Kinnauri language - Revision history

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	\| speakers = all Kinnauri varieties: {{sigfig\|83,561\|2}};		\| speakers = all Kinnauri varieties: {{sigfig\|83,561\|2}};
	Kinnauri proper: about 45,000		Kinnauri proper: about 45,000
	\| date = 2011 census~~<~~!--census for all Kinnauri lects--~~>~~		\| date = 2011 census<!--census for all Kinnauri lects-->
	\| ref = ~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite web\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html\|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011\|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India\|website=www.censusindia.gov.in\|access-date=2018-07-07}}~~<~~/ref~~><~~!--census for all Kinnauri lects--~~>~~		\| ref = <ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html\|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011\|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India\|website=www.censusindia.gov.in\|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><!--census for all Kinnauri lects-->
	\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan		\| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
	\| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages\|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?		\| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages\|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?
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	}}		}}

	'''Kinnauri''' is the most widely used language in [[Kinnaur]]. The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as '''Kunawaree''' (Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844), '''Kanauri''' (Konow 1905), '''Kanawari''' (Bailey 1909) and '''Kunawari''' (Grierson 1909).~~<~~ref~~>~~NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Languages of Kannaura Tribe.” Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, 2021.~~<~~/ref~~>~~ It is the language of the upper castes in lower Kinnaur.~~<~~ref~~>~~NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.~~<~~/ref~~>~~ It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages\|Sino-Tibetan]] [[dialect cluster]] centered on the [[Kinnaur district]] of the [[States and territories of India\|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].		'''Kinnauri''' is the most widely used language in [[Kinnaur]]. The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as '''Kunawaree''' (Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844), '''Kanauri''' (Konow 1905), '''Kanawari''' (Bailey 1909) and '''Kunawari''' (Grierson 1909).<ref>NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Languages of Kannaura Tribe.” Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, 2021.</ref> It is the language of the upper castes in lower Kinnaur.<ref>NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.</ref> It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages\|Sino-Tibetan]] [[dialect cluster]] centered on the [[Kinnaur district]] of the [[States and territories of India\|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

	[[Kaike language\|Kaike]], once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to [[Tamangic languages\|Tamangic]]. [[Bhoti Kinnauri language\|Bhoti Kinnauri]] and [[Tukpa language\|Tukpa]] (locally called Chhoyuli) are [[Bodish languages\|Bodish]] ([[Lahuli–Spiti languages\|Lahauli–Spiti]]).		[[Kaike language\|Kaike]], once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to [[Tamangic languages\|Tamangic]]. [[Bhoti Kinnauri language\|Bhoti Kinnauri]] and [[Tukpa language\|Tukpa]] (locally called Chhoyuli) are [[Bodish languages\|Bodish]] ([[Lahuli–Spiti languages\|Lahauli–Spiti]]).
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	[[Pahari Kinnauri language\|'''''Pahari Kinnauri''''']] is an [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]] language of [[Kinnaur district\|Kinnaur]] spoken mainly by the scheduled caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000.		[[Pahari Kinnauri language\|'''''Pahari Kinnauri''''']] is an [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]] language of [[Kinnaur district\|Kinnaur]] spoken mainly by the scheduled caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000.

	In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey.~~<~~ref~~>~~NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.~~<~~/ref~~>~~		In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey.<ref>NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.</ref>

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
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	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan=3\| [[Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]		! rowspan=3\| [[Plosive consonant\|Plosive]]
	! ~~<~~small~~>~~[[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]~~<~~/small~~>~~		! <small>[[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]</small>
	\| {{IPA link\|b}}		\| {{IPA link\|b}}
	\| {{IPA link\|d}}		\| {{IPA link\|d}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~<~~small~~>~~[[voicelessness\|voiceless]]~~<~~/small~~>~~		! <small>[[voicelessness\|voiceless]]</small>
	\| {{IPA link\|p}}		\| {{IPA link\|p}}
	\|{{IPA link\|t}}		\|{{IPA link\|t}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~<~~small~~>~~[[aspiration (phonetics)\|aspirated]]~~<~~/small~~>~~		! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)\|aspirated]]</small>
	\| {{IPA link\|pʰ}}		\| {{IPA link\|pʰ}}
	\|{{IPA link\|tʰ}}		\|{{IPA link\|tʰ}}
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	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan=3\| [[Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]		! rowspan=3\| [[Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]
	! ~~<~~small~~>~~[[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]~~<~~/small~~>~~		! <small>[[voice (phonetics)\|voiced]]</small>
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA link\|dz}}		\| {{IPA link\|dz}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~<~~small~~>~~[[voicelessness\|voiceless]]~~<~~/small~~>~~		! <small>[[voicelessness\|voiceless]]</small>
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA link\|ts}}		\| {{IPA link\|ts}}
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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~<~~small~~>~~[[aspiration (phonetics)\|aspirated]]~~<~~/small~~>~~		! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)\|aspirated]]</small>
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA link\|tsʰ}}		\| {{IPA link\|tsʰ}}
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	phrase, modifiers precede the head noun, causative occurs after main verb, marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison, negatives are pre-verbal, auxiliary follows		phrase, modifiers precede the head noun, causative occurs after main verb, marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison, negatives are pre-verbal, auxiliary follows
	the main verb, anaphor follows the antecedent and main clause precedes the subordinate clause. It exhibits some exceptions in SOV language features. SOV language should have		the main verb, anaphor follows the antecedent and main clause precedes the subordinate clause. It exhibits some exceptions in SOV language features. SOV language should have
	preposed genitives and adjective should follow noun. But Kinnauri has postpositional genitive and the adjective precedes the noun.~~<~~ref~~>~~NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Typological Characteristics of Kinnauri.” Interdisciplinary Journal of LinguisticC, KU Srinagar, India 5 (2012): 329–48.~~<~~/ref~~>~~		preposed genitives and adjective should follow noun. But Kinnauri has postpositional genitive and the adjective precedes the noun.<ref>NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Typological Characteristics of Kinnauri.” Interdisciplinary Journal of LinguisticC, KU Srinagar, India 5 (2012): 329–48.</ref>

