Kolleru Bird Sanctuary - Revision history

TabathaLea97053: improved intro for clarity and fixed typos after review

2026-02-23T03:43:19Z

improved intro for clarity and fixed typos after review

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:13, 23 February 2026
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			{{Short description\|Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2019}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2019}}
	{{Infobox protected area		{{Infobox protected area
	\|name=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary in ~~andrapradesh~~		\| name = Kolleru Bird Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh
	\|alt_name=		\| alt_name =
	\|iucn_category=IV		\| iucn_category = IV
	\|~~photo~~=File:Egrets in AP W IMG 3792.jpg		\| image = File:Egrets in AP W IMG 3792.jpg
	\|~~photo_width~~=		\| image_size =
	\|~~photo_alt~~=		\| image_alt =
	\|~~photo_caption~~=Birds near Kolleru Lake		\| image_caption = Birds near Kolleru Lake
	\|map=India Andhra Pradesh		\| map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
	\|map_alt=		\| map_alt =
	\|map_caption=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary		\| map_caption = Kolleru Bird Sanctuary
	\|map_width=		\| map_width =
	\|location=[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]		\| relief = 1
	\|nearest_city=[[Eluru]]		\| mapframe = Yes
	\|~~coords~~ = {{coord\|16\|37\|N\|81\|12\|E\|region:IN\|format=dms\|display=inline,title}}		\| mapframe-zoom = 9
	\|coords_ref=<ref name="Ramsar1" /> \|area={{convert\|673\|km2\|acre\|abbr=on}}		\| location = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
	\|established={{Start date\|1999\|11}}		\| nearest_city = [[Eluru]]
	\|governing_body=[[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]		\| coordinates = {{coord\|16\|37\|N\|81\|12\|E\|region:IN\|format=dms\|display=inline,title}}
	\|url= \|~~embedded~~={{Designation list		\| coords_ref = <ref name="Ramsar1" />
			\| area = {{convert\|673\|km2\|acre\|abbr=on}}
			\| established = {{Start date\|1999\|11}}
			\| governing_body = [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]
			\| url =
			\| module = {{Designation list
	\| embed = yes		\| embed = yes
	\| designation1 = Ramsar		\| designation1 = Ramsar
	\| designation1_date = 19 August 2002<ref name="Ramsar1" />		\| designation1_date = 19 August 2002<ref name="Ramsar1" />
	}}}}		}}
	'''Kolleru Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[sanctuary]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It covers 673 square kilometers. It was established in November 1999, under the ''[[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]''. The sanctuary protects part of the [[Kolleru Lake]] wetland, which gained [[Ramsar Convention]] for International importance in 2002.<ref name="Ramsar1">{{cite web\|title=Kolleru Lake\|url=http://www.ramsar.org/kolleru-lake\|website=Ramsar Wetlands\|publisher=Ramsar\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/kolleru-bird-sanctuary\|title=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary\|website=www.sanctuariesindia.com\|publisher=}}</ref>		}}
			'''Kolleru Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[sanctuary]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It covers 673 square kilometers. It was established in November 1999, under the ''[[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]''. The sanctuary protects part of the [[Kolleru Lake]] wetland, which gained [[Ramsar Convention]] for International importance in 2002.<ref name="Ramsar1">{{cite web\|title=Kolleru Lake\|url=http://www.ramsar.org/kolleru-lake\|website=Ramsar Wetlands\|publisher=Ramsar\|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/kolleru-bird-sanctuary\|title=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary\|website=www.sanctuariesindia.com\|publisher=\|access-date=15 April 2016\|archive-date=12 May 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512091905/http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/kolleru-bird-sanctuary/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	== Geography ==		== Geography ==
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	== Flora ==		== Flora ==
	The main flora of the sanctuary is ''[[Phragmites]] karka'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7YICQAAQBAJ~~&pg=PA382&lpg=PA382~~&dq=phragmites+karka+kolleru+lake&~~source~~=~~bl&ots=cSCwawfDMz&sig=Ok33qxLk8a9jOb3pt3aZS5xhdFg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiijbiTpJrMAhUKjJQKHY6bCxIQ6AEIPzAG#v=onepage&q=phragmites%20karka%20kolleru%20lake&f=false~~ Wetlands of the World I: Inventory, Ecology and Management] edited by Dennis F. Whigham, D. Dykyjová, S. Hejný (page-382)</ref> a weed that grows up to 10 feet in height and that offers shelter for some species of [[birds]]. The aquatic vegetation includes species such as ''[[Nymphaea lotus\|Nymphaeae nouchali]]'', ''[[Nymphoides indica\|Nyphoides indicum]]'', ''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'', ''[[Nechamandra alternifolia]]'', ''[[Limnophila indica]]'', ''[[Vallisneria spiralis]]'', ''[[Blyxa octandra]]'', ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'', ''[[Scirpus articulatus]]'', ''[[Paspalidium germinatum]]'', ''[[Typha angustifolia\|Typha angustata]]'', and ''[[Phragmites\|Phragmites karka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cpreec.org/67.htm\|title=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre\|last=Kolleru Lake\|first=Flora\|website=www.cpreec.org\|publisher=}}</ref>		The main flora of the sanctuary is ''[[Phragmites]] karka'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7YICQAAQBAJ&dq=phragmites+karka+kolleru+lake&pg=PA382 Wetlands of the World I: Inventory, Ecology and Management] edited by Dennis F. Whigham, D. Dykyjová, S. Hejný (page-382)</ref> a weed that grows up to 10 feet in height and that offers shelter for some species of [[birds]]. The aquatic vegetation includes species such as ''[[Nymphaea lotus\|Nymphaeae nouchali]]'', ''[[Nymphoides indica\|Nyphoides indicum]]'', ''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'', ''[[Nechamandra alternifolia]]'', ''[[Limnophila indica]]'', ''[[Vallisneria spiralis]]'', ''[[Blyxa octandra]]'', ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'', ''[[Scirpus articulatus]]'', ''[[Paspalidium germinatum]]'', ''[[Typha angustifolia\|Typha angustata]]'', and ''[[Phragmites\|Phragmites karka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cpreec.org/67.htm\|title=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre\|last=Kolleru Lake\|first=Flora\|website=www.cpreec.org\|publisher=\|access-date=19 April 2016\|archive-date=19 April 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419112817/http://cpreec.org/67.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	== Contour dispute ==		== Contour dispute ==
	[[Contour line\|Contours]] are lines drawn on a map, joining points of equal height above the sea level ([[mean sea level]]). In the past, the water level in the lake was between contour 7 and 10 during the monsoon, and it fell to contour 3 during the dry season. The area in contour 3 is 135 square kilometres and the area in contour 10 is 901 square kilometres.		[[Contour line\|Contours]] are lines drawn on a map, joining points of equal height above the sea level ([[mean sea level]]). In the past, the water level in the lake was between contour 7 and 10 during the monsoon, and it fell to contour 3 during the dry season. The area in contour 3 is 135 square kilometres and the area in contour 10 is 901 square kilometres.

