Khol - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-14T08:54:32Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:24, 14 August 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Music}}~~
	*[[Mridangam]]		*[[Mridangam]]
	*[[Tabla]]		*[[Tabla]]

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup:

2023-07-22T05:26:50Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:56, 22 July 2023
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	{{other uses\|Khol (disambiguation)}}		{{other uses\|Khol (disambiguation)}}
	{{About\|the clay drum of eastern India\|the wooden drum of southern India\|~~mridangam~~}}		{{About\|the clay drum of eastern India\|the specific clay drum of Odisha\|Mrudanga\|the wooden drum of southern India\|Mridangam}}

	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=December 2018}}
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	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The khol is regarded as resembling to the ancient ''gopuchha'' shape of drums, as described in [[Natya Shastra]]. The right face of the drum has a high pitch and produces a metallic sound, whereas the left face, produces a lower bass sound.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.india-instruments.com/encyclopedia-khol.html\|title=Khol - India Instruments\|website=www.india-instruments.com\|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.mridangams.com/2007/09/yathi.html\|title=Yathi and Jathi - Classical Music Mridangam\|website=www.mridangams.com\|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>		The khol is regarded as resembling to the ancient ''gopuchha'' shape of drums, as described in [[Natya Shastra]]. The right face of the drum has a high pitch and produces a metallic sound, whereas the left face, produces a lower bass sound. The larger side can be tuned with humidity. On a humid day the larger side will loosen up and vibrate more producing the lower sound. During a dry day the side tightens up producing a high pitched sound. Players of the instrument will add water to their drum if they feel it does not produce a low enough sound. They will put a bit of water on their finger and spread it around the edge of the large side. They will either let it sit there for a few minutes, or manually stretch it with their palm. <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.india-instruments.com/encyclopedia-khol.html\|title=Khol - India Instruments\|website=www.india-instruments.com\|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.mridangams.com/2007/09/yathi.html\|title=Yathi and Jathi - Classical Music Mridangam\|website=www.mridangams.com\|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>

	==Construction==		==Construction==
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	The khol is considered an integral part of the [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma]] culture and is used in ''[[bhaona]]'' (plays), ''[[gayan-bayan]]', ''prasanga-[[kirtan]]'' and ''[[borgeet]]''s (lyrical songs). Assamese polymath [[Sankardev]]a is known to have adapted and evolved the tradition of ''gayan-bayan'' by using musical instruments like the khol and [[Taal (instrument)\|taal]]. According to Assamese [[Vaishnavites\|Neo-Vaishnavites]], playing the khol is regarded as a holy activity and it is also considered to be one of the most important traditional percussion instruments.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/on-the-khol-trail/article21212672.ece\|title=Soul of kirtans\|last=Nandini\|first=Dr M. Lalitha & M.\|date=2017-11-30\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=2019-10-20\|language=en-IN\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is also a key musical instrument that accompanies a [[Sattriya]] performance.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India\|last=Barthakur\|first=Dilip Ranjan\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|year=2003\|isbn=81-7099-881-6}}</ref>		The khol is considered an integral part of the [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma]] culture and is used in ''[[bhaona]]'' (plays), ''[[gayan-bayan]]', ''prasanga-[[kirtan]]'' and ''[[borgeet]]''s (lyrical songs). Assamese polymath [[Sankardev]]a is known to have adapted and evolved the tradition of ''gayan-bayan'' by using musical instruments like the khol and [[Taal (instrument)\|taal]]. According to Assamese [[Vaishnavites\|Neo-Vaishnavites]], playing the khol is regarded as a holy activity and it is also considered to be one of the most important traditional percussion instruments.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/on-the-khol-trail/article21212672.ece\|title=Soul of kirtans\|last=Nandini\|first=Dr M. Lalitha & M.\|date=2017-11-30\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=2019-10-20\|language=en-IN\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is also a key musical instrument that accompanies a [[Sattriya]] performance.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India\|last=Barthakur\|first=Dilip Ranjan\|publisher=Mittal Publications\|year=2003\|isbn=81-7099-881-6}}</ref>

	The instrument is used in every ~~Visnu~~ (Jagannath, Radha Krishna) temple in Odisha during [[arati]] rituals.		The instrument is used in every Vishnu (Jagannath, Radha Krishna) temple in Odisha during [[arati]] rituals.
	The drum is used to accompany Odia, Bengali [[kirtan]]s by medieval poets like [[Chandidas]], [[Govindadasa]] and [[Gyanadas]]. It is also used to accompany [[Gaudiya Nritya]], one of the nine [[Indian classical dance]]s (as recognized by Ministry of Culture, and not recognized by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]).		The drum is used to accompany Odia, Bengali [[kirtan]]s by medieval poets like [[Chandidas]], [[Govindadasa]] and [[Gyanadas]]. It is also used to accompany [[Gaudiya Nritya]], one of the nine [[Indian classical dance]]s (as recognized by Ministry of Culture, and not recognized by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]).

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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{commons category\|Mridanga}}~~
	* [http://www.mridanganet.blogspot.com Mridanganet.blogspot.com]		* [http://www.mridanganet.blogspot.com Mridanganet.blogspot.com]

imported>Ananya Taye: Vandalism removed

2021-07-28T10:33:42Z

Vandalism removed

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 28 July 2021
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	\| names = Mridanga		\| names = Mridanga
	\| image = Mridanga 1.jpg		\| image = Mridanga 1.jpg
	\| image_capt = ~~Mridangam also termed as Khol in Assam and Pung in Manipur~~		\| image_capt = Mridanga bayan, or khol
	\| background = [[Percussion]]		\| background = [[Percussion]]
	\| classification = [[Membranophones]]		\| classification = [[Membranophones]]
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	[[File:Mridanga 2.jpg\|right\|thumb]]		[[File:Mridanga 2.jpg\|right\|thumb]]

	The '''khol''' is a [[terracotta]] two-sided drum used in northern and [[eastern India]] for accompaniment with [[devotional music]] (''[[bhakti]]''). It is also known as a '''mridanga''' (< [[Sanskrit]] {{transl\|sa\|mrit}} + {{transl\|sa\|anga}}, {{lit\|clay limb}}), not to be confused with ''[[mