Konkani people - Revision history

LaRoseDermaAgeDefying: Updated article with clearer structure

2025-12-31T07:02:32Z

Updated article with clearer structure

Show changes

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-25T23:42:49Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

Show changes

imported>Dev0745: /* The later period */ original research

2021-08-18T03:23:54Z

The later period: original research

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:53, 18 August 2021
Line 29:		Line 29:
	\| langs = [[Konkani language\|Konkani]] (including [[Canarese Konkani\|Canarese]], [[Chitpavani Konkani\|Chitpavani]], [[Kukna language\|Kukna]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani\|Maharastri]], [[Malvani language\|Malvani]], [[Phudagi language\|Phudagi]], [[East Indian language\|East Indian]], and [[Aagri]] dialects)<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230\|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya\|isbn=9788177552713\|last1=Kapoor\|first1=Subodh\|year=2002}}</ref><br />{{small\|[[Marathi language\|Marathi]], [[English Language\|English]], [[Kannada language\|Kannada]], [[Hindi-Urdu]] and [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] (to a lesser extent)}}		\| langs = [[Konkani language\|Konkani]] (including [[Canarese Konkani\|Canarese]], [[Chitpavani Konkani\|Chitpavani]], [[Kukna language\|Kukna]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani\|Maharastri]], [[Malvani language\|Malvani]], [[Phudagi language\|Phudagi]], [[East Indian language\|East Indian]], and [[Aagri]] dialects)<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230\|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya\|isbn=9788177552713\|last1=Kapoor\|first1=Subodh\|year=2002}}</ref><br />{{small\|[[Marathi language\|Marathi]], [[English Language\|English]], [[Kannada language\|Kannada]], [[Hindi-Urdu]] and [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] (to a lesser extent)}}
	\| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]		\| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]
	\| related = {{·}}[[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]{{·}}[[Kannada people\|Kannadigas]]{{·}}[[Marathi people\|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people\|Saurashtrians]]		\| related = {{·}}[[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]s{{·}}[[Kannada people\|Kannadigas]]{{·}}[[Luso-Indians]]{{·}}[[Marathi people\|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people\|Saurashtrians]]
	\| footnotes =		\| footnotes =
	\| native_name =		\| native_name =
Line 45:		Line 45:
	The Konkani people speak different dialects of Konkani, their native tongue; although a very high percentage are bilingual.<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html\|publisher=languageinindia.com\|title=Language in India\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>		The Konkani people speak different dialects of Konkani, their native tongue; although a very high percentage are bilingual.<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html\|publisher=languageinindia.com\|title=Language in India\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

	==~~Denominations~~==		==Sub-ethnic groups==
			{{Also\|People of Konkan division}}
	===Endonyms===		===Endonyms===
	[[File:Konkanispeakers.png\|thumb\|left\|Goa: a State in India where Konkani is the official language]]		[[File:Konkanispeakers.png\|thumb\|left\|Goa: a State in India where Konkani is the official language]]
Line 65:		Line 65:
	[[File:Brahmin Warrior.jpg\|thumb\|''[[Baji Rao I]]'', the second [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a Konkani and belonged to the [[Chitpavan]] community<ref name="google">{{cite book\|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities\|author=Burman, J.J.R.\|date=2002\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|isbn=9788170998396\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC&pg=PA33\|page=33\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book\|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society\|author1=Singer, M.B.\|author2=Cohn, B.S.\|date=1970\|publisher=Aldine\|isbn=9780202369334\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA400\|page=400\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book\|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India\|author=Rao, A.\|date=2009\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=9780520255593\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA55\|page=55\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>]]		[[File:Brahmin Warrior.jpg\|thumb\|''[[Baji Rao I]]'', the second [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a Konkani and belonged to the [[Chitpavan]] community<ref name="google">{{cite book\|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities\|author=Burman, J.J.R.\|date=2002\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|isbn=9788170998396\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC&pg=PA33\|page=33\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book\|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society\|author1=Singer, M.B.\|author2=Cohn, B.S.\|date=1970\|publisher=Aldine\|isbn=9780202369334\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA400\|page=400\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book\|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India\|author=Rao, A.\|date=2009\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=9780520255593\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA55\|page=55\|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>]]

