Kotla Mubarakpur Complex - Revision history

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2021-08-28T20:40:24Z

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	'''Kotla Mubarakpur Complex''', a medieval village, is ~~now~~ a market place with a residential colony in South central part of [[New Delhi]]. ~~The village~~ Kotla Mubarakpur ~~is dominated by [[Koli people\|Mahawar Koli]] of [[Rajput]] Samaj. Classified~~ by the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (D.D.A.) as an Urban Village, it is situated within touching distance of [[South Extension]]. [[Defence Colony]] lies to its east. Nearest Delhi Metro ~~station is~~ [[South Extension]], [[INA metro station ]] and [[Lajpat Nagar]]. Its history can be traced to the prominent tomb of Muizud Din Mubarak Shah, son of [[Khizr Khan]] of the [[Sayyid dynasty]] of the fifteenth century [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule in India, and its adjoining [[mosque]]. There are several other tombs of [[Lodi Dynasty]] period such as the Darya Khan's tomb, Kale Khan ka Gumbad, Bare Khan ka Gumbad, Chote Khan Ka Gumbad and Bhure Khan ka Gumbad, and also a Baoli (step well).<ref name=Peck>{{Cite book\|last=Peck\|first=Lucy\|title= Delhi: a Thousand Years of Building\|chapter=Kotla Mubarakpur \|page=117\|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd\|location=New Delhi\|year=2005\|isbn=81-7436-354-8\|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm\|access-date=2009-09-10\|quote=South extension was built to the south of an old village called Kotla Mubarakpur, which developed inside the tomb enclosure of the second Sayyid sultan. Near it are a number of Lodi tombs, now scattered among residential neighbourhoods…}}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book\|last=Sharma \|first=Y.D. \|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood \|chapter=Sayyid dynasty and Mubaraka Shah's Tomb \|pages=28, 87 \|access-date=2009-09-10 \|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India \|location=New Delhi \|year=2001 \|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 \|archive-date=2005-08-31 }}</ref>		'''Kotla Mubarakpur Complex''', a medieval famous urban village, is a market place with residential colony in South central part of [[New Delhi]].
			Kotla Mubarakpur classified by the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (D.D.A.) as an Urban Village dominated by [[Bainsla ]] and Baisoya of [[Gurjar]] Samaj, it is situated within touching distance of [[South Extension]]. [[Defence Colony]] lies to its east. Nearest Delhi Metro stations are [[South Extension]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station\|Dilli Haat - INA]] and [[Lajpat Nagar]]. Its history can be traced to the prominent tomb of Muizud Din Mubarak Shah, son of [[Khizr Khan]] of the [[Sayyid dynasty]] of the fifteenth century [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule in India, and its adjoining [[mosque]]. There are several other tombs of [[Lodi Dynasty]] period such as the Darya Khan's tomb, Kale Khan ka Gumbad, Bare Khan ka Gumbad, Chote Khan Ka Gumbad and Bhure Khan ka Gumbad, and also a Baoli (step well).<ref name=Peck>{{Cite book\|last=Peck\|first=Lucy\|title= Delhi: a Thousand Years of Building\|chapter=Kotla Mubarakpur \|page=117\|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd\|location=New Delhi\|year=2005\|isbn=81-7436-354-8\|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm\|access-date=2009-09-10\|quote=South extension was built to the south of an old village called Kotla Mubarakpur, which developed inside the tomb enclosure of the second Sayyid sultan. Near it are a number of Lodi tombs, now scattered among residential neighbourhoods…}}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book\|last=Sharma \|first=Y.D. \|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood \|chapter=Sayyid dynasty and Mubaraka Shah's Tomb \|pages=28, 87 \|access-date=2009-09-10 \|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India \|location=New Delhi \|year=2001 \|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 \|archive-date=2005-08-31 }}</ref>