	== Script ==		== Script ==
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	==Language vitality==		==Language vitality==

	Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in Kinnaur. It is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of Kinnauri are only the elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region.~~<~~ref~~>~~NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.~~<~~/ref~~>~~		Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in Kinnaur. It is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of Kinnauri are only the elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region.<ref>NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 2023.</ref>
	Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among the locals, scholars, linguists and researchers.{{citation needed\|date=January 2024}}		Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among the locals, scholars, linguists and researchers.{{citation needed\|date=January 2024}}

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{{For|the Indo-Aryan Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kinnauri
| nativename = 𑚊𑚝𑚦𑚤𑚮𑚎𑚨𑚶𑚊𑚛,Kanawaringskad,ཀནབརིངསྐད
| region = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| image = [[File:Kinnauri.jpg|150px]]
| speakers (all kinnauri varieties) = {{sigfig|83,561|2}}
Kinnauri specific = about 45,000
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?
| fam3 = [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]]
| fam4 = Kanauri
| dia1 = [[Sunam language|Sunam]]
| lc1 = kfk
| ld1 = Kinnauri proper
| lc2 = cik
| ld2 = [[Chitkuli Kinnauri]]
| lc3 = ssk
| ld3 = Sunam
| lc4 = jna
| ld4 = Jangshung (Thebor)
| lc5 = scu
| ld5 = Shumcho
| glotto = kinn1250
| glottorefname = Kinnauric
| ELP2 = 4337
| ELPname2 = Jangshung
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Kinnauri''', also known as '''Kanauri''', '''Kanor''', '''Koonawur''', '''Kanawari''' or '''Kunawar''' ([[Takri script|takri]]: 𑚊𑚮𑚝𑚵𑚤𑚯/𑚊𑚝𑚵𑚤𑚯/𑚊𑚝𑚵𑚤/𑚊𑚱𑚝𑚭𑚦𑚰𑚤/𑚊𑚰𑚝𑚦𑚤, [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]:ཀིནཽརཱི), is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] [[dialect cluster]] centered on the [[Kinnaur]] district of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

[[Kaike language|Kaike]], once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]]. [[Bhoti Kinnauri language|Bhoti Kinnauri]] and [[Tukpa language|Tukpa]], locally called Chhoyuli are Bodish (Lahauli–Spiti).

==Linguistic varieties and geographical distribution==
[[File:A signboard in Kinnauri Language.jpg|thumb|A signboard in Kinnauri Language]]

''Kinnaur has nearly ten linguistic varieties with Kinnauri being the major language. [[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following locations for Kinnauri proper and related languages.

'''''Kinnauri'''''-speaking villages are from Badhal [[Rampur Bushahr]] to Sangla and north along [[Sutlej|Satluj river]] to Morang. Mainly the kinnauri speaking area is located in lower parts of district [[Kinnaur district]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The estimated population of Kinnauri speaking people is 45,000.

'''''[[Chitkuli Kinnauri]]''''' is spoken by a thousand people in the [[Baspa River|Baspa river]] area of the [[Sangla Valley|Sangla valley]] in Nichar subdivision, [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (in Chitkul and Rakchham villages).

'''''Jangshung''''' is spoken in Morang tahsil, [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (in Jangi, Lippa, and Asrang villages). These villages have a population of nearly 2600.

'''''Sumcho''''' is spoken in Puh tahsil, [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (in Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, and Rushkaling villages) by a population of 2500.

'''''Bhoti Kinnauri''''' is spoken in Poo division of upper Kinnaur. The language shows slight phonemic variations in the valley. Main varieties are spoken in Poo Hangrang and Nako villages. It is a generic Tibetan language spoken by nearly 7000 people.'''

'''''Chhoyuli''''' language is spoken in Nesang and Kunnu Charan villages of Poo division in upper Kinnaur. It has a population of around 700. The language is considered a variety of Bhoti Kinnauri but is shows enough characteristics to stand as an independent language.

