Kishkindha - Revision history

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	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}

	'''Kishkindha''' ({{~~Lang-~~sa\|~~किष्किन्ध~~}}, {{IAST3\|Kiṣkindhā}}) is a kingdom of the [[vanara]]s in [[Hinduism]]. It is ruled by King [[Sugriva]], the younger brother of [[Bali (Ramayana)\|Vali]], in the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~ \|last=~~www~~.~~wisdomlib~~.~~org \|date=2020-09-23 \|title=Kishkindha-kanda [Book 4]~~ \|url=https://~~www~~.~~wisdomlib~~.~~org~~/~~hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424173~~.~~html~~ \|~~access~~-~~date=2022~~-07-12 \|~~website~~=~~www.wisdomlib.org~~ \|language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] epic, this was the kingdom that Sugriva ruled with the assistance of his counsellor, [[Hanuman]].		'''Kishkindha''' ({{Langx\|sa\|किष्किन्धा}}, {{IAST3\|Kiṣkindhā}}) is a kingdom of the [[vanara]]s in [[Hinduism]]. It is ruled by King [[Sugriva]], the younger brother of [[Bali (Ramayana)\|Vali]], in the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Kishore \|first=B. R. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMdJ1MhRaXEC&pg=PA77 \|title=Ramayana \|date=2007 \|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. \|isbn=978-81-7182-070-2 \|pages=77 \|language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Hinduism\|Hindu]] epic this was the kingdom that Sugriva ruled with the assistance of his counsellor, [[Hanuman]]. Kishkindha is identified with the present location of [[Hampi]], the erstwhile royal capital of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