	[[Khizr Khan]] who was the governor of Punjab under the Lodi dynasty took over the reins at Delhi, in 1414 AD, after defeating Daulat Khan Lodi. He established the [[Sayyid dynasty]], which had four successors till 1451 AD. His son Muizud Din Mubarak Shah succeeded him. He established a city called Mubarakabad on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]], but no trace of it exists now. He died in 1434 AD and he was buried in Kotla Mubarakpur, named after him. His tomb was built in a fusion of Lodi style octagonal plan combined with [[Tughlaq]] style buttresses and wide dome.<ref name=Sharma/>		[[Khizr Khan]] who was the governor of Punjab under the Lodi dynasty took over the reins at Delhi, in 1414 AD, after defeating Daulat Khan Lodi. He established the [[Sayyid dynasty]], which had four successors till 1451 AD. His son Muizud Din Mubarak Shah succeeded him. He established a city called Mubarakabad on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]], but no trace of it exists now. He died in 1434 AD and he was buried in Kotla Mubarakpur, named after him. His tomb was built in a fusion of Lodi style octagonal plan combined with [[Tughlaq]] style buttresses and wide dome.<ref name=Sharma/>
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	After the death of Mubarak Khan Shah, his nephew Muhammad Khan ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, Muhammad Shah called his son Ala-ud-Din from [[Badaun]] and nominated him as his successor. But both these rulers proved ineffective in providing a viable rule and in fact the last ruler of this dynasty, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodhi]] on 19 April 1451 who was then ruler of Punjab and left for Badaun. He continued to live there till his death in 1478 AD. Bahlul Khan Lodhi then went on to establish the last dynasty of the Delhi sultanate.<ref name=Sayyid/><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN\|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref><ref>Mahajan p.244</ref>		After the death of Mubarak Khan Shah, his nephew Muhammad Khan ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, Muhammad Shah called his son Ala-ud-Din from [[Badaun]] and nominated him as his successor. But both these rulers proved ineffective in providing a viable rule and in fact the last ruler of this dynasty, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodhi]] on 19 April 1451 who was then ruler of Punjab and left for Badaun. He continued to live there till his death in 1478 AD. Bahlul Khan Lodhi then went on to establish the last dynasty of the Delhi sultanate.<ref name=Sayyid/><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN\|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref><ref>Mahajan p.244</ref>
	The rulers of the Sayyid dynasty subsisted their rule by collecting revenue by coercion. They could barely counter the pressure from the Sharqī sultans to the east and the Khokars to the northwest.<ref name=Sayyid/>		The rulers of the Sayyid dynasty subsisted their rule by collecting revenue by coercion. They could barely counter the pressure from the Sharqī sultans to the east and the Khokars to the northwest.
			Later baisla clan of gurjars coming from haryana palwal baislat and resettled Kotla Mubarakpur
			<ref name=Sayyid/>

	==Mubarak Shah's tomb==		==Mubarak Shah's tomb==

111.91.230.222 at 21:01, 18 June 2021

2021-06-18T21:01:08Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
|building_name= Kotla Mubarakpur Complex
|image= Mubarak Shah's tomb.jpg
|caption=Tomb of Mubarak Shah
|location={{Flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]], India
|map_type=India New Delhi
|map_caption=Location of Kotla Mubarakpur Complex in Delhi
|coordinates = {{coord|28.5915|77.2419|display=inline,title}}
|religious_affiliation=[[Islam]]
|rite=
|province= Delhi
|territory=[[Delhi]]
|district=[[New Delhi]]
|consecration_year=1434 AD
|status=Tomb
|leadership= [[Sayyid Dynasty]]
|website=
|architect= Mubarak Shah
|architecture_type= [[Tomb]] and [[Mosque]]
|architecture_style= Fusion of [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Tughlaq]] styles
|facade_direction=
|year_completed=1434 AD
|construction_cost=
|capacity=
|length=
|width=
|width_nave=
|height_max=
|dome_quantity=
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|materials= Red [[sandstone]]
}}
'''Kotla Mubarakpur Complex''', a medieval village, is now a market place with a residential colony in South central part of [[New Delhi]]. The village Kotla Mubarakpur is dominated by [[Koli people|Mahawar Koli]] of [[Rajput]] Samaj. Classified by the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (D.D.A.) as an Urban Village, it is situated within touching distance of [[South Extension]]. [[Defence Colony]] lies to its east. Nearest Delhi Metro station is [[South Extension]], [[INA metro station ]] and [[Lajpat Nagar]]. Its history can be traced to the prominent tomb of Muizud Din Mubarak Shah, son of [[Khizr Khan]] of the [[Sayyid dynasty]] of the fifteenth century [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule in India, and its adjoining [[mosque]]. There are several other tombs of [[Lodi Dynasty]] period such as the Darya Khan's tomb, Kale Khan ka Gumbad, Bare Khan ka Gumbad, Chote Khan Ka Gumbad and Bhure Khan ka Gumbad, and also a Baoli (step well).<ref name=Peck>{{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title= Delhi: a Thousand Years of Building|chapter=Kotla Mubarakpur |page=117|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|access-date=2009-09-10|quote=South extension was built to the south of an old village called Kotla Mubarakpur, which developed inside the tomb enclosure of the second Sayyid sultan. Near it are a number of Lodi tombs, now scattered among residential neighbourhoods…}}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book|last=Sharma |first=Y.D. |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |chapter=Sayyid dynasty and Mubaraka Shah's Tomb |pages=28, 87 |access-date=2009-09-10 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=2005-08-31 }}</ref>

