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{{short description|Mountain pass in India and China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Kongka La
| other_name = དགུན་ཁ་ལ
| map = Kashmir#India Ladakh#China Tibet
| map_relief = 0
| map_caption = Location of Kongka La
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 5171
| elevation_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geonames.org/1266188/kongka-la.html
|publisher=GeoNames
|title=Kongka La
|access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref>
| location = [[India]]–[[China]] border
| range = [[Karakoram]]
| coords = {{coord|34.335|N|79.0353|E|type:pass|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
}}
{{Chinese
|s={{linktext|空喀|山口}}
|t={{linktext|空喀|山口}}
|p=Kōngkā shānkǒu
|tib=དགུན་ཁ་ལ
|wylie=dgun kha la
|zwpy=günka la
}}

The '''Kongka Pass''' or '''Kongka La''' ({{bo|t=དགུན་ཁ་ལ|w=dgun kha la|s=gün kha la}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Ngari prefecture
| url = https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm
| work = Geographical names of Tibet AR (China)
| publisher = Institute of the Estonian Language
| date = 2018-06-03
| access-date = 9 January 2020
}}</ref>) is a low [[mountain pass]] on the [[Line of Actual Control]] between India and China in eastern [[Ladakh]]. It lies on a spur of the [[Karakoram]] range that intrudes into the [[Chang Chenmo Valley]] adjacent to the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] region. China claimed the location as its border in a 1956 map, and attacked an India patrol party in 1959 killing ten policemen and apprehending ten others. Known as the '''Kongka Pass incident''', the event was a milestone in the escalation of the border dispute between the two countries.{{sfnp|Hoffmann, Perceived Hostility and the Indian Reaction|1973}}

==History==
[[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Map including Konka Pass (Survey of India, 1916)]]
[[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-by-US-Army-Map-Service.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Map of the Chang Chenmo Valley and the prevailing border at India's independence ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955){{efn|From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"}}]]
[[File:1947 ROC claim line in Ladakh.jpg|thumb|right|270px|1947 map of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] showing Lanak La as the border]]

In the late 1800s, the pass was referred to as ''Salmu Kongka'' and described as a "small pass".<ref>
{{citation |chapter=Journey of Carey and Dalgleish in Chinese Turkistan and Northern Tibet and General Prejevalsky on the Orography of Northern Tibet |title=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), Supplementary Papers |publisher=J. Murray |year=1893 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70720/page/n17/mode/2up |via=archive.org |page=10}}: Describing the route from [[Leh]] to [[Keriya Town|Keriya]]: "Leaving [Changchenmo valley] shortly after the Shahidulla road turns off to the left, it ascends to the plateau by a small pass (the Salmu Kongka); descending again into the valley and crossing the Changchenmo stream. Another ascent leads up the Lanak-la Pass, and the route now lies in ''independent Tibet''."
</ref> It was an unimportant saddle point on a small hill that juts into the Chang Chenmo Valley. The normal travel route followed the course of Chang Chenmo, which bends around the hill. (See map.)

Colonial-era British sources state that the traditional boundary between [[Ladakh]] and [[Tibet]] was at [[Lanak La]], where the [[Chang Chenmo River]] originates. They also state that the border was accepted by both sides.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wellby, M.S. |title=Through Unknown Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Awwo3xwkQUC |year=1898 |publisher=Lippincott |isbn= 9788120610583|page=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carey|first= A. D.|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society| volume =9|year= 1887|title=A Journey round Chinese Turkistan and along the Northern frontier of Tibet|issue= 12|pages= 731–752|doi= 10.2307/1801130|jstor=1801130|url= https://zenodo.org/record/1806393}}</ref><ref>Bower, Hamilton, ''Diary of A Journey across Tibet'', London, 1894</ref><ref>Rawling, C. G., ''The Great Plateau Being An Account of Exploration in Central Tibet, 1903, And of the Gartok Expedition 1904–1905'', p 38, London, 1905</ref>

Chinese maps also recognised Lanak La as the boundary till 1951.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karackattu |first1=Joe Thomas |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=590–604 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |s2cid=222093756}}: "Figure 1. Galwan river area shown as part of India as per Chinese official maps from 1934 and 1951 (note the arrow insert placed to indicate the area); depicted subsequently outside of India. Clockwise (a) ''Chung hua min kuo hsin titu'' 中华民国新地图 (''A New Atlas of China''), 1934 (b) ''1951 Atlas of China'' was one of the earliest official maps published by the PRC accredited by the Zhongguo Tushu Faxing Gongsi (akin to internal security department) (c) The 1959 ‘Line of Actual’ control, according to Zhou Enlai (周恩来) in ''The Sino-Indian Boundary Question'' (Enlarged Edition), Foreign Languages Press, Peking, November 1962."</ref> However, by late 1950s, Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]] started claiming that Kongka Pass was the "traditional customary boundary" of China.<ref name=Karackattu>{{cite journal |last1=Karackattu |first1=Joe Thomas |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=590–604 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |s2cid=222093756}}</ref><ref>Chou Enlai, ''The Sino-Indian Boundary Question'', Foreign Language Press, Peking, November 1962. "In October 1959 Indian armed forces crossed the ''traditional customary boundary line'' in the western sector and provoked a sanguinary border clash of an even graver nature at Kongka Pass." (emphasis added)</ref>

Scholars have pointed out the inconsistencies in Chinese claims prior to 1960s.<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=101}}: "Confusion as to the extent of the Chang Chenmo valley between the Lanak and Kongka passes continued to be a feature of Chinese cartography even after the Communists came to power.... the flexibility shown by official Chinese cartographers here and on other sections of the border makes mockery of China's oft-repeated claim that its concept of the border has a solid basis in history."</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Van Eekelen |first1=Willem Frederik |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |year=1967 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-6555-8 |page=164 |quote="The Chinese could not quote a single document confirming that the Kongka Pass constituted the boundary.... The thorough approach of the Indian side generally contrasted with an inconsistent and almost careless presentation by the Chinese officials."}}</ref>{{efn|Some western scholars such as [[Larry Wortzel]] and [[Allen S. Whiting]] appear to endorse the Chinese claim.<ref name="wortzel">{{cite book |last=Wortzel |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Wortzel |editor1-last=Burkitt |editor1-first=Laurie |editor2-last=Scobell |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Wortzel |editor3-first=Larry |title=The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 |url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB52.pdf |year=2003 |publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]], [[U.S. Army War College]] |isbn=9781428916517 |page=331 |quote="In the western sector of the border, on 21 October 1959, a team of Indian troops crossed the ''traditional border'' at Kongka Pass, entering Chinese territory." (emphasis added)}}</ref><ref name="CHOC">{{cite book |last=Whiting |first=Allen S. |author-link=Allen S. Whiting |editor1-last=MacFarquhar |editor1-first=Roderick |editor1-link=Roderick MacFarquhar |editor2-last=Fairbank |editor2-first=John K. |editor2-link=John K. Fairbank |chapter=The Sino-Soviet Split |title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14 |year=1987 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-24336-0 |page=512 |quote=More dead resulted, however, on 21 October, from fighting at Kongka Pass, at ''the trijuncture'' of Tibet, Sinkiang, and Ladakh, where nine Indians were killed and ten taken prisoner.}}</ref>}}

{{clear left}}

== Kongka Pass incident==
[[File:Chinese claim lines in Ladakh - map by CIA.png|thumb|right|270px|Chinese claim lines (1956 and 1960) compared to the Indian claimed boundary]]
Until October 1959, China had not declared its border with Ladakh. When enquired in 1954 and again in 1956, the Chinese Premier [[Zhou En-lai]] replied that the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] government was still printing [[Kuomintang]] maps and had not had the time to prepare their own maps. While maintaining this position, the Chinese laid the Sianking–Tibet road (now [[G219]]) through Aksai Chin and detained an Indian patrol party that was sent to investigate it.<ref name=Smith>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Warren W. |title=Tibetan Nation: A history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHtAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3155-3 |page=489 |quote="Chou had assured Nehru that the PRC was still using old KMT maps, not yet having had time to prepare their own... On 8 October 1958 the Indians protested to China that the [Sinkiang-Tibet road] traversed Indian territory, to which the PRC replied that the territory in question was Chinese."}}</ref>

In matter of fact, the 1956 Chinese map (called the "Big map of the People's Republic of China") showed Kongka Pass as China's boundary in the Chang Chenmo Valley. The three locations, Tsogstsalu, [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]] and Shamal Lungpa, where an Indian police party{{efn|The Indian team was made up of personnel from the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), who were loaned to the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] for border security and intelligence-gathering functions. They were dubbed the "India–Tibet Border Force", but they are not to be confused with the paramilitary force called [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], which was a later formation.}} was sent to set up posts in 1959, were on the Indian side of the boundary per this map. Nevertheless, a clash occurred at the Kongka Pass.

The police party was led by an [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] officer, Karam Singh, who was an experienced patroller in Ladakh. He states that they had established a post at Hot Springs and were about to head to Shamal Lungpa. On 20 October, two men sent out for reconnaissance went missing.<ref name="white_paper">
{{Cite book |title=Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China | series=White Paper |volume=III |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |via=claudearpi.net |date=1960 |access-date=4 January 2020 |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper3NEW.pdf |quote=[Chinese interrogation of Karam Singh] We established a checkpost at Kayam and we had to establish one at Shamul Lungpa. On 20th October 1959, our two men missed. On the morning of 21st October 1959, Tyagi took 60 men and reached the hill (battle field). ... [Indian debriefing of Karam Singh] we had inadequate cover and the Chinese were in a favourable position ... five of us were made to carry the dead body of a Chinese soldier who had been killed.}}
</ref>
According to the Chinese version of the events they crossed the Kongka Pass, which China now regarded as a border pass. The Chinese troops detained the reconnaissance team.<ref name="wortzel"/>

On 21 October, with signs of Chinese presence becoming available, a larger search party of 20 men was formed for the missing reconnaissance team.<ref name="ahuja"/>{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=44}} The men encountered Chinese soldiers at a hill near the Kongka Pass, and a firefight ensued. Chinese forces had a more favourable position in this engagement.<ref name="white_paper"/> Nine Indian policemen were killed during the engagement, one died later of his injuries,<ref name="bhatnagar">{{Cite magazine
| title = Hot Springs: Saga of Heroism
| first = R.R.
| last = Bhatnagar
| issue = Special Issue on Police Martyrdom
| magazine = Indian Police Journal
| issn = 0537-2429
| date = Nov-Dec 2018
| access-date = 4 January 2020
| pages = 16
| url = http://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf
| quote = Fighting gallantly nine men laid down their lives and ten were wounded. Later on, one of the injured also succumbed to his injuries. ... Seven men were taken Prisoners of War by PLA}}</ref> and seven were taken prisoner (totaling ten when including the reconnaissance team). One Chinese soldier was killed in the engagement.<ref name="white_paper"/><ref>
* {{Cite book|title =Communist Remembrance Historical Materials 3|last=Chinese People's Liberation Army Historical Data Series Editorial Board |publisher=Beijing:解放军出版社|year=1997|isbn=7-5065-3348-0|pages=213}}
* {{Cite book|title=The People's Republic of China's Toponymic Dictionary Volume 5|editor-last= Naifu|editor-first=Cui|publisher=Beijing:商印书|year=2002|isbn=7-100-03254-7|pages=7777}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.shule.gov.cn/ShowNews_Content9929.shtml|title=Shuol government information website--Shule County Martyrs Cemetery Maintenance and Reconstruction Project successfully passed the project completion acceptance|access-date=2018-05-06|work=Silele County People's Government|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507010548/http://www.shule.gov.cn/ShowNews_Content9929.shtml|archive-date=2018-05-07}}
</ref>

