name=":VedicIndiaRenouKshatriyas"/>The Rajan protected the tribe and cattle; was assisted by a priest; and did not maintain a standing army, though in the later period the rulership appears to have risen as a [[social class]]. The concept of the fourfold varna system is not yet recorded.<ref name=raj>{{cite book\|last=Sharma\|first=Ram Sharan\|title=India's ancient past\|year=2005\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=the University of Michigan\|isbn= 9780195667141\|pages=110–112}}</ref>

	===Later Vedic period===		===Later Vedic period===
	The hymn ''[[Purusha Sukta]]'' to the ''[[Rigveda]]'' describes the symbolic creation of the four varna-s through [[Purusha Sukta\|cosmic]] sacrifice (yajña). Some scholars consider the ''Purusha Sukta'' to be a late interpolation into the ''Rigveda'' based on the neological character of the composition, as compared to the more archaic style of the Vedic literature.{{~~citation needed~~\|date=~~January~~ 2014}} Since not all Indians were fully regulated under the varna in the Vedic society,<ref>David Kean (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=beJP_BOIhEcC&pg=PA26 Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law], p. 26. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.</ref> the ''Purusha Sukta'' was supposedly composed in order to secure Vedic sanction for the heredity caste scheme.~~{{citation needed\|date~~=~~January 2014}}~~ An alternate explanation is that the word 'Shudra' does not occur anywhere else in the ''Rig-veda'' except the ''Purusha Sukta'', leading some scholars to believe the ''Purusha Sukta'' was a composition of the later Rig-vedic period itself to denote, legitimize and sanctify an oppressive and exploitative class structure that had already come into existence.<ref>		The hymn ''[[Purusha Sukta]]'' to the ''[[Rigveda]]'' describes the symbolic creation of the four varna-s through [[Purusha Sukta\|cosmic]] sacrifice (yajña). Some scholars consider the Purusha Sukta to be a late interpolation into the Rigveda based on the neological character of the composition, as compared to the more archaic style of the Vedic literature.<ref name=":RigvedaJamisonBreretonPurushaSukta">{{Cite book\|last=Jamison\|first=Stephanie W.\|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1-PRAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&redir_esc=y\|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India\|last2=Brereton\|first2=Joel P.\|date=2014\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-937018-4\|pages=57-58\|language=en}}</ref> Since not all Indians were fully regulated under the varna in the Vedic society,<ref>David Kean (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=beJP_BOIhEcC&pg=PA26 Caste-based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law], p. 26. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.</ref> the Purusha Sukta was supposedly composed in order to secure Vedic sanction for the heredity caste scheme.<ref name=":RigvedaJamisonBreretonPurushaSukta"/> An alternate explanation is that the word 'Shudra' does not occur anywhere else in the ''Rig-veda'' except the ''Purusha Sukta'', leading some scholars to believe the ''Purusha Sukta'' was a composition of the later Rig-vedic period itself to denote, legitimize and sanctify an oppressive and exploitative class structure that had already come into existence.<ref>
	Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&pg=PA37 Class and Religion in Ancient India], pp. 37–47. Anthem Press.</ref>		Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&pg=PA37 Class and Religion in Ancient India], pp. 37–47. Anthem Press.</ref>

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	{{short description\|Ruling and warrior class of the Hindu varna system}}		{{short description\|Ruling and warrior class of the Hindu varna system}}
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	[[File:Statue of Bhishma.jpg\|thumb\|[[Bhishma]], a kshatriya of the [[Lunar dynasty]] in Hindu literature.]]		[[File:Statue of Bhishma.jpg\|thumb\|[[Bhishma]], a kshatriya of the [[Lunar dynasty]] in Hindu literature.]]

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