	During the [[Treta Yuga]], the whole region was within the dense [[Dandaka Forest]] which was founded by King Danda, son of [[Ikshvaku]], and descendant of [[Vaivasvata Manu]] in the [[Satya Yuga]], which extended from the [[Vindhya]] range to the South Indian peninsula. Thus, this kingdom was considered that of the [[vanaras]]. During the [[Dvapara Yuga]], the [[Pandava]] [[Sahadeva]] is stated to have visited this kingdom in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' during his southern military campaign to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dharma \|first=Krishna \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbAeEAAAQBAJ&dq=sahadeva+vanara&pg=PA165 \|title=Mahabharata: The Greatest Spiritual Epic of All Time \|date=2020-08-18 \|publisher=Simon and Schuster \|isbn=978-1-68383-920-0 \|pages=165 \|language=en}}</ref>		During the [[Treta Yuga]], the whole region was within the dense [[Dandaka Forest]] which was founded by King Danda, son of [[Ikshvaku]], and descendant of [[Vaivasvata Manu]] in the [[Satya Yuga]], which extended from the [[Vindhya]] range to the South Indian peninsula. Thus, this kingdom was considered that of the [[vanaras]]. During the [[Dvapara Yuga]], the [[Pandava]] [[Sahadeva]] is stated to have visited this kingdom in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' during his southern military campaign to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dharma \|first=Krishna \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbAeEAAAQBAJ&dq=sahadeva+vanara&pg=PA165 \|title=Mahabharata: The Greatest Spiritual Epic of All Time \|date=2020-08-18 \|publisher=Simon and Schuster \|isbn=978-1-68383-920-0 \|pages=165 \|language=en}}</ref>
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	== Literature ==		== Literature ==
	=== Ramayana ===		=== Ramayana ===
	The Ramayana has a book that is based in Kishkindha, known as the [[~~Kishkinda~~ Kāṇḍa\|~~Kishkinda~~ Kanda]]. In this text, a banished Sugriva sends his trusted counsellor, Hanuman, to meet the mysterious Rama and Lakshmana. Satisfied with their noble demeanour, he brings them to Sugriva. The two parties exchange their tales, after which Rama forges an alliance with the former vanara monarch:<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~ \|last=~~www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2020-09-23 \|title=The Alliance of Rama and Sugriva [Chapter 5]~~ \|url=https://~~www~~.~~wisdomlib~~.~~org~~/~~hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424178.html~~ \|~~access-~~date=~~2022-07-12~~ \|~~website~~=~~www.wisdomlib.org~~ \|language=en}}</ref>		The Ramayana has a book that is based in Kishkindha, known as the [[Kishkindha Kāṇḍa\|Kishkindha Kanda]]. In this text, a banished Sugriva sends his trusted counsellor, Hanuman, to meet the mysterious Rama and Lakshmana. Satisfied with their noble demeanour, he brings them to Sugriva. The two parties exchange their tales, after which Rama forges an alliance with the former vanara monarch:<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vālmīki \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAYwAQAAMAAJ \|title=Aranya Kanda \|date=1962 \|publisher=Shanti Sadan \|pages=179 \|language=en}}</ref>
	{{Blockquote\|text=I know well that the fruit of friendship is mutual aid, O Great Monkey! I shall slay that Bali, who has carried off your consort! These pointed shafts that you perceivest, these arrows bright as the sun, fly straight to their target. Decorated with heron’s feathers and resembling Indra’s thunderbolt, skilfully wrought, their points sharpened, resembling provoked serpents, they will pierce that perverse wretch with force. To-day you shalt see Bali fall on the earth like a cleft mountain struck by these pointed darts, resembling venomous snakes.\|author=[[Valmiki]]\|title=[[Ramayana]]\|source=Kishkindha Kanda, Chapter 5}}		{{Blockquote\|text=I know well that the fruit of friendship is mutual aid, O Great Monkey! I shall slay that Bali, who has carried off your consort! These pointed shafts that you perceivest, these arrows bright as the sun, fly straight to their target. Decorated with heron’s feathers and resembling Indra’s thunderbolt, skilfully wrought, their points sharpened, resembling provoked serpents, they will pierce that perverse wretch with force. To-day you shalt see Bali fall on the earth like a cleft mountain struck by these pointed darts, resembling venomous snakes.\|author=[[Valmiki]]\|title=[[Ramayana]]\|source=Kishkindha Kanda, Chapter 5}}
	Sugriva, in turn, shows the cloak and jewels of Sita that had descended from the sky upon his kingdom during her abduction by Ravana. After Sugriva regales the tales of his brother's exploits, he goes to challenge his brother for a duel, having sought Rama's assistance in the fight. When Rama does not loose his arrow, Sugriva flees towards the Rishyamuka hill, where his brother dared not venture. Rama explains that he did not intercede since he could not distinguish between the two, upon which a wreath of flowers was placed around the vanara's neck. The entourage then visit the hermitage of Saptajanas:<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~ \|last=~~www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2020-09-23 \|title=The Hermitage of Saptajanas [Chapter 13]~~ \|url=https://~~www~~.~~wisdomlib~~.~~org~~/~~hinduism/book/the-ramayana-~~of~~-valmiki/d/doc424186~~.~~html~~ \|~~access-~~date=~~2022~~-07-12 \|~~website~~=~~www.wisdomlib.org~~ \|language=en}}</ref>		Sugriva, in turn, shows the cloak and jewels of Sita that had descended from the sky upon his kingdom during her abduction by Ravana. After Sugriva regales the tales of his brother's exploits, he goes to challenge his brother for a duel, having sought Rama's assistance in the fight. When Rama does not loose his arrow, Sugriva flees towards the Rishyamuka hill, where his brother dared not venture. Rama explains that he did not intercede since he could not distinguish between the two, upon which a wreath of flowers was placed around the vanara's neck. The entourage then visit the hermitage of Saptajanas:<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vālmīki \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZkiAQAAIAAJ \|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki: Aranya kanda. Kishkindha kanda. Sundara kanda \|date=1952 \|publisher=Shanti Sadan \|isbn=978-0-85424-048-7 \|pages=198 \|language=en}}</ref>
	[[File:Killing of Vali Monkey.jpg\|thumb\|The death of Vali]]		[[File:Killing of Vali Monkey.jpg\|thumb\|The death of Vali]]
	{{Blockquote\|text=They observed the trees bowed with the weight of their flowers and the rivers bearing their peaceful waters to the sea. The ravines and cliffs with their chasms, caves, peaks and charming dales, the lakes with their limpid waters of emerald hue, adorned with opening lotus buds, drew their gaze as they passed. Ducks, cranes, swans, woodcock and other waterfowl were heard calling, whilst in the clearings of the woods deer could be seen grazing on the tender grass and young shoots, without fear of the wild beasts that roamed everywhere.		{{Blockquote\|text=They observed the trees bowed with the weight of their flowers and the rivers bearing their peaceful waters to the sea. The ravines and cliffs with their chasms, caves, peaks and charming dales, the lakes with their limpid waters of emerald hue, adorned with opening lotus buds, drew their gaze as they passed. Ducks, cranes, swans, woodcock and other waterfowl were heard calling, whilst in the clearings of the woods deer could be seen grazing on the tender grass and young shoots, without fear of the wild beasts that roamed everywhere.