[[Khizr Khan]] who was the governor of Punjab under the Lodi dynasty took over the reins at Delhi, in 1414 AD, after defeating Daulat Khan Lodi. He established the [[Sayyid dynasty]], which had four successors till 1451 AD. His son Muizud Din Mubarak Shah succeeded him. He established a city called Mubarakabad on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]], but no trace of it exists now. He died in 1434 AD and he was buried in Kotla Mubarakpur, named after him. His tomb was built in a fusion of Lodi style octagonal plan combined with [[Tughlaq]] style buttresses and wide dome.<ref name=Sharma/>

==History==
Subsequent to the death of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] of the Tughlaq Dynasty, in 1413 AD, the succession of power rested with Daulat Khan Lodi of the Lodi dynasty. But [[Khizr Khan]] who was the Governor of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] during the Lodi period, usurped power on 28 May 1414, and imprisoned Daulat Khan. He then went on to establish the Sayyid dynasty rule of the Delhi sultanate (1414–1451), who claimed to be descendants of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]; there were three other rulers of this dynasty who followed him.<ref name=Sharma/><ref name=Sayyid>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526193/Sayyid-dynasty|title= Sayyid dynasty|access-date=2009-09-09|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

Khizr Khan, who founded the Sayyid dynasty, traced his ancestry to Mohammed based on a casual recognition of this claim by the famous saint Sayyid Jalal-ud-din of [[Bukhara]]. He was the viceroy of [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]], the fourth son of [[Timur lane]]. He was content with the title of Raydt-i-A'la, or 'the Exalted Standards' conferred on him. He was not only successful in uniting Punjab with Delhi and but was also able to tame the governors of several fiefdoms such as [[Mewat]], [[Gwalior]], [[Etawah]] and many more under his reign. During one of his campaigns, he fell seriously sick and returned to Delhi and before he died on 20 May 1421 AD, authorized the reins of power to his son Mubarak Khan. Mubarak Khan had no pretensions to assuming the title of Shah and declaring complete independence of his territory. He effectively and ruthlessly quelled the rebellious fiefdoms. He assumed the name of Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah and minted coins in his name. He had adopted the practice of invading his fiefdoms to collect revenue for his coffers with effective coercion tactics. But his war campaigns had several set backs too. In the meanwhile there was a coterie of people surrounding him who were conspiring against him. In November 1442 AD, he established his new city called the Mubarakabad on the banks of the Yamuna River. After this, while returning from one of his successful war campaigns from [[Bhatinda]] in [[Punjab region|Punjab]], he visited Mubarakabad, his new capital. On 14 February 1443 AD one of his disgruntled former Minister Sarvar-ul-Mulk, in association with other [[Hindu]] [[courtier]]s cleverly plotted to kill him. They were successful in brutally assassinating Mubarak Shah while he was preparing for his prayers. Since Mubarak did not have a son, Muhammad Shah, the son of his brother Farid was enthroned.<ref name=Cambridge>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/cambridgehistory035492mbp/cambridgehistory035492mbp_djvu.txt|title=Chapter VIII of full text of "The Cambridge History of India Volume III" - Related to The Sayyid Dynasty |access-date=2009-09-10}}</ref> A detailed account of Mubarak Shah's reign is available in the Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi written by [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi]].

After the death of Mubarak Khan Shah, his nephew Muhammad Khan ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, Muhammad Shah called his son Ala-ud-Din from [[Badaun]] and nominated him as his successor. But both these rulers proved ineffective in providing a viable rule and in fact the last ruler of this dynasty, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodhi]] on 19 April 1451 who was then ruler of Punjab and left for Badaun. He continued to live there till his death in 1478 AD. Bahlul Khan Lodhi then went on to establish the last dynasty of the Delhi sultanate.<ref name=Sayyid/><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref><ref>Mahajan p.244</ref>
The rulers of the Sayyid dynasty subsisted their rule by collecting revenue by coercion. They could barely counter the pressure from the Sharqī sultans to the east and the Khokars to the northwest.<ref name=Sayyid/>

==Mubarak Shah's tomb==
Mubarak Shah's tomb is an impressive structure, which was built with an [[octagonal]] plan, enclosed in an octagonal compound with south and west gates exist while the compound walls and other gates have disappeared. The Sultan personally planned its construction during his lifetime. It has a southern entrance into the octagonal hall, which has arched openings on three sides, except in the west, which has the [[Mihrab]], in the prayer direction.<ref name=Peck/><ref name=s87>Sharma p.87</ref>

The tombs of Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah are strikingly similar, although built ten years apart and in different locations. It is quite possible that both monuments were built by the same architect. One major difference lies in the different heights of the dome in proportion to the rest of the building. Mubarak's tomb has a dome 4 feet lower than that of Muhammad, and it makes the dome out of proportion with the rest of the building. Thus, Mubarak's dome is too small for the size of the drum and the base of the verandah, and too flat to be attractive.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Royal_Tombs_of_India.html?id=JaJfPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Bhalla, A.S. Royal Tombs of India: 13th to 18th Century]</ref>