'''''Sunnami''''' language is spoken in Sunnam village of Poo division in upper Kinnaur. It has a population of abour 700.

'''''Pahari Kinnauri''''' is an Indo Aryan language of Kinnaur spoken mainly by the Scheduled Caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000.

In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey.

==Phonology==
This description is of the Pangi dialect of Kinnauri.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
! colspan=2|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=3| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|-
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]]
| {{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPA|ʈ}}
|
|{{IPA|k}}
|
|-
! [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|{{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=3| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
| {{IPA|dz}}
|
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|
|
|-
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]]
|
| {{IPA|ts}}
|
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|
|
|-
! [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
|
| {{IPA|tsʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|}

''Note on palatals'': {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are post-alveolar. {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]].

===Vowels===
Kinnauri has five pairs of long/short vowels:

{| class="IPA wikitable"
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-align="center"
![[close vowel|Close]]
| i
| ɨ
|
|-align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e
|
| o
|-align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| a
|
|}

===Syllables===

{{IPA|/h/}}, [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [[Obstruent|obstruents]] (i.e. {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}, {{IPA|/kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}}), and [[Glide consonant|glides]] (i.e. {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}) do not occur in syllable [[Syllable coda|codas]].

All consonants may occur in [[Syllable onset|onsets]] and word-medially.

Kinnauri has the following types of [[syllable]]s:

* {{transl|kfk|italic=no|(C)V(C)(C)(C)}}
* {{transl|kfk|italic=no|CCV(C)}}
* {{transl|kfk|italic=no|CCCVC}}

==Grammar==

Kinnauri is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]], V-Auxiliary, Postpositional, and has head-final noun phrases. It shows case marking with an [[Ergative case|ergative]] alignment in the past tense, [[nominative-accusative]] elsewhere. The ergative case is identical to the [[Instrumental case|instrumental]]. There is no distinction between [[Accusative case|accusative]] and [[Dative case|dative]], and a [[Genitive case|genitive]] is partially [[Syncretism|syncretic]] with the accusative/dative. An [[ablative case]] is also recognized, normally attached outside the genitive but with different [[allomorph]]s for animate and inanimate [[referent]]s. There is also a [[locative case]], normally used only with inanimate nouns.

== Script ==
The native script of the language is a variety of [[Takri script]].
[[File:Kanawari.png|thumb|A specimen in Kinnauri Takri|alt=]]
==Language vitality==

Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in Kinnaur. It is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of Kinnauri are only the elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region.
Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among the locals, scholars, linguists and researchers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Nagano, Yasuhiko; & LaPolla, Randy J. (Eds.). (2001). ''New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages''. Bon studies 3, Senri ethnological reports 19. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
* Negi, Harvinder. 2012. A Sociolinguistic profile of the Kinnaura tribe. Nepalese Linguistics. Vol. 27, pp 101-105 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_27.pdf
*{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Nishi 西
| first = Yoshio 義郎
| author-link = Yoshio Nishi
| editor1-first = 孝 Takashi
| editor1-last = 亀井 Kamei
| editor2-first = 六郎 Rokurō
| editor2-last = 河野 Kōno
| editor3-first = 栄一 Eichi
| editor3-last = 千野 Chino
| encyclopedia = 三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics
| title = カナウル語
| trans-title = Kanaur, Kănaur, Kănāwăr, Kanor, Koonawur, Kunáwar, Kunawar, Kanâr, (''LSI''), Kanawar; Kanauri, Kănaurī, (LSI) Kanāwᵃrī; Kanâwari, Kunawaree
| language = Japanese
| year = 1993a
| publisher = 三省堂 Sanseido Press
| volume = 5
| location = Tokyo
| isbn = 4385152144
| pages = 75b–86b
}}
* {{cite book
| surname = Takahashi | given = Yoshiharu
| chapter = A descriptive study of Kinnauri (Pangi dialect): A preliminary report
| pages = 97–119
| doi = 10.15021/00002143 | doi-access = free
| editor1-given = Yasuhiko | editor1-surname = Nagano | editor2-given = Randy J. | editor2-surname = LaPolla
| title = New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages
| location = Osaka | publisher = National Museum of Ethnology | year = 2001
| url = https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_snippet&index_id=210&pn=1&count=20&order=17&lang=japanese&page_id=13&block_id=21
}}
* Takahashi, Yoshiharu. 2007. On the deictic patterns in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect). In Roland Bielmeier and Felix Haller (eds.). Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond, 341-354. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2009) “On the Verbal Affixes in West Himalayan”. Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics, Yasuhiko Nagano, ed. special issue of Senri Ethnological Studies 75: 21–49.
* Takahashi, Yoshiharu (2012). "On a Middle Voice Suffix in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) Yoshiharu". Objectivization and Subjectivization: A Typology of Voice Systems Edited by Wataru Nakamura and Ritsuko Kikusawa, eds., special issue of Senri Ethnological Studies 77: 157–175.

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Himachali culture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnauri Language}}
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kinnaur district]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:West Himalayish languages]]