The Chinese detachment belonged to the 6th Cavalry Regiment.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}
The detained personnel were put in a storage pit for four days under several climatic conditions, interrogated in 12 hour stretches for further several days, made to sign false confessions, window-dressed for photographs, and finally returned to India on 14 November. Scholar John Rowland states that, through these means, China obtained the "evidence" it needed to claim that it was India that broke [[Panchsheel agreement|Panchsheel]] (peace agreement between the two countries).<ref>{{harvp|Rowland, A History of Sino-Indian Relations|1967|pp=130–131}}: 'Singh's testimony provides a good picture of Chinese interrogating technique: "This interrogation lasted from 4:00 A.M. to about 4:00 P.M. By this time I was almost frozen and mentally and physically exhausted because of cold, persistent interrogation, intimidation, threats, angry shoutings and lack of sleep. In this condition I was compelled to sign the statement recorded by the Chinese. At the end of this interrogation the Chinese then brought all the other captured personnel before me and read out the statement and several photographs were taken."... The incident was staged according to the Chinese version of events while photographs were taken which could be used as evidence in support of the Chinese allegations that the Indian patrol had provoked the incident.'</ref>

Indian media described the event as a "brutal massacre of an Indian police party." The incident [[Events leading to the Sino-Indian War|contributed to the heightening of tensions]] that led to the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962.<ref name="maxwell">
{{cite book |title=India's China War |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/12249475/Indias-China-War-Neville-Maxwell |page=13 |access-date=29 August 2013}}
</ref><ref name="ahuja">{{cite web
|url=http://www.adl.gatech.edu/research/brmsrr/2008/BRMP07010805.pdf
|author=Vivek Ahuja
|title=Unforgiveable Mistakes, The Kongka-La Incident, 21st October 1959
|access-date=2011-11-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930230542/http://www.adl.gatech.edu/research/brmsrr/2008/BRMP07010805.pdf
|archive-date=30 September 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Military posts and infrastructure ==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|34.3341|79.095}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 11
| width = 270
| height = 270
| nolabels = 1
| caption = <center>China's Kongka Shankou base</center>

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.3341|79.1072}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = Kongka |labela1 = Shankou |labelb1 = base
| label-size1 = 11
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = top | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = 0
| mark-title1 = Kongka Shankou base
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Chinese military base
}}
The Indian border post is located {{convert|3|km}} to the west of Kongka Pass at [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]].<ref name="jindal">{{Cite magazine
| title = The Story of Hot Springs
| first = Akash
| last = Jindal
| issue = Special Issue on Police Martyrdom
| magazine = Indian Police Journal
| issn = 0537-2429
| date = Nov-Dec 2018
| access-date = 4 January 2020
| pages = 20–33
| url = http://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf
| quote = (p22) Karam Singh of ITBF was assigned the task of establishing outposts near the Chinese Occupation Line ... "Hot Springs" was barely three Km far from the site where Chinese Army had intruded.
}}</ref>

[[File:Kongka-La-snapshot-from-earthworks-stanford-edu-Gogra-Hot-Springs.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Line of Actual Control near Kongka La, as marked by the US [[Office of the Geographer]] in 2013 (in blue), and as marked by OpenStreetMap in 2020 (in green)<ref name=earthworks/>]]
The Chinese [[border outpost]] is located a few kilometers to the east at an elevation of {{convert|5070|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 在海拔5070米的空喀山口哨卡某边防团政委宗建明和官兵深情的拥抱
| work = [[Sina Corp|Sina]] Military
| date = 2009-09-17
| access-date = 14 December 2019
| url = http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/slide_8_199_1262.html#p=5
| language = zh
}}</ref>
Called Kongka Shankou base, it is located at the junction of the '''Kyapsang''' and Chang-Chenmo rivers. The outpost is linked to the [[China National Highway 219]] (G219) via two highways.
* The '''Konghong Highway''' ({{lang|zh|空红线}}, S519), or Kongka–Hongshan Highway, runs along the Chang-Chenmo Valley via Lanak La, and meets G219 near the [[Sumzhi Lake|Sumzhi]] and [[Longmu Lake|Longmu]] lakes.<ref name="Konghong">
[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8416265#map=9/34.0608/79.3808 Konghong Highway] (China, S519) and [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11621646#map=8/34.996/81.735 Kongka Shankou Highway] mapped on OpenStreetMap, retrieved 22 October 2020.
</ref>
** A new road called Kongka Shankou Highway ({{lang|zh|空喀山口公路}}) has been laid along the continuation of the same depression as the Changchenmo Valley on the other side of G219. It meets the [[China National Highway 216]] (G216) near the Yueya Lake.<ref name="Konghong"/>
* The '''Banying Highway''' ({{lang|zh|班应线}}, S520) goes south from the Kongka Shankou base to the [[Khurnak Plain]] and runs along the northern shore of the [[Pangong Lake]] till it reaches the G219 highway.<ref>
[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8416261#map=9/34.0608/79.3808 Bangying Highway] (China, S520) mapped on OpenStreetMap, retrieved 22 October 2020.
</ref>
The Indian government has noted that the original versions of these roads were built during 1959–1962.<ref>
{{citation |last=India |first=Government of |title=Chinese Aggression in Maps |publisher=Publications Division |date=January 1963 |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1963-Chinese-Agression-in-Maps.pdf |at=Map 4}}
</ref>

In addition to these, a '''Tiankong Highway''' ({{lang|zh|天空线}}) or Tianwendian–Kongka Highway, appears to have been constructed between 2013 and 2020. It passes through territory marked as being on the Indian side of the Line of Actual Control by the US [[Office of the Geographer]] in 2013.<ref name=earthworks>
[https://earthworks.stanford.edu/catalog/stanford-yg089df0008 Detailed World Polygons (LSIB), Asia and Russia, 2013], EarthWorks, Stanford University
</ref>
It is a mountain road that runs till the [[Tianwendian]] post in the [[Depsang Plains]]. It runs parallel to the Line of Actual Control and passes through Nischu and [[Heweitan]]. It also connects to the ''Wen Jia Way'', which leads to the [[Galwan Valley]].<ref>
[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11347211#map=9/34.8525/78.8269 Tiankong Xian] and
[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11347741#map=9/34.8525/78.8269 Wen Jia Road] mapped on OpenStreetMap, retrieved 22 October 2020.
</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of locations in Aksai Chin]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |year=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}
* {{citation |first=Steven A. |last=Hoffmann |title=Perceived Hostility and the Indian Reaction to China |journal=India Quarterly |volume=20 |number=4 |date=October-December 1973 |pp=283-299 |jstor=45070057 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, Perceived Hostility and the Indian Reaction|1973}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rowland |first=John |title=A History of Sino-Indian Relations: Hostile Co-existence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1967 |publisher=Van Nostrand |ref={{sfnref|Rowland, A History of Sino-Indian Relations|1967}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8416265#map=9/34.0608/79.3808 Konghong Highway] (China, S519) and [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11621646#map=8/34.996/81.735 Kongka Shankou Highway] mapped on OpenStreetMap
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8416261#map=9/34.0608/79.3808 Bangying Highway] (China, S520) mapped on OpenStreetMap
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11347211#map=9/34.8525/78.8269 Tiankong Xian] connecting [[Tianwendian]] and Kongka La, mapped on OpenStreetMap
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11294016#map=10/34.1760/78.8773 Route to Hot Springs] (India), mapped on OpenStreetMap

{{Mountain passes of India}}
{{Mountain passes of China}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of China]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Borders of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Chang Chenmo Valley]]

Kongka Pass - Revision history

220.255.242.109: refined layout for consistency

->Kautilya3: /* Military posts and infrastructure */ Copyedit (minor)