Krishnaraja Wadiyar III - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Maharaja of Mysore from 1799–1868}}
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	\|coronation = 30 June 1799, Royal Palace, Mysore		\|coronation = 30 June 1799, Royal Palace, Mysore
	\|predecessor = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]] (1776–1796) (father) (Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan)<br>		\|predecessor = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]] (1776–1796) (father) (Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan)<br>
	[[Tipu Sultan]](1782 – 1799)		[[Tipu Sultan]] (1782 – 1799)
	\|successor = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (son)		\|successor = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (son)
	\|birth_date = 14 July 1794		\|birth_date = 14 July 1794
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	\|religion=[[Hindu]]		\|religion=[[Hindu]]
	}}		}}
	Maharaja '''Krishnaraja Wadiyar III''' (Sriman Rajadhiraja Raja Parameshvara Praudha-pratapa Apratima-vira Narapati Birud-antembara-ganda Maharaja Sir Krishnaraja Wadiyar III Bahadur~~; {{lang-kn\|ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್}}~~; 14 July 1794 – 27 March 1868) was the twenty-second [[maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Also known as Mummadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar, the maharaja belonged to the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] and ruled the kingdom for nearly seventy years, from 30 June 1799 to 27 March 1868. He is known for his contribution and patronage to different arts and music during his reign. He was succeeded by his adopted son, [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]].		Maharaja '''Krishnaraja Wadiyar III''' (Sriman Rajadhiraja Raja Parameshvara Praudha-pratapa Apratima-vira Narapati Birud-antembara-ganda Maharaja Sir Krishnaraja Wadiyar III Bahadur; 14 July 1794 – 27 March 1868) was the twenty-second [[maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Also known as Mummadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar, the maharaja belonged to the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] and ruled the kingdom for nearly seventy years, from 30 June 1799 to 27 March 1868. He is known for his contribution and patronage to different arts and music during his reign. He was succeeded by his adopted son, [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]].

	==Early years==		==Early years==
	Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, who was born at [[Srirangapatna]], was the son of Khasa [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX\|Chamaraja Wadiyar IX]] (who was born at Arikottara, now [[Chamarajanagar]]) and his first wife, Maharani Kempananjammani Avaru.<ref>Annals of The Mysore Royal Family Part-1: A publication by the Royal Family of Mysore: 1916</ref> Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Devi, his adoptive grandmother, played a major role in the education and upbringing of her adopted grandson, Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, and was instrumental in his ascendancy to the Mysore throne.<ref name="hist">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p265</ref>		Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, who was born at [[Srirangapatna]], was the son of Khasa [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX\|Chamaraja Wadiyar IX]] (who was born at Arikottara, now [[Chamarajanagar]]) and his first wife, Maharani Kempananjammani Avaru.<ref>Annals of The Mysore Royal Family Part-1: A publication by the Royal Family of Mysore: 1916</ref> Maharani [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi]], his adoptive grandmother, played a major role in the education and upbringing of her adopted grandson, Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, and was instrumental in his ascendancy to the Mysore throne.<ref name="hist">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p265</ref>

	Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Devi was awaiting a chance to unseat Hyder Ali (who died) and later his son [[Tipu Sultan]], and had sent numerous feelers to the [[British Raj#Building the Raj: British expansion across India\|British]] to unseat him and hand over the kingdom to the Wadiyars. She also informed the British about the treaty between [[Tipu Sultan]] and the [[French India\|French]].<ref name="hist1">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p271</ref> When Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the British in 1799, she discussed about the handover of the Mysore throne, which finally led to the installation of the five-year-old Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, as the Maharaja of Mysore on 30 June 1799.<ref name="hist2">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p266</ref>		Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Devi was awaiting a chance to unseat Hyder Ali (who died) and later his son [[Tipu Sultan]], and had sent numerous feelers to the [[British Raj#Building the Raj: British expansion across India\|British]] to unseat him and hand over the kingdom to the Wadiyars. She also informed the British about the treaty between [[Tipu Sultan]] and the [[French India\|French]].<ref name="hist1">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p271</ref> When Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the British in 1799, she discussed about the handover of the Mysore throne, which finally led to the installation of the five-year-old Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, as the Maharaja of Mysore on 30 June 1799.<ref name="hist2">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p266</ref>
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	Krishnaraja Wadiyar III attained the age of 16 in early 1810 and hence attained the age of discretion. After discussing with the British Resident, A. H. Cole, the reins of the state were transferred from Dewan [[Purnaiah]] to the king.<ref name="hist5">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p383</ref> But the king lost the services of his grandmother, who died in 1810, and also of Purnaiah, who died in 1812.		Krishnaraja Wadiyar III attained the age of 16 in early 1810 and hence attained the age of discretion. After discussing with the British Resident, A. H. Cole, the reins of the state were transferred from Dewan [[Purnaiah]] to the king.<ref name="hist5">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p383</ref> But the king lost the services of his grandmother, who died in 1810, and also of Purnaiah, who died in 1812.

	The years that followed witnessed cordial relations between Mysore and the British until things began to sour in the 1820s. Even though the [[Governor of Madras]], [[Thomas Munro]], determined after a personal investigation in 1825 that there was no substance to the allegations of financial impropriety made by A. H. Cole, the incumbent Resident of Mysore, the civil insurrection which broke out towards the end of the decade changed things considerably. In 1831, close on the heels of the insurrection and citing maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state. For the next fifty years, Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners; Lieutenant-General [[Mark Cubbon]], renowned for his statesmanship, served from 1834 until 1861 and put into place an efficient and successful administrative system which left Mysore a well-developed state.		The years that followed witnessed cordial relations between Mysore and the British until things began to sour in the 1820s. Even though the [[Governor of Madras]], [[Thomas Munro]], determined after a personal investigation in 1825 that there was no substance to the allegations of financial impropriety made by A. H. Cole, the incumbent Resident of Mysore, the civil insurrection (commonly known as [[Nagar revolt]]) which broke out towards the end of the decade changed things considerably. In 1831, close on the heels of the insurrection and citing maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state. For the next fifty years, Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners; Lieutenant-General [[Mark Cubbon]], renowned for his statesmanship, served from 1834 until 1861 and put into place an efficient and successful administrative system which left Mysore a well-developed state.

	==Contribution to culture==		==Contribution to culture==

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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Krishnaraja Wadiyar III
|image =Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, Maharaja of Mysore.jpg
|caption = Photograph of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III (± 1866)
| succession = [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
|reign = 30 June 1799 – 19 October 1831 1831 – 1868 (titular)
|coronation = 30 June 1799, Royal Palace, Mysore
|predecessor = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]] (1776–1796) (father) (Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan) 
[[Tipu Sultan]](1782 – 1799)
|successor = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (son)
|birth_date = 14 July 1794
|birth_place = Royal Palace, [[Srirangapatna]] (now extinct)
|death_date = {{death date and age|1868|03|27|1794|07|14|df=yes}}
|death_place = Royal Palace, [[Mysore]]
|spouse = Devarajammanni<ref name="Mysuru District Website">{{Cite web|url=https://mysore.nic.in/en/tourist-place/srikanteshwarananjundeswara-temple/|title=Srikanteshwara (Nanjundeswara) Temple|publisher=Mysuru District Website}}</ref>
|issue = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] (adopted son)
|house = [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
|father = [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]]
|mother = Maharani Kempa Nanja Ammani Avaru
|religion=[[Hindu]]
}}
Maharaja '''Krishnaraja Wadiyar III''' (Sriman Rajadhiraja Raja Parameshvara Praudha-pratapa Apratima-vira Narapati Birud-antembara-ganda Maharaja Sir Krishnaraja Wadiyar III Bahadur; {{lang-kn|ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್}}; 14 July 1794 – 27 March 1868) was the twenty-second [[maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Also known as Mummadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar, the maharaja belonged to the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] and ruled the kingdom for nearly seventy years, from 30 June 1799 to 27 March 1868. He is known for his contribution and patronage to different arts and music during his reign. He was succeeded by his adopted son, [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]].