	The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region ~~about 2400 BC~~.{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}} Some of them might have been followers of [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic religion]].<ref name=dhume24>{{cite book\|last=Dhume\|first=Anant Ramkrishna\|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.\|year=1986\|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume\|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}</ref> They were known to speak the earliest form of [[Prakrit]] or [[Vedic Sanskrit]] vernacular.{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}} This migration of the ''northerners'' is mainly attributed to the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River]] in [[Northern India]]. Many historians claim only [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I explains that the original [[Rigvedic tribes\|Sarasvat tribe]] consisted of people of all the folds who followed the [[varna (Hinduism)\|Vedic fourfold system]] and not just Brahmins, as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I).		The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region.{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}} Some of them might have been followers of [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic religion]].<ref name=dhume24>{{cite book\|last=Dhume\|first=Anant Ramkrishna\|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.\|year=1986\|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume\|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}</ref> They were known to speak the earliest form of [[Prakrit]] or [[Vedic Sanskrit]] vernacular.{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}} This migration of the ''northerners'' is mainly attributed to the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River]] in [[Northern India]]. Many historians claim only [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I explains that the original [[Rigvedic tribes\|Sarasvat tribe]] consisted of people of all the folds who followed the [[varna (Hinduism)\|Vedic fourfold system]] and not just Brahmins, as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I).

	The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 to 1450 BC{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}}. This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley Civilization\|Harappan]] people a [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.<ref name=kamat /> The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society.<ref name=dhume24/>		The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 to 1450 BC{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}}. This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley Civilization\|Harappan]] people a [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.<ref name=kamat /> The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society.<ref name=dhume24/>
Line 144:		Line 144:
	*[[Rajdeep Sardesai]] - Journalist		*[[Rajdeep Sardesai]] - Journalist
	*[[Deepika Padukone]] - Actress		*[[Deepika Padukone]] - Actress
	*[[Prakash Padukone]] - Badminton player
	*[[Kishori Amonkar]] - Indian Classical vocalist		*[[Kishori Amonkar]] - Indian Classical vocalist

14.1.205.186 at 08:38, 7 July 2021

2021-07-07T08:38:30Z

New page

{{About|the people who speak Konkani language|the people of the Konkan Division of Maharashtra|People of the Konkan Division}}
{{short description|Ethnic group from India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Konkani people<br /> ''Kōṅkaṇī Jônn''
| image =
| caption =
| total = '''{{circa}} 2.3 million'''
| total_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop1 = 788,204
| region2 = [[Goa]]
| pop2 = 964,305
| ref2 = <ref name="comissionerlangs">{{cite web | url = http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | title = Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | archive-date = 8 October 2007 }}</ref>
| region3 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop3 = 399,204
| ref3 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region5 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| pop5 = 96,305
| ref5 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region6 = [[Dang district, India|Dang district, Gujarat]]
| pop6 = 92,210
| ref6 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| region7 = [[Kerala]]
| pop7 = 70000(approx.)
| ref7 ={{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (including [[Canarese Konkani|Canarese]], [[Chitpavani Konkani|Chitpavani]], [[Kukna language|Kukna]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani|Maharastri]], [[Malvani language|Malvani]], [[Phudagi language|Phudagi]], [[East Indian language|East Indian]], and [[Aagri]] dialects)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|isbn=9788177552713|last1=Kapoor|first1=Subodh|year=2002}}</ref><br />{{small|[[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English Language|English]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Hindi-Urdu]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (to a lesser extent)}}
| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]
| related = {{·}}[[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]{{·}}[[Kannada people|Kannadigas]]{{·}}[[Marathi people|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]]
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Konkani people''' ({{transl|kok|Koṅkaṇī lok}} also {{transl|kok|Koṅkaṇe}}, {{transl|kok|Koṅkaṇstha}}) are an Indo-Aryan [[ethno-linguistic]] community who inhabit or originate from the [[Konkan]] region of south-western India, and speak various dialects of the [[Konkani language]]. They form a majority in the Indian state of [[Goa]] and also reside in [[Canara]] (coastal [[Karnataka]]), Malabar (coastal [[Kerala]])<ref>[[Cochin Thirumala Devaswom]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2019}}, [[Daman District, India|Daman]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Mangalore]] (coastal [[Karnataka]]).

The word ''[[Konkan]]'' and, in turn ''Konkani'', is derived from ''{{IAST|Kuṅkaṇ''}} or {{IAST|Kuṅkaṇu}}. Different authorities explain etymology of this word differently.
Some include:
*''Koṇ'' meaning top of the mountain.
*Name of aboriginal mother goddess, which is sometimes [[Sanskritisation|sanskritis]]ed to mean goddess [[Renuka]].
Thus the name ''Konkane'', comes from the word ''{{IAST|Konkaṇ}}'', which means ''the people of Konkan''.<ref name=mano>{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Ray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akedemi|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172016647|pages=317, (see chapter I, pages: 1–15)}}</ref>

The Konkani people speak different dialects of Konkani, their native tongue; although a very high percentage are bilingual.<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html|publisher=languageinindia.com|title=Language in India|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

==Denominations==

===Endonyms===
[[File:Konkanispeakers.png|thumb|left|Goa: a State in India where Konkani is the official language]]
In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is ''{{IAST|Koṅkaṇo}}'' and the feminine form is {{IAST|Koṅkaṇe}}. The plural form is ''Konkane'' or ''Konkani''. In Goa ''Konkano'' now refers only to Hindus, and Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos as they were banned by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from referring to themselves this way. [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s of Canara refer to the Konkanis as ''{{IAST|Āmcigelo}} /{{IAST|Āmcigelī}}''. This literally means ''our tongue'' or ''people speaking our tongue''. Though this is not common amongst the [[Goans]], they normally refer to Konkani as ''{{IAST|Āmgelī bhās}}'' or ''our language''. Sometimes ''{{IAST|Āmgele}}'' can be used in the Goan context to mean ''people from my community''. {{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Exonyms===
Many of the colonial documents mention them as the ''Concanees'', ''Canarians'', ''Concanies''.<ref name=concanee>{{cite book|last=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=House of Commons papers, Volume 5 By Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|year=1859|publisher=HMSO, 1859|location=Great Britain}}</ref><ref name=ker>{{cite book|author1=Krishnat P. Padmanabha Menon |author2=Jacobus Canter Visscher |title=History of Kerala: a history of Kerala written in the form of notes on Visscher's letters from Malabar, Volume 1|year=1924|publisher=Asian Educational Services|pages=see page 196}}</ref>