	Wild and ferocious elephants adorned with ivory tusks, who proved a menace to the lakes by causing the banks to crumble, wandered about here and there and intoxicated with Mada juice, striking their foreheads against the rocks, resembled moving mountains. Monkeys as large as elephants, covered with dust and every species of wild beast and bird were seen by the followers of Sugriva as they passed on their way.\|author=[[Valmiki]]\|title=[[Ramayana]]\|source=Kishkindha Kanda, Chapter 13}}		Wild and ferocious elephants adorned with ivory tusks, who proved a menace to the lakes by causing the banks to crumble, wandered about here and there and intoxicated with Mada juice, striking their foreheads against the rocks, resembled moving mountains. Monkeys as large as elephants, covered with dust and every species of wild beast and bird were seen by the followers of Sugriva as they passed on their way.\|author=[[Valmiki]]\|title=[[Ramayana]]\|source=Kishkindha Kanda, Chapter 13}}
	Ignoring his wife [[Tara (Ramayana)\|Tara]]'s pleas to make peace with Rama, ~~Bali~~ sets out to duel his brother once more, and is slain by Rama's arrow to his breast. Vali and Rama engage in a conversation about the morality of Rama's actions, to which Rama retorts that the vanara had conducted himself in a heinous manner by forcefully bedding [[Rumā\|Ruma]], Sugriva's wife.<ref>{{Cite ~~web~~ \|last=~~www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2020-09-23 \|title=Rama answers Bali [Chapter 18]~~ \|url=https://~~www~~.~~wisdomlib~~.~~org~~/~~hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424191.html~~ \|~~access-~~date=~~2022-07-12~~ \|~~website~~=~~www.wisdomlib.org~~ \|language=en}}</ref> Even as Tara laments, Sugriva is installed as king once more. However, four months later, he fails to honour his pledge to support Rama's rescue, lost in his blissful dalliance with Tara. A furious Lakshmana, first mollified by Tara, reproaches Sugriva for his conduct, after which he reconciles with him. Sugriva assembles his vanara forces and commands them to venture into the following regions:<ref>{{Cite web \|last=www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2020-09-26 \|title=Sugriva sends out other Monkeys to explore the Southern Region [Chapter 41] \|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424532.html \|access-date=2022-07-12 \|website=www.wisdomlib.org \|language=en}}</ref>		Ignoring his wife [[Tara (Ramayana)\|Tara]]'s pleas to make peace with Rama, Vali sets out to duel his brother once more, and is slain by Rama's arrow to his breast. Vali and Rama engage in a conversation about the morality of Rama's actions, to which Rama retorts that the vanara had conducted himself in a heinous manner by forcefully bedding [[Rumā\|Ruma]], Sugriva's wife.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vālmīki \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAYwAQAAMAAJ \|title=Aranya Kanda \|date=1962 \|publisher=Shanti Sadan \|pages=213 \|language=en}}</ref> Even as Tara laments, Sugriva is installed as king once more. However, four months later, he fails to honour his pledge to support Rama's rescue, lost in his blissful dalliance with Tara. A furious Lakshmana, first mollified by Tara, reproaches Sugriva for his conduct, after which he reconciles with him. Sugriva assembles his vanara forces and commands them to venture into the following regions:<ref>{{Cite web \|last=www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2020-09-26 \|title=Sugriva sends out other Monkeys to explore the Southern Region [Chapter 41] \|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424532.html \|access-date=2022-07-12 \|website=www.wisdomlib.org \|language=en}}</ref>