	These conditions do not prevail any more with fish tanks and roads occupying most of the lake. The local fishing community known as [[Suryavansha]] [[Vaddi]]s<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/5854/panchayat-reigns-supreme\|title=Panchayat reigns supreme\|last=Kolleru lake~~\|first=~~\|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org\|publisher=}}</ref> say that from the times of 13th century during [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] rule they have had descendant rights on Kolleru Lake; they have appealed to the government to decrease from +5 contour (308 km<sup>2</sup>) to +3 contour (135 km<sup>2</sup>), asserting that they were protectors of birds from [[Narasimhadeva I\|Langula Gajapathi Raju]] period.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WbQBAAAAYAAJ~~&lpg=PA279&ots=dYlgnvOedg~~&dq=kolleti~~%20kota~~&pg=PA279~~#v=onepage&q=kolleti%20kota&false~~ The imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 8] by Sir William Wilson Hunter</ref>		These conditions do not prevail any more with fish tanks and roads occupying most of the lake. The local fishing community known as [[Suryavansha]] [[Vaddi]]s<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/5854/panchayat-reigns-supreme\|title=Panchayat reigns supreme\|last=Kolleru lake\|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org\|publisher=}}</ref> say that from the times of 13th century during [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] rule they have had descendant rights on Kolleru Lake; they have appealed to the government to decrease from +5 contour (308 km<sup>2</sup>) to +3 contour (135 km<sup>2</sup>), asserting that they were protectors of birds from [[Narasimhadeva I\|Langula Gajapathi Raju]] period.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WbQBAAAAYAAJ&dq=kolleti+kota&pg=PA279 The imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 8] by Sir William Wilson Hunter</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	{{Commons category\|Kolleru Bird Sanctuary}}		{{Commons category\|Kolleru Bird Sanctuary}}
	*[http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html Kolleru Water Lake Tourism Site]		*[http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html Kolleru Water Lake Tourism Site] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024023/http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html \|date=20 August 2016 }}
	*[http://news-express.in/news/committee-makes-secret-visit-to-kolleru-37372/ Committee makes secret visit to Kolleru]		*[http://news-express.in/news/committee-makes-secret-visit-to-kolleru-37372/ Committee makes secret visit to Kolleru] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603193538/http://news-express.in/news/committee-makes-secret-visit-to-kolleru-37372/ \|date=3 June 2016 }}
	*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-seeks-changes-in-contours-of-kolleru-wildlife-sanctuary/article6722672.ece Ap seeks changes in contours of kolleru wild life sanctuary]		*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-seeks-changes-in-contours-of-kolleru-wildlife-sanctuary/article6722672.ece Ap seeks changes in contours of kolleru wild life sanctuary]