==History==

===Prehistory===
The then prehistoric region consisting of Modern Goa and some parts of Konkan adjoining Goa were inhabited by the [[Homo sapiens]] in [[Upper paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] phase i.e. 8000–6000 BC. The rock engraving in many places along the coast has proven the existence of hunter-gathers.<ref name=usgal>{{cite book|last=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, Robert G. Bednarik, Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya|title=Indian rock art and its global context|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120814646|pages=228 pages (see page 34)}}</ref> Nothing much is known about these earliest settlers.
Figures of [[mother goddess]] and many other motifs have been recovered which do not really shed light on the ancient culture and language.<ref name=us2>{{cite book|last=Goa (India : State). Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa University|title=Goa in the Indian sub-continent: seminar papers|year=2001|publisher=Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Govt. of Goa|location=Goa|pages=211 pages (see page 24)}}</ref> Traces of [[Shamanic]] religion have been found in Goa.<ref name=kamat>{{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Nandkumar|title=Prehistoric Goan Shamanism|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|publisher=The navahind times|access-date=30 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142019/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|archive-date=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is believed that tribes of [[Austric]] origin like ''[[Kols]]'', ''Mundaris'', ''Kharvis'' may have settled Goa and Konkan during the [[Neolithic]] period, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC.<ref name=axe>{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Goa to me|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170225041|pages=176 pages (see page 33)}}</ref> According to Goan historian ''Anant Ramakrishna Dhume'', the [[Gauda and Kunbi]] and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. In his work he mentions several words of Mundari origin in the Konkani language. He also elaborates on the deities worshiped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming and its overall impact on modern day Konkani society.<ref name=dhume>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 53, 94, 83, 95)}}</ref> They were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture, and they were food-gatherers rather.<ref name=kamat/> The tribe known as the ''Konkas'', from whom is derived the name of the region, ''Kongvan or [[Konkan]]'' with the other mentioned tribes formed reportedly the earliest settlers in the territory.<ref name=gomes>{{cite book|last=Gomes|first=Olivinho|title=Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change|year=1987|publisher=S. Chand|pages=426 pages}}</ref> Agriculture was not fully developed at this stage, and was just shaping up.{{Clarify|date=January 2019}} The Kols and Mundaris might have been using stone and wood implements as iron implements were used by the [[megalithic]] tribes as late as 1200 BC.<ref name=kamat/> The [[Kol tribe]] is believed to have migrated from [[Gujarat]].<ref name="desouza">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan history|year=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170222637|pages=219 pages (see pages 1–16)}}</ref> During this period worship of mother goddess in the form of [[anthill]] or ''Santer'', was started. Anthill is called as ''Roen'' (Konkani:रोयण), this word has been derived from the Austric word ''Rono'' meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated to ''Santara'' in Prakrit by them.<ref name="dhume"/>

===The later period===
[[File:Brahmin Warrior.jpg|thumb|''[[Baji Rao I]]'', the second [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a Konkani and belonged to the [[Chitpavan]] community<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|author=Burman, J.J.R.|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC&pg=PA33|page=33|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|author1=Singer, M.B.|author2=Cohn, B.S.|date=1970|publisher=Aldine|isbn=9780202369334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA400|page=400|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|author=Rao, A.|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA55|page=55|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>]]

The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region about 2400 BC.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Some of them might have been followers of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].<ref name=dhume24>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}</ref> They were known to speak the earliest form of [[Prakrit]] or [[Vedic Sanskrit]] vernacular.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} This migration of the ''northerners'' is mainly attributed to the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River]] in [[Northern India]]. Many historians claim only [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I explains that the original [[Rigvedic tribes|Sarasvat tribe]] consisted of people of all the folds who followed the [[varna (Hinduism)|Vedic fourfold system]] and not just Brahmins, as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I).

The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 to 1450 BC{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}. This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] people a [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.<ref name=kamat /> The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society.<ref name=dhume24/>

===The classical period===
The [[Maurya empire|Maurya]] era is marked with migrations from the East, advent of [[Buddhism]] and different ''Prakrit'' vernaculars.<ref name=maurya>{{cite web|last=Moraes|first=Prof. George|title=PRE-PORTUGUESE CULTURE OF GOA|url=http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|work=Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention|publisher=Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention|access-date=28 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190744/http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|archive-date=6 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Buddhist [[Graeco-Bactrians]] settled Goa during the [[Satavahana]] rule, similarly a mass migration of Brahmins happened from the north, whom the kings had invited to perform Vedic sacrifices.