A verandah, with three entrances, encloses the hall. The hall and the verandah are provided with supporting sloping buttresses at the corners. A sixteen sided fortification, with turrets in each corner, supports the low dome structure. The [[turrets]] are crowned by a lantern. [[Chattris]] ([[kiosks]]) in octagonal shape adorn the roof on each side. Three tiers of [[Quran]]ic inscriptions adorn the springing of the ceiling of the dome. Though stunted in appearance, it is considered as a typical example of octagonal Sayyid tombs, which were popular during Lodi and Mughal periods.<ref name=Peck/><ref name=s87/><ref name=arch>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8883|title=Mubarak Sayyid Tomb and Mosque|access-date=2009-09-10|publisher=Archnet.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921180645/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8883|archive-date=21 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The overall effect of the tomb is of a pyramidal appearance.

Adjoining the tomb, there is a "funerary mosque" meant as a venue for prayers, and making public addresses by the visitors to the tomb. The mosque is located on the west wall of the tomb. It has two bays depth wise and five bays width wise and is decorated with arches supported on pillars (see image).<ref name=Peck/><ref name=arch/>
[[File:Kotla Mubarakpur mosque.jpg|thumb|right|Kotla Mubarakpur mosque]]

==Other tombs==
In the precincts of the Kotla Mubarakpur tomb and mosque, there are many other tombs of the Lodi period. These are (see gallery):<ref name=Peck/>
[[File:Darya Khan Lohani's tomb2.jpg|thumb|left|Daryakhan's tomb]]
;Darya Khan's tomb
Darya Khan Lohani's tomb is dated to the early 16th century. Darya Khan was the [[Chief Justice]] during the reign of [[Bahlol Lodi]] and ''vakil'' (advocate) during [[Sikander Lodi]]'s rule. Considered an unusual tomb, most of the structure is in ruins. It has a commemorative circular platform structure built amidst a larger platform. Chaatris (kiosks) are seen at the corners. It has been deduced that when built the tomb had an impressive layout with a beautiful view.<ref name=Peck/><ref>Sharma p.85</ref>
[[File:Tombs of Bade Khan, and Chhote Khan, Kotla Mubarakpur, Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|Tombs of Bade Khan and Chote Khan]]
; Bade Khan ka gumbad
This is an impressive tomb monument with an intricate frontage. The central bay of the tomb is flanked by three rows of three niches. The central niche in each row is larger than the other two. Another unusual depiction for a Lodi period tomb is of the octagonal shaped turrets at the four corners. [[Chattris]] (12 pillared) adorn the top of the four turrets. The interior of the domed Chatris have ornamentation with incised and painted plaster bands with a decorative medallion in the centre. It is spread over an area of {{convert|22|m2|ft2}}.<ref name=Peck/><ref name=s86>Sharma p.86</ref>

;Chote Khan ka gumbad
This tomb considered to be built in "classic proportions" is located next to the Bade Khan's tomb, which has a wonderful well maintained interior. The exterior walls of the tomb, particularly at the entry, has carved plasterwork.<ref name=Peck/>

;Kale Khan ka gumbad
This tomb is dated to 1481 AD as per an inscription on the [[Mihrab]] inside the tomb. Kale Khan was a courtier in the Lodi period during the reign of [[Bahlol Lodi]]. It is conjectured that his father was Darya Khan Lohani. There is a tall cenotaph in an otherwise usual Lodi type tomb. Its location is {{convert|300|m|ft}} north of the Ring Road. It is stated to be the earliest dated tomb of the Lodi period.<ref name=Peck/><ref name=s86/>

==Visitor information==
Kotla Mubarakapur and South Extension are busy city centres easily approachable by road, rail and air communications. The main artery, Ring Road of Delhi, passes near Kotla Mubarakpur complex. The nearest railway stations are [[New Delhi Railway Station]] and [[Nizamuddin Railway Station]], {{convert|12|km|mi}} and {{convert|8|km|mi}} away respectively. [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] is {{convert|14|km|mi}} away.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Darya Khan Lohani's tomb.jpg|Darya Khan Lohani’s tomb
File:Bade Khan ka Gumbad2.jpg|Bade Khan Gumbad
File:Chote Khan ka Gumbad.jpg|Chote Khan ka Gumbad
File:Tomb of Khwaja Sara Basti Khan gateway building.jpg|Tomb of Khwaja Sara basti Khan
File:Mubarak Shah's tomb1.jpg|Mubarak Shah's tomb
File:Lodhi Garden - Muhammed Shah's Tomb.jpg|Tomb of Muhammad Shah, successor of Mubarak Khan
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{commons category|Kotla Mubarakpur}}
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sayyid dynasty]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Delhi]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi district]]
[[Category:Villages in New Delhi district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1434]]