Kos Minar - Revision history

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2025-06-29T12:26:06Z

Content updated and refined

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			{{Short description\|Medieval Indian monuments}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2018}}
	[[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Kos Minar in the [[National Zoological Park Delhi]], India.]]		[[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Kos Minar in the [[National Zoological Park Delhi]], India]]
	[[File:Kos_Minar_001.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Kos minar at [[Palwal]] along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Haryana, India]]~~; the state~~ has the highest number of surviving Kos Minars.]]		[[File:Kos_Minar_001.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Kos minar at [[Palwal]] along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Haryana, India]]. Haryana has the highest number of surviving Kos Minars.]]
	[[File:By-ibneazhar-aik-kos-monument-lahore-pakistan-1 15978367131 o 20.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Kos Minar built with [[lakhori bricks]] near the [[Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan~~]].~~]]		[[File:By-ibneazhar-aik-kos-monument-lahore-pakistan-1 15978367131 o 20.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Kos Minar built with [[lakhori bricks]] near the [[Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan]]

	The '''Kos Minars''' (translated: ''Mile Pillars'') are [[medieval India]]n milestones along the [[Grand Trunk Road]] in northern [[Indian subcontinent]], that were introduced by the 16th-century [[Pashtun people\|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Kos Minars were erected to serve as markers of distance along royal routes from [[Agra]] to [[Ajmer]], Agra to [[Lahore]], and from Agra to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]] in the south.		The '''Kos Minars''' (translated: ''Mile Pillars'') are [[medieval India]]n milestones along the [[Grand Trunk Road]] on the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] that were introduced by the 16th-century [[Pashtun people\|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire]]. Kos Minars were erected to serve as markers of distance along royal routes from [[Agra]] to [[Ajmer]], Agra to [[Lahore]], and from Agra to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh\|Mandu]] in the south.

	Most of the Kos [[Minaret\|Minars]] are present in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Punjab]] by the roadsides, railway tracks, [[Paddy field\|paddy fields]] and in many towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Gopinath\|first=P. Krishna\|title=Kos minars: Pillars of the past\|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-in-north-india/article31811516.ece\|access-date=2021-09-27\|website=@businessline\|language=en}}</ref>		Most of the Kos [[Minaret\|Minars]] are present in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], and [[Punjab]] by the roadsides, railway tracks, [[Paddy field\|paddy fields]] and in many towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Gopinath\|first=P. Krishna\|title=Kos minars: Pillars of the past\|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-in-north-india/article31811516.ece\|access-date=2021-09-27\|website=@businessline\|date=12 June 2020 \|language=en}}</ref>

	Kos Minars were described as a "marvel of India" by early European travellers such as [[Thomas Roe\|Sir Thomas Roe]] and have been labeled as an integral part of India~~<nowiki>~~'s ~~''</nowiki>~~national communication system" by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=SherShahSuri>{{Cite ~~web~~\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-once-meant-to-show-way-to-travellers-stand-lost-today/articleshow/62675902.cms\|title=Sher Shah Suri's kos minars once meant to show way to travellers stand lost today - Times of India\|website=The Times of India\|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>		Kos Minars were described as a "marvel of India" by early European travellers such as [[Thomas Roe\|Sir Thomas Roe]] and have been labeled as an integral part of India's "national communication system" by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=SherShahSuri>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-once-meant-to-show-way-to-travellers-stand-lost-today/articleshow/62675902.cms\|title=Sher Shah Suri's kos minars once meant to show way to travellers stand lost today - Times of India\|website=The Times of India\|date=27 January 2018 \|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
	A [[Kos (unit)\|kos]] in Sanskrit is one fourth of a [[yojana]],<ref name=Arthashashtra>[https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation Arthashastra, Chanakya, 4th century BCE, pp151]</ref> an [[ancient India]]n unit of distance. It represented a distance of approximately {{convert\|3.22\|km}}. ~~A [[Minaret\|minar]]~~ is a Arabic word for tower.		A [[Kos (unit)\|kos]] in Sanskrit is one fourth of a [[yojana]],<ref name=Arthashashtra>[https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation Arthashastra, Chanakya, 4th century BCE, pp151]</ref> an [[ancient India]]n unit of distance. It represented a distance of approximately {{convert\|3.22\|km}}. Minar is an Arabic word for tower, related to [[minaret]].

	Kos Minars are solid round pillars, around {{convert\|30\|ft}} in height, on a masonry platform built with bricks and plastered over with lime. They are not identical. As milestones, they were an important part of communication and travel.		Kos Minars are solid round pillars, around {{convert\|30\|ft}} in height, on a masonry platform built with bricks and plastered over with lime. They are not identical. As milestones, they were an important part of communication and travel.
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	===Maurya period===		===Maurya period===
	In the third century BC, emperor [[Ashoka]] improved existing routes linking his capital city [[Pataliputra]] to [[Dhaka]] in the east and [[Kabul]] via [[Peshawar]] in the west and further to Balkh. These routes had landmarks in the form of mud pillars, trees or ~~even~~ wells to guide commuters.<ref name=Times2019 />		In the third century BC, emperor [[Ashoka]] improved existing routes linking his capital city [[Pataliputra]] to [[Dhaka]] in the east and [[Kabul]] via [[Peshawar]] in the west and further to Balkh. These routes had landmarks in the form of mud pillars, trees or wells to guide commuters.<ref name=Times2019 />

	===Sur period===		===[[Sur Empire\|Sur period]]===
	The 16th-century [[Pashtun people\|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] ~~introduces~~ improved brick pillars plastered over with lime at every kos. The minars thus came to be called as ~~kos~~ minars.		The 16th-century [[Pashtun people\|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] introduced improved brick pillars plastered over with lime at every kos. The minars thus came to be called as Kos minars.

	===Mughal period===		===Mughal period===
	[[~~Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak\|~~Abul Fazl]] recorded in ''[[Akbar Nama]]'' that in the year 1575 AD, [[Akbar]] issued an order that, at every kos on the way from Agra to Ajmer, a pillar or a minar should be erected for the comfort of the travelers.<ref>[https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/minar_kos.html Kos Minar] University of Alberta.</ref><ref>{{cite web\| title = A milestone on the highway \| newspaper=Hindustan Times\| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx\| first= Nivedita \| last=Khandekar\| date = 27 October 2012\| accessdate = 20 March 2018 \| url-status = dead\| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130923040501/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx\| archivedate = 23 September 2013}}</ref> In addition, many [[caravanserais]] (roadside inns) were built for travelers. Later emperors such as [[Shah Jahan]] continued to add to the network of Kos Minars. In the Mughal period, there were around 600 minars.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> In the north, they were extended as far as [[Peshawar]] and in the east to [[Bengal]] via [[Kannauj]].		[[Abul Fazl]] recorded in ''[[Akbarnama\|Akbar Nama]]'' that in the year 1575 AD, [[Akbar]] issued an order that, at every kos on the way from Agra to [[Ajmer]], a pillar or a minar should be erected for the comfort of the travelers.<ref>[https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/minar_kos.html Kos Minar] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085102/http://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/minar_kos.html \|date=4 March 2016 }} University of Alberta.</ref><ref>{{cite web\| title = A milestone on the highway \| newspaper=Hindustan Times\| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx\| first= Nivedita \| last=Khandekar\| date = 27 October 2012\| accessdate = 20 March 2018 \| url-status = dead\| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130923040501/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx\| archivedate = 23 September 2013}}</ref> In addition, many [[Caravanserai\|caravanserais]] (roadside inns) were built for travelers. Later emperors such as [[Shah Jahan]] continued to add to the network of Kos Minars. In the Mughal period, there were around 600 minars.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> In the north, they were extended as far as [[Peshawar]] and in the east to [[Bengal]] via [[Kannauj]].