The advent of [[Western Satrap]] rulers also led to many [[Indo-scythians|Scythian]] migrations, which later gave its way to the ''Bhoja'' kings.
According to Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri, many [[Brahmin]]s and [[Vaishya]]s had come with [[Yadava]] Bhojas from the North (see ''A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara''). The Yadava Bhojas patronised Buddhism and settled many Buddhist converts of Greek and [[Persian people|Persian]] origin.<ref name=bus>{{cite book|last=Satoskar|first=Ba.Da|title=Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II, in Marathi|year=1982|publisher=Shubhda publishers|location=Pune|pages=106}}</ref>

The [[Abhir]]s, [[Chalukya]]s, [[Rashtrakuta]]s, [[Shilahara]]s ruled the then Konkan-Goa for several years which was responsible for many changes in the society. Later The powerful [[Kadambas of Goa]], came to power. During their rule, the society underwent radical transition. Close contact with the [[Arabs]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], introduction of [[Jainism]], patronising [[Shaivism]], use of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]], the overseas trade had an overwhelming impact on the people.

===13th–19th century AD===

====Turkic rule====
In 1350 CE, Goa was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin. However, in 1370, the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day [[Hampi]], reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for [[Arabian horse]]s on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]]. When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's [[Bijapur Sultanate]], who made [[Goa Velha]] their second capital.
The Bahamanis demolished many temples, and forced the Hindus to convert to Islam. To avoid this religious persecution, several Goans families fled to the neighbourhood kingdom of Soonda.<ref>''Karnataka State Gazetteer'' by Karnataka (India), K. Abhishankar, Sūryanātha Kāmat, Published by Printed by the Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press, 1990, Page:251</ref>

====Portuguese rule of Goa====
The [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] occurred in 1510 under the leadership of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] and with the assistance of the local Hindus led by [[Timoji]]. The [[Christianisation of Goa]] and its simultaneous Lusitanisation soon followed. <ref name="Crowley">{{cite book|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|author=Roger Crowley|publisher=Faber and Faber|date= 2015}}</ref>

The [[Goa Inquisition]] was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Its main aim was to investigate [[New Christians]] for [[heresy]], and to preserve the Catholic faith. [[Crypto-Jew]]s who emigrated to Goa from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to escape the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], were the main cause behind the launch of the Goa Inquisition.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Some 16,202 persons were brought to trial by the Inquisition. 57 were sentenced to death and executed in person, another 64 were burned in effigy. Of these, 105 of them were men and 16 women. The rest of those convicted were subjected to lesser punishments or penanced. Those sentenced to various punishments totalled 4,046, out of whom 3,034 were men and 1,012 were women.<ref name="Tiswadi"/><ref name="Salomon, H. P 2001 pp. 345-7">Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. ''The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.</ref>

Seventy-one ''[[auto de fe|autos da fe]]'' were recorded. In the first few years alone, over 4000 people were arrested.<ref name="Gazetteer">Hunter, William W, ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India,'' Trubner & Co, 1886</ref> According to the ''Chronista de Tissuary'' (Chronicles of [[Tiswadi]]), the last auto da fe was held in Goa on 7 February 1773.<ref name="Tiswadi">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999</ref>

The Inquisition was set as a tribunal, headed by an Inquisitor, sent to Goa from Portugal and was assisted by two more judges. These three judges were answerable only to the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] in Lisbon and handed down punishments according to the Inquisition Laws. The Laws filled 230 pages and the palace where the Inquisition was conducted was known as the Big House and the Inquisition proceedings were always conducted behind closed shutters and closed doors, to prevent outside interference while the accused was being interrogated.<ref name="Salomon, H. P 2001 pp. 345-7">Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. ''The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.</ref>

In 1567, the campaign of destroying temples in Bardez was completed after the majority of the local Hindus had converted to Christianity. At the end of it, 300 Hindu temples were destroyed. Laws were enacted from 4 December 1567 prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals such as marriages, sacred thread wearing and cremation. All persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. In 1583, Hindu temples at [[Assolna]] and [[Cuncolim]] were also destroyed by the Portuguese after the majority of the locals had converted.<ref name="Tiswadi">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999</ref>