==Early years==
Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, who was born at [[Srirangapatna]], was the son of Khasa [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX|Chamaraja Wadiyar IX]] (who was born at Arikottara, now [[Chamarajanagar]]) and his first wife, Maharani Kempananjammani Avaru.<ref>Annals of The Mysore Royal Family Part-1: A publication by the Royal Family of Mysore: 1916</ref> Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Devi, his adoptive grandmother, played a major role in the education and upbringing of her adopted grandson, Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, and was instrumental in his ascendancy to the Mysore throne.<ref name="hist">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p265</ref>

Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Devi was awaiting a chance to unseat Hyder Ali (who died) and later his son [[Tipu Sultan]], and had sent numerous feelers to the [[British Raj#Building the Raj: British expansion across India|British]] to unseat him and hand over the kingdom to the Wadiyars. She also informed the British about the treaty between [[Tipu Sultan]] and the [[French India|French]].<ref name="hist1">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p271</ref> When Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the British in 1799, she discussed about the handover of the Mysore throne, which finally led to the installation of the five-year-old Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, as the Maharaja of Mysore on 30 June 1799.<ref name="hist2">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p266</ref>

The ceremony took place in a special pavilion constructed near the Lakshmiramana Swamy temple in Mysore.<ref name="hist2"/> Being led to it by the Duke of Wellington on his right, Tipu Sultan's prime minister Dewan [[Purnaiah]] was formally selected as the [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Dewan of Mysore]] with an indication that he should be loyal to the king till the king himself attains an age of discretion.

==Ruler of Mysore State==
Krishnaraja Wadiyar III attained the age of 16 in early 1810 and hence attained the age of discretion. After discussing with the British Resident, A. H. Cole, the reins of the state were transferred from Dewan [[Purnaiah]] to the king.<ref name="hist5">Rajakaryaprasakta Rao Bahadur (1936), p383</ref> But the king lost the services of his grandmother, who died in 1810, and also of Purnaiah, who died in 1812.

The years that followed witnessed cordial relations between Mysore and the British until things began to sour in the 1820s. Even though the [[Governor of Madras]], [[Thomas Munro]], determined after a personal investigation in 1825 that there was no substance to the allegations of financial impropriety made by A. H. Cole, the incumbent Resident of Mysore, the civil insurrection which broke out towards the end of the decade changed things considerably. In 1831, close on the heels of the insurrection and citing maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state. For the next fifty years, Mysore passed under the rule of successive British Commissioners; Lieutenant-General [[Mark Cubbon]], renowned for his statesmanship, served from 1834 until 1861 and put into place an efficient and successful administrative system which left Mysore a well-developed state.

==Contribution to culture==
Krishnaraja Wadiyar III was responsible for the cultural growth of the Kingdom of Mysore. He was himself a writer, having written Kannada books like ''[[Sritattvanidhi]]'' and ''Sougandhikaparinaya''.<ref name="kam">{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/wodeyars/mummadi.htm |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |title=Krishnaraja Wodeyar III |work=Wodeyars of Mysore |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref> He also has a number of writers in his court who together contributed to the development of modern Kannada prose, which had a style different from the ''Champu'' style of prose which was followed till then.<ref name="book1">K. M. George (1994), p167</ref> Other important writings that emerged during his rule include ''Mudramanjusha'' by Kempu Narayana, ''Kalavati Parinaya'' by Yadava, and ''Vachana Kadamabari''.<ref name="book1"/> The king was well versed in many languages, including Sanskrit, Kannada, Tamil, English, Telugu, and Urdu. He even played the musical instrument, [[veena]].<ref name="kam"/> He was an expert player of board games and is credited to have revived the [[Ganjifa]] game. He was also a collector and an inventor of board games.<ref name="gam">{{cite web |title=Games afoot |url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/cultureandhistory/041215doc |work=Online webpage of Radio Netherlands, dated 15 December 2004 |author=Laura Durnford |access-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510034728/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/features/cultureandhistory/041215doc |archive-date=10 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="board">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63008-2005Mar24.html |work=Online Edition of The Washington Post, 25 March 2005 |title=Fun Is the Name of the Game|author=Mary Quattlebaum|access-date=27 September 2007 | date=25 March 2005}}</ref>