	===Deterioration and preservation===		===Deterioration and preservation===
	As the British introduced [[Imperial units]] and later, independent India adopted the [[International System of Units]], the kos unit of measurement and consequently these minars went out of use. The monuments gradually went into a state of disrepair, as contemporary people ignored their significance.<ref name=Times2019 /> Only 110 Kos minars are left.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> According to a report of the [[Archaeology Survey of India]], there are 49 in [[Haryana]] alone.<ref name=YamunaNagar>{{Cite web\|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/kos-minar\|title=Kos Minar\|publisher=Haryana Tourism Corporation\|language=en-IN\|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\| title =Signposts lost in history \|publisher=~~The Sunday~~ Tribune\| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060910/spectrum/main2.htm\|date=2006-09-10 \|accessdate = 2013-09-23}}</ref> There are also ~~five~~ Kos Minars around [[Ludhiana]] ~~city~~.<ref>{{cite web \| title = 'Monumental' treasure house \| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = 2011-08-11 \|date=2009-07-12\| work = [[The Times of India]] \| accessdate = 2013-09-23}}</ref> Restoration work for nine Kos Minars near [[Mathura]] began in 2018.<ref name=Times2019>{{Cite news		As the British introduced [[Imperial units]] and later, independent India adopted the [[International System of Units]], the kos unit of measurement and consequently these minars went out of use. The monuments gradually went into a state of disrepair, as contemporary people ignored their significance.<ref name=Times2019 /> Only 110 Kos minars are left.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> According to a report of the [[Archaeology Survey of India]], there are 49 in [[Haryana]] alone.<ref name=YamunaNagar>{{Cite web\|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/kos-minar\|title=Kos Minar\|publisher=Haryana Tourism Corporation\|language=en-IN\|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title =Signposts lost in history \| publisher =[[Tribune India]] \| url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060910/spectrum/main2.htm \| date =2006-09-10 \| accessdate =2013-09-23 \| archive-date =10 February 2022 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220210111839/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060910/spectrum/main2.htm \| url-status =dead }}</ref> There are also seven Kos Minars in [[Jalandhar district]] and five around [[Ludhiana district]] in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Khaira \|first=Rachna \|date=3 May 2017 \|title=ASI notice on encroachment near Nakodar Kos Minar \|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/asi-notice-on-encroachment-near-nakodar-kos-minar-401405 \|work=[[Tribune India]] \|location=[[Jalandhar]] \|access-date=27 May 2023\|quote=There are presently seven Kos Minars in the district and all were declared as monuments of national importance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title = 'Monumental' treasure house \| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = 2011-08-11 \|date=2009-07-12\| work = [[The Times of India]] \| accessdate = 2013-09-23}}</ref> Conservation work of Kos Minars situated in [[Jalandhar district]] started in 2016. Grill fencing was erected at each minar to protect the original structure of Minar.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Singh \|first=Dilbag \|date=9 November 2016 \|title=Conservation work of 'Kos Minars' in Jalandhar starts \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/conservation-work-of-kos-minars-in-jalandhar-starts/story-PiXBxmrbb3FRmZtUEZ15dK.html \|work=[[Hindustan Times]] \|location=[[Nurmahal]]\|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> Restoration work for nine Kos Minars near [[Mathura]] began in 2018.<ref name=Times2019>{{Cite news
	\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/these-were-the-google-maps-of-16th-century-now-theyre-lost-in-time/articleshow/68227157.cms		\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/these-were-the-google-maps-of-16th-century-now-theyre-lost-in-time/articleshow/68227157.cms
	\|title=These were the 'Google Maps' of 16th century, now they're lost in time\|author=Arvind Chauhan\|work=The Times of India\|date=2019-03-02}}</ref> The ~~Archaeology~~ Survey of India has given Kos Minars protected status and courts have ordered encroachments cleared away.		\|title=These were the 'Google Maps' of 16th century, now they're lost in time\|author=Arvind Chauhan\|work=The Times of India\|date=2019-03-02}}</ref> The Archaeological Survey of India has given Kos Minars protected status and courts have ordered encroachments cleared away.

			== Photo Gallery ==
			<gallery>
			Kos_Minar,_Mughalpura,_Lahore.jpg\|Mughalpura, Lahore, Pakistan
			Kos_Minar,_Manhala,_Lahore.jpg\|Manhala, Lahore, Pakistan
			Old Grand Trunk Road.jpg\|Taxla, Pakistan (old G.T.Road)
			Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg\|Delhi Zoo, India
			Kos Minar, Uppal.jpg\|Jalandhar, India
			Mughal Kos Minar.jpg\|Dakkhni, Jalandhur, India
			Mughal milestone.jpg\|UP, India
			Kos minar,tirawadi,karnal.JPG\|Tarawri, Karnal, India
			Kos_Minar_,_the_Milestone.JPG\|Karnal, India
			Kos Minar 001.jpg\|[[Haryana]], India
			Kos Minar-Ambala-Haryana-DSC1922.jpg\|[[Ambala]], Haryana, India
			</gallery>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century]]		[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century]]
	[[Category:Road transport in India]]		[[Category:Road transport in India]]
	[[Category:Mughal ~~architecture~~]]		[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]
	[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]		[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
	[[Category:Ruins in India]]		[[Category:Ruins in India]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg|thumb|upright|Kos Minar in the [[National Zoological Park Delhi]], India.]]
[[File:Kos_Minar_001.jpg|thumb|upright|Kos minar at [[Palwal]] along [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Haryana, India]]; the state has the highest number of surviving Kos Minars.]]
[[File:By-ibneazhar-aik-kos-monument-lahore-pakistan-1 15978367131 o 20.jpg|thumb|upright|Kos Minar built with [[lakhori bricks]] near the [[Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan]] in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].]]

The '''Kos Minars''' (translated: ''Mile Pillars'') are [[medieval India]]n milestones along the [[Grand Trunk Road]] in northern [[Indian subcontinent]], that were introduced by the 16th-century [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Kos Minars were erected to serve as markers of distance along royal routes from [[Agra]] to [[Ajmer]], Agra to [[Lahore]], and from Agra to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] in the south.

Most of the Kos [[Minaret|Minars]] are present in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Punjab]] by the roadsides, railway tracks, [[Paddy field|paddy fields]] and in many towns and villages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gopinath|first=P. Krishna|title=Kos minars: Pillars of the past|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-in-north-india/article31811516.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref>

Kos Minars were described as a "marvel of India" by early European travellers such as [[Thomas Roe|Sir Thomas Roe]] and have been labeled as an integral part of India<nowiki>'s ''</nowiki>national communication system" by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=SherShahSuri>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/sher-shah-suris-kos-minars-once-meant-to-show-way-to-travellers-stand-lost-today/articleshow/62675902.cms|title=Sher Shah Suri's kos minars once meant to show way to travellers stand lost today - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
A [[Kos (unit)|kos]] in Sanskrit is one fourth of a [[yojana]],<ref name=Arthashashtra>[https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation Arthashastra, Chanakya, 4th century BCE, pp151]</ref> an [[ancient India]]n unit of distance. It represented a distance of approximately {{convert|3.22|km}}. A [[Minaret|minar]] is a Arabic word for tower.

Kos Minars are solid round pillars, around {{convert|30|ft}} in height, on a masonry platform built with bricks and plastered over with lime. They are not identical. As milestones, they were an important part of communication and travel.

==History==

===Maurya period===
In the third century BC, emperor [[Ashoka]] improved existing routes linking his capital city [[Pataliputra]] to [[Dhaka]] in the east and [[Kabul]] via [[Peshawar]] in the west and further to Balkh. These routes had landmarks in the form of mud pillars, trees or even wells to guide commuters.<ref name=Times2019 />

===Sur period===
The 16th-century [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] introduces improved brick pillars plastered over with lime at every kos. The minars thus came to be called as kos minars.

===Mughal period===
[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] recorded in ''[[Akbar Nama]]'' that in the year 1575 AD, [[Akbar]] issued an order that, at every kos on the way from Agra to Ajmer, a pillar or a minar should be erected for the comfort of the travelers.<ref>[https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/minar_kos.html Kos Minar] University of Alberta.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = A milestone on the highway | newspaper=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx| first= Nivedita | last=Khandekar| date = 27 October 2012| accessdate = 20 March 2018 | url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130923040501/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-milestone-on-the-highway/Article1-951130.aspx| archivedate = 23 September 2013}}</ref> In addition, many [[caravanserais]] (roadside inns) were built for travelers. Later emperors such as [[Shah Jahan]] continued to add to the network of Kos Minars. In the Mughal period, there were around 600 minars.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> In the north, they were extended as far as [[Peshawar]] and in the east to [[Bengal]] via [[Kannauj]].

===Deterioration and preservation===
As the British introduced [[Imperial units]] and later, independent India adopted the [[International System of Units]], the kos unit of measurement and consequently these minars went out of use. The monuments gradually went into a state of disrepair, as contemporary people ignored their significance.<ref name=Times2019 /> Only 110 Kos minars are left.<ref name=SherShahSuri /> According to a report of the [[Archaeology Survey of India]], there are 49 in [[Haryana]] alone.<ref name=YamunaNagar>{{Cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/kos-minar|title=Kos Minar|publisher=Haryana Tourism Corporation|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Signposts lost in history |publisher=The Sunday Tribune| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060910/spectrum/main2.htm|date=2006-09-10 |accessdate = 2013-09-23}}</ref> There are also five Kos Minars around [[Ludhiana]] city.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'Monumental' treasure house | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-12/ludhiana/28193174_1_archaeologists-city-bus-monuments | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-08-11 |date=2009-07-12| work = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 2013-09-23}}</ref> Restoration work for nine Kos Minars near [[Mathura]] began in 2018.<ref name=Times2019>{{Cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/these-were-the-google-maps-of-16th-century-now-theyre-lost-in-time/articleshow/68227157.cms
|title=These were the 'Google Maps' of 16th century, now they're lost in time|author=Arvind Chauhan|work=The Times of India|date=2019-03-02}}</ref> The Archaeology Survey of India has given Kos Minars protected status and courts have ordered encroachments cleared away.

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]], contains over a dozen Kos Minars in Haryana

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]
[[Category:Mughal architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]
[[Category:History of transport in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Road signs in India]]
[[Category:Historical markers]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Road signs in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ruins in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Milestones]]