	{{Blockquote\|text=You will first behold the Vindhya ranges, possessing a hundred peaks covered with trees and shrubs of every kind, and the enchanting river, Narmada, frequented by mighty serpents, and the wide and charming stream, Godavari, with its dark reeds, and the captivating Krishnaveni; the regions of Mekhalas and Utkala and the city of Dasharna also; Abravanti and Avanti, Vidarbhas and Nishtikas and the charming Mahishakas. You will see too, the Matsyas, Kalingas and Kaushikas, where you should search for the princess and the Dandaka Forest with its mountains, rivers and caverns and the Godavari, also examine the districts of Andhras, Paundras, the Cholas, Pandyas and Keralas. Then repair to the Ayomukha Mountain, rich in ore, with its marvellous peaks and flowering woodlands; that mountain, possessing lovely forests of sandalwood, should be carefully searched by you.\|author=[[Valmiki]]\|title=[[Ramayana]]\|source=Kishkinda Kanda, Chapter 41}}		{{Blockquote\|text=You will first behold the Vindhya ranges, possessing a hundred peaks covered with trees and shrubs of every kind, and the enchanting river, Narmada, frequented by mighty serpents, and the wide and charming stream, Godavari, with its dark reeds, and the captivating Krishnaveni; the regions of Mekhalas and Utkala and the city of Dasharna also; Abravanti and Avanti, Vidarbhas and Nishtikas and the charming Mahishakas. You will see too, the Matsyas, Kalingas and Kaushikas, where you should search for the princess and the Dandaka Forest with its mountains, rivers and caverns and the Godavari, also examine the districts of Andhras, Paundras, the Cholas, Pandyas and Keralas. Then repair to the Ayomukha Mountain, rich in ore, with its marvellous peaks and flowering woodlands; that mountain, possessing lovely forests of sandalwood, should be carefully searched by you.\|author=[[Valmiki]]\|title=[[Ramayana]]\|source=Kishkinda Kanda, Chapter 41}}
	[[File:Lakshmana and the monkey king Sugriva are conversing in a palanquin carried by four monkeys to offer allegiance to Rama..jpg\|thumb\|Sugriva and Lakshmana confer with a vanara escort]]		[[File:Lakshmana and the monkey king Sugriva are conversing in a palanquin carried by four monkeys to offer allegiance to Rama..jpg\|thumb\|Sugriva and Lakshmana confer with a vanara escort]]
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	=== Garuda Purana ===		=== Garuda Purana ===
	Brahma mentions Kishkindha while narrating the Ramayanam:<ref>{{Cite web \|last=www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2015-04-15 \|title=The Ramayana [Chapter CXLIII] \|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-garuda-purana-dutt/d/doc122623.html \|access-date=2022-07-12 \|website=www.wisdomlib.org \|language=en}}</ref>		Brahma mentions Kishkindha while narrating the Ramayanam:<ref>{{Cite web \|last=www.wisdomlib.org \|date=2015-04-15 \|title=The Ramayana [Chapter CXLIII] \|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-garuda-purana-dutt/d/doc122623.html \|access-date=2022-07-12 \|website=www.wisdomlib.org \|language=en}}</ref>
	{{Blockquote\|text=While there, Rama entered into a friendly compact with Sugriva, the brother of the monkey-king Vali, and showed his skill in archery by shooting through the trunks of seven Tala trees. Then he killed Vali and made over the ~~sovereignity~~ of the monkey-land Kishkinda to his brother Sugriva, and quartered himself with his beloved Lakshmana in the outskirts of the Mount Rishyamukha.\|title=[[Garuda Purana]]\|source=Chapter 143}}		{{Blockquote\|text=While there, Rama entered into a friendly compact with Sugriva, the brother of the monkey-king Vali, and showed his skill in archery by shooting through the trunks of seven Tala trees. Then he killed Vali and made over the sovereignty of the monkey-land Kishkinda to his brother Sugriva, and quartered himself with his beloved Lakshmana in the outskirts of the Mount Rishyamukha.\|title=[[Garuda Purana]]\|source=Chapter 143}}