ImportMaster at 08:51, 4 April 2022

2022-04-04T08:51:20Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
|name=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary in andrapradesh
|alt_name=
|iucn_category=IV
|photo=File:Egrets in AP W IMG 3792.jpg
|photo_width=
|photo_alt=
|photo_caption=Birds near Kolleru Lake
|map=India Andhra Pradesh
|map_alt=
|map_caption=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary
|map_width=
|location=[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|nearest_city=[[Eluru]]
|coords = {{coord|16|37|N|81|12|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|coords_ref=<ref name="Ramsar1" /> |area={{convert|673|km2|acre|abbr=on}}
|established={{Start date|1999|11}}
|governing_body=[[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]]
|url= |embedded={{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002<ref name="Ramsar1" />
}}}}
'''Kolleru Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[sanctuary]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It covers 673 square kilometers. It was established in November 1999, under the ''[[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]]''. The sanctuary protects part of the [[Kolleru Lake]] wetland, which gained [[Ramsar Convention]] for International importance in 2002.<ref name="Ramsar1">{{cite web|title=Kolleru Lake|url=http://www.ramsar.org/kolleru-lake|website=Ramsar Wetlands|publisher=Ramsar|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/kolleru-bird-sanctuary|title=Kolleru Bird Sanctuary|website=www.sanctuariesindia.com|publisher=}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{further|Kolleru Lake}}
Kolleru Bird Sanctuary is located in the [[Eluru district|Eluru]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] between the River [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and River [[Godavari]] deltas spread over 10 to 25 km from [[Eluru]] City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/kolleru_lake/kolleru_lake.htm|title=Kolleru Lake|last=Ramsar convention|first=Wet land|website=www.rainwaterharvesting.org|publisher=}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The main flora of the sanctuary is ''[[Phragmites]] karka'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7YICQAAQBAJ&pg=PA382&lpg=PA382&dq=phragmites+karka+kolleru+lake&source=bl&ots=cSCwawfDMz&sig=Ok33qxLk8a9jOb3pt3aZS5xhdFg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiijbiTpJrMAhUKjJQKHY6bCxIQ6AEIPzAG#v=onepage&q=phragmites%20karka%20kolleru%20lake&f=false Wetlands of the World I: Inventory, Ecology and Management] edited by Dennis F. Whigham, D. Dykyjová, S. Hejný (page-382)</ref> a weed that grows up to 10 feet in height and that offers shelter for some species of [[birds]]. The aquatic vegetation includes species such as ''[[Nymphaea lotus|Nymphaeae nouchali]]'', ''[[Nymphoides indica|Nyphoides indicum]]'', ''[[Ottelia alismoides]]'', ''[[Nechamandra alternifolia]]'', ''[[Limnophila indica]]'', ''[[Vallisneria spiralis]]'', ''[[Blyxa octandra]]'', ''[[Ipomoea aquatica]]'', ''[[Scirpus articulatus]]'', ''[[Paspalidium germinatum]]'', ''[[Typha angustifolia|Typha angustata]]'', and ''[[Phragmites|Phragmites karka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cpreec.org/67.htm|title=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre|last=Kolleru Lake|first=Flora|website=www.cpreec.org|publisher=}}</ref>

== Contour dispute ==
[[Contour line|Contours]] are lines drawn on a map, joining points of equal height above the sea level ([[mean sea level]]). In the past, the water level in the lake was between contour 7 and 10 during the monsoon, and it fell to contour 3 during the dry season. The area in contour 3 is 135 square kilometres and the area in contour 10 is 901 square kilometres.

These conditions do not prevail any more with fish tanks and roads occupying most of the lake. The local fishing community known as [[Suryavansha]] [[Vaddi]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/5854/panchayat-reigns-supreme|title=Panchayat reigns supreme|last=Kolleru lake|first=|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org|publisher=}}</ref> say that from the times of 13th century during [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] rule they have had descendant rights on Kolleru Lake; they have appealed to the government to decrease from +5 contour (308 km<sup>2</sup>) to +3 contour (135 km<sup>2</sup>), asserting that they were protectors of birds from [[Narasimhadeva I|Langula Gajapathi Raju]] period.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WbQBAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA279&ots=dYlgnvOedg&dq=kolleti%20kota&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q=kolleti%20kota&false The imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 8] by Sir William Wilson Hunter</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bird sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kolleru Bird Sanctuary}}
*[http://aptdc.gov.in/special-tours/kolleru_waterlake.html Kolleru Water Lake Tourism Site]
*[http://news-express.in/news/committee-makes-secret-visit-to-kolleru-37372/ Committee makes secret visit to Kolleru]
*[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-seeks-changes-in-contours-of-kolleru-wildlife-sanctuary/article6722672.ece Ap seeks changes in contours of kolleru wild life sanctuary]

{{Wildlife sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]