Krishnaraja Wadiyar III was a ruler who gave a lot of importance to the development of art during his period. He patronised many scholars in his court and he himself was a great Kannada and Sanskrit Scholar, and has composed more than 50 works. The Yakshagana form of literature, its growth, and survival are all due to his efforts. Parti Subba from South Canara, a famous Yakshagana writer, flourished during his period. Devachandra, Venkatarama Shastri, Basavappa Shastri, Aliya Lingaraja, Kempu Narayana, Srinivasa Kavisarvabhouma, Thammaya Kavi, Nanjunda Kavi, Shantaraja Pandita were all patronised by him.

Devachandra wrote ''Rajavali Katha'' which is of great historical importance and also ''Ramakathavathara'', a work in Champu style. Kempu Narayana wrote ''Mudra Manjusha'', which is a Kannada prose. Asthana Vidwan Basavappa Shastri has written various works. He composed Kannada poems such as ''Shakuntala'', ''Vikramorvasiya'', ''Rathnavali'', ''Chandakousika'', and ''Uttara Ramacharita''. He has also translated the famous work of Shakespeare, ''Othello'', into Kannada and it is known as ''Shurasena Charita''. He has also written ''Damayanti'' in Champu style, ''Savitri Charita'' in Shatpadi, ''Sri Raghavendra Swamy Ashtottara Stotram'', and numerous other works in Sanskrit.

Krishnaraja Wadiyar III has composed many works like ''Dasharatha Nandana Charita'', ''Grahana Darpana'', ''Sankya Ratna Kosha'', ''Chaturanga Sara Sarvasva'', ''Sri Tatvanidhi'', ''Saugandhika Parinaya'', ''Sri Krishna Katha Sangraha'', ''Ramayana'', ''Mahabharata'', ''Surya Chandra Vamsavali'', ''etc''. He was called Bhoja Raja of Kannada. The Wadiyar's ''Surya Chandra Vamsavali'' narrates a hundred episodes from the Ramyana and the Mahabharata, and the adventures of Yaduraya and Krishnaraya, the founders of the Wadiyar Dynasty.

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Mummadi]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book |last= Rao Bahadur|first= Rajakaryaprasakta|title= Mysore State Gazetter|year=1936|publisher=[[Mysore State]]}}
* {{cite book |last= George|first= K. M.|title= Modern Indian Literature: An Anthology|orig-year=1994|year=1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 8172013248}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171026093648/http://www.gamepandit.com/know_culture.html Game Pandit]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229230519/http://www.goddesschess.com/chessays/ashtapadacosmos.html The Origins of Chess]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121125818/http://www.ktn.freeuk.com/1d.htm History of Magic Knight's Tours]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107210306/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/11/14/stories/2004111400660800.htm Games of yore]
* [http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466?page=3 New Light on Yoga]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207041013/http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/ecmsa/29.html In-Door Games in Karnataka’s Heritage]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr62008/finearts2008040561212.asp Cards of Honour]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Wodeyar|Wodeyar dynasty]]||1794||1868}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tipu Sultan]] (as Ruler of Mysore)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Mysore]]|years=1799–1831}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|J. Briggs]] (As Senior Commissioner) and [[C. M. Lushington]] (As Junior Commissioner)}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Maharaja of Mysore]]|years=1831–1868}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]}}
{{end}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadiyar, Krishnaraja III}}
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty|Krishnaraja III]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]