	== In popular culture ==		== In popular culture ==

	* This kingdom is often identified to be the region around the [[Tungabhadra]] river (then known as [[Pampa Sarovar]]a) near [[Hampi]] in present-day [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]]. The mountain near the river known as Rishimukha, where Sugriva lived with Hanuman during his exile, bears the same name.		* This kingdom is often identified to be the region around the [[Tungabhadra]] river (then known as [[Pampa Sarovar]]a) near [[Hampi]] in present-day [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Bhatnagar">{{cite book\|author=Pushkar Bhatnagar\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmOJzwEACAAJ\|title=Dating The Era of Lord Ram\|publisher=Rupa Publications\|year=2004\|isbn=9788129126191\|page=198}}</ref> The mountain near the river known as Rishimukha, where Sugriva lived with Hanuman during his exile, bears the same name.
			[[File:Aanjaneya Temple.jpg\|thumb\|Anjaneya Parvata, said to be the birthplace of Hanuman]]
	[[~~Image~~:Aanjaneya Temple.jpg~~\|left~~\|thumb~~\|250px~~\|Anjaneya Parvata, said to be the birthplace of Hanuman]]

	* The [[Anjanadri hill\|Anjaneyadri Hill]] is held by the locals to the birthplace of Hanuman.		* The [[Anjanadri hill\|Anjaneyadri Hill]] is held by the locals to the birthplace of Hanuman.
			* 2024 Malayalam Movie [[Kishkindha Kaandam]] have similar reference.

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
			{{wikisourcelang\|1\|रामचरितमानस\|Ramacharitamanas}}
			{{wikisourcelang\|1\|रामचरितमानस:किष्किन्धाकाण्ड\|Kishkindha Episode in Ramcharitmanas}}
			{{commons category}}
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081212205253/http://kishkinda.wordpress.com/ Kishkinda: Literature and Archaeology]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081212205253/http://kishkinda.wordpress.com/ Kishkinda: Literature and Archaeology]
	* [http://www.ramcharitmanas.iitk.ac.in/ Complete Ramacharitamanas text ]		* [http://www.ramcharitmanas.iitk.ac.in/ Complete Ramacharitamanas text ]

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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[Image:Kishkindha OldBridge.jpg|right|thumb| 250px| Bukka's Aqueduct]]
'''[[Kishkindha]]''' ({{IAST3|Kiṣkindhā}}) is the kingdom of the [[Vanara]] King [[Sugriva]], the younger brother of [[Bali (Ramayana)|Vali]], in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. According to the historical account of India, this was the kingdom where Sugriva ruled with the assistance of his friend, [[Hanuman]]. This kingdom is identified to be the regions around the [[Tungabhadra]] river (then known as Pampa Saras) near [[Hampi]] in present-day [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]]. The mountain near the river known as Rishimukha, where Sugriva lived with Hanuman during his exile, bears the same name.

During the [[Treta Yuga]], the whole region was within the dense [[Dandaka Forest]], which extended from the [[Vindhya]] range to the South Indian peninsula. Thus, this kingdom was considered to be that of the [[Vanaras]]. During the [[Dvapara Yuga]], the [[Pandava]] [[Sahadeva]] was said to visit this kingdom, as per the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', during his southern military campaign to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.

[[File:Kishkindha Panromic View.jpg|right|thumb|350px| View of Kishkindha]]

== References in Mahabharata and Ramayana ==
Though Kishkindha was mentioned in the epic [[Ramayana]] in great detail, some mention of this kingdom is also found in the epic [[Mahabharata]].

=== Sahadeva's conquests ===
[[Sahadeva]], the [[Pandava]] general, and younger brother of [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]], came to southern regions to collect tribute for the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice of the king.

[[Sahadeva]] reduced to subjection King Vatadhipa. He then defeated the [[Pulindas]] (Pulindas in the south, see also the [[Himalaya Kingdom|northern Pulindas]]) and then marched southward. He then fought for one whole day with the King of Pandrya ([[Pandya Kingdom|Pandya]]?). The long-armed hero having vanquished that monarch marched further to the south. Then he beheld '''the celebrated caves of Kishkindhya''' and in that region fought for seven days with the Vanara-kings Mainda and [[Dwivida]]. Those illustrious kings however, without being tired in the encounter, were gratified with [[Sahadeva]]. And joyfully addressing the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] prince, they said,--"O tiger among the sons of [[Pandu]], go hence, taking with the tribute from us all. Let the mission of the king [[Yudhishthira]] the just possessed of great intelligence, be accomplished without hindrance." Taking jewels and gems from them all, the hero marched towards the city of [[Mahishmati]], and there he battled with King Nila.