One person convicted by the Goa Inquisition was a French physician-cum-spy named Charles Dellon.<ref name="Dellon"/> He published a book in 1687 describing his experiences, titled ''Relation de l'Inquisition de Goa''.<ref name="Dellon">{{cite book|title=L'Inquisition de Goa: la relation de Charles Dellon (1687)|author1=Dellon, G.|author2=Amiel, C.|author3=Lima, A.|date=1997|publisher=Editions Chandeigne|isbn=9782906462281}}</ref>

The remaining few Hindus who wanted to keep their Hindu religion did so, by emigrating to the neighbouring territories that continued to be ruled by Bijapur, where these Hindus again had to pay [[jizya tax]].<ref>The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century music, By Tim Carter, John Butt, pg. 105</ref>

Ironically, the Inquisition was a compelling factor for the emigration of some [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrant soldiers who, although raised Roman Catholic, wanted to lead a Hindu-style way of life with multiple native Hindu concubines. These men went on to seek their fortunes as mercenaries in the courts of different Indian kings, where their services were employed usually as gunners or cavalrymen.<ref>Dalrymple, William, ''[[White Mughals]]'' (2006), p. 14</ref>

====Impact on culture and language====
[[Konkani language]] had originally been studied and [[Konkani in the Roman script|Roman Konkani]] promoted by Catholic missionaries in Goa (e.g. [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]]) as a communication medium during the 16th century. The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] threat was compounded by their attacks on native Catholics and destruction of local churches during their repeated attacks on Goa in the 17th century. This led the Portuguese government to initiate a positive programme for the suppression of Konkani in Goa, in order to make native Catholic Goans identify fully with the Portuguese Empire.<ref name="Machado">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, pp. 133–134</ref> As a result, Konkani was suppressed and rendered unprivileged in Goa by the enforcement of Portuguese.<ref name="Newman">Newman, Robert S. (1999), ''The Struggle for a Goan Identity'', in Dantas, N., The Transformation of Goa, Mapusa: Other India Press, p. 17</ref>
Urged by the [[Franciscan]]s, the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684 and further decreed that within three years, the local people in general would speak the [[Portuguese language]] and use it in all their contacts and contracts made in Portuguese territories. The penalties for violation would be imprisonment. The decree was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687.<ref name="Machado"/> However, according to the Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho's letter to the Portuguese monarch [[John V of Portugal|João V]] in 1731, these draconian measures were unsuccessful.

The fall of the "Province of the North" (which included [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Chaul]] and [[Salsette]]) in 1739 led to the suppression of Konkani gaining new strength.<ref name="Machado"/> On 21 November 1745, the Archbishop of Goa, Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo ([[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]), decreed that fluency in Portuguese was mandatory for the Goan applicants to the priesthood, and also for all their immediate relatives (men as well as women). This language fluency would be confirmed via rigorous examinations by ordained priests.<ref name="Machado"/> Furthermore, the ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' and ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage.<ref name="Machado"/> The [[Jesuits]], who had historically been the greatest advocates of Konkani, were expelled from Goa by the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal| Marquis of Pombal]] in 1761. In 1812, the Archbishop decreed that children should be prohibited from speaking Konkani in schools. In 1847, this rule was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools until Portugal became a Republic in 1910.<ref name="Machado"/>

The result of this linguistic displacement was that Konkani in Goa became the ''língua de criados'' (language of the servants).<ref name="Routledge">Routledge, Paul (22 July 2000), "Consuming Goa, Tourist Site as Dispensable space", Economic and Political Weekly, 35, Economic and Political Weekly, p. 264</ref> Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically, Konkani is at present the 'cement' that binds all Goans across caste, religion and class and is affectionately termed ''Konkani Mai'' (Mother Konkani).<ref name="Newman"/> Due to negative propaganda from the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]], Marathi was made the official language of Goa following the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961. Konkani received official recognition only in February 1987, when the Indian government recognised Konkani as the official language of Goa.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/Goa-battles-to-preserve-its-identity/articleshow/5935904.cms Goa battles to preserve its identity] – Times of India, 16 May 2010</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
*[[Padmini Kohlapure]] - Actress
*[[Amrita Rao]] - Actress
*[[Ileana D'Cruz]] - Actress
*[[Jayshree Gadkar]] - Actress
*[[K.V. Kamath]] - Chief of the New Development Bank of BRICS countries
*[[Ravindra Kelekar]] - Freedom fighter, author
*[[Isha Koppikar]] - Actress
*[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] - Choreographer
*[[Sudesh Lotlikar]] - Poet and producer/director
*[[Narayana Purushothama Mallaya]] - Author
*[[Anant Nag]] - Actor
*[[Shankar Nag]] - Actor
*[[Jagannath Shankarseth]] - Philanthropist and educationalist
*[[Pundalik Naik]] - Poet, writer, novelist
*[[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] - Actor
*[[Prakash Padukone]] - Former Indian badminton player
*[[Ajit Pai]] - Chairman of the United States Federal Communications Commission
*[[Anant Pai]] - Educationalist and pioneer of Indian comics
* [[T. M. A. Pai|TMA Pai]] - Well known for building university town of Manipal
*[[Tonse Ramesh Upendra Pai|Ramesh Pai]] - Banker & educationalist
* [[T. V. Mohandas Pai|Mohandas Pai]] - Padma shri recipient
*[[Radhika Pandit]] - Actress
* [[Hortencio Pereira]] - Theatre Artist, Writer, Director, Singer & Lyricist
* [[Suresh Prabhu]] - Former cabinet minister in Modi's first ministry
*[[Dilip Sardesai]] - Former Indian cricketer
*[[Varsha Usgaonkar]] - Actress
*[[Manohar Parrikar]] - Former Defense Minister of India & Former Chief Minister of Goa
*[[Sanjay Raut]] - Rajya sabha MP and Editor Saamna newspaper
*[[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] - Actor
*[[Balshastri Jambhekar]] - Journalist
*[[Vithal V. Kamat]] - Hotel industry businessman
*[[Kesari Patil]] - Owner of Kesari tours
*[[Rajdeep Sardesai]] - Journalist
*[[Deepika Padukone]] - Actress
*[[Prakash Padukone]] - Badminton player
*[[Kishori Amonkar]] - Indian Classical vocalist

==See also==
*[[Karnataka ethnic groups]]
*[[Udupi]]
*[[Malvani Konkani]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Hindu Temples and deities'' by Rui Pereira Gomes
* ''Bharatiya Samaj Vighatak Jati Varna Vyavastha'' by P.P. Shirodkar, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal
* ''Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer'' by Vithal Trimbak Gune, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept, Published by Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 1979
* ''The Village Communities. A Historical and legal Perspective'' – Souza de, Carmo. In: Borges, Charles J. 2000: 112 and Velinkar, Joseph. ''Village Communities in Goa and their Evolution''
* ''Caste and race in India'' by Govind Sadashiv Ghurye
* ''The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. '' by Anant Ramkrishna Sinai Dhume

==External links==
{{Z148}}
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712124015/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html History of Konkani Muslims of Costal Maharashtra]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123823/http://www.kanarasaraswat.org/ The Kanara Saraswat Association ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308013342/http://culture.konkani.com/ About the roots of the Konkani speaking Saraswat Brahmin community]
*[http://www.indiacatholic.com/goaandmangolorean.htm History of Mangalorean Konkani Christians]
*[http://www.buwagulf.com/ A Welfare organisation of Konkani Muslim or Kokni Muslim in the Gulf]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725064854/http://www.daivajna.org/ Daivajna Community Website]
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm Origins of Konkani Language]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project]

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani people}}
[[Category:Konkani people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]