=== Rama's history within Ramayan ===
''A few chapters of [[Mahabharat]], contains within it, the epic [[Ramayan]] in brief.''

[[Image:PlacesRelatedToRama.JPG|right|thumb|Places related to Ramayana]]

After the Vanar king [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] had been slain by [[Raghuvansi Ram]], [[Sugriv]], the younger brother of the king, regained possession of '''Kishkindha.''' Ram, meanwhile dwelt on the beautiful [[Malyavat Mountains]] (a mountain range, in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]) for four months, duly worshipped by Sugriv all the while.

Sugriv is mentioned as the ruler of the forest-kingdom '''Kishkindha''' and the king of the Vanaras (forest-dwellers), installed on throne by [[Raghuvanshi Ram and to whom all foresters and apes, monkeys and bears owe allegiance.

[[Raghava Rama|Rama]] slew the [[Rakshasa Kingdom|Rakshasa]] king [[Ravana]] in battle and installed [[Vibhishana]], Ravana's younger brother, on the throne of [[Lanka Kingdom|Lanka]]. Thus he regained his wife [[Sita]] from the clutches of Ravana. He then left Lanka and re-entered '''Kishkindhya''' with King Sugriva. Having arrived at Kishkindhya, he installed the old King Vali's son Angada as prince-regent of that kingdom. After that he left for his own capital city [[Ayodhya]] in the [[Kosala Kingdom]]

[[Image:Aanjaneya Temple.jpg|left|thumb| 250px| Anjaneya Parvat, said to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman]]

The mountain Hrishyamukha (Risyamuka) where [[Sugriva]] and [[Hanuman]] spent their exile due to fear of King Vali is mentioned.

== References to the Vanaras in Mahabharata ==
Vanaras were described as one of the exotic tribes of ancient Bhārat, along with many others, in the epic [[Mahabharata]].

Their kinship with other such tribes is hinted at in various texts. The [[Rakshasa Kingdom|Rakshasas]], [[Yaksha Kingdom|Yakshas]], [[Vanara Kingdom|Vanaras]] and [[Kinnara Kingdom|Kinnaras]] (these four were linked to the sage [[Pulastya]]) and with [[Kimpurusha Kingdom|Kimpurushas]] (half-men, half-horse), Salabhas (grasshopper/locust or moth-like beings of ill omen), and Valikhilyas (the followers of the movements of the sun) (the last three were linked to the sage [[Pulaha]]) were mentioned to have kinship.

They were mentioned along with one of these or some of these tribes at many locations in the epic.
[[Image:Pampa Sarover.jpg|right|thumb|200px| [[Pampa Sarovar]], the lake where Hanuman rested on his way to the Himalayas{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for exact historical and geographical claims|date=August 2014}}]]

=== Territories of the Vanaras ===
Kishkindhya and the southern India were the most populous territories of the Vanaras. However they were also found in the forests of the [[Himalaya]]s (3–144, 157). [[Bhima]] in his wanderings saw the abode of the Vanara chief [[Hanuman]] in a plantain wood, on an elevated rocky base in the mountains of Gandhamadana in the Himalayas.

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
{{wikisourcelang|1|रामचरितमानस|Ramacharitamanas}}
{{wikisourcelang|1|रामचरितमानस:किष्किन्धाकाण्ड|Kishkindha Episode in Ramcharitmanas}}
* [[Sister Nivedita]] & Ananda K.Coomaraswamy: Myths and Legends of the Hindus and Bhuddhists, Kolkata, 2001 {{ISBN|81-7505-197-3}}
* Dowson's Classical Dictionary of [[Hindu mythology]]
* [[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
* [[Ramayana]] of [[Valmiki]]

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081212205253/http://kishkinda.wordpress.com/ Kishkinda: Literature and Archaeology]
* [http://www.ramcharitmanas.iitk.ac.in/ Complete Ramacharitamanas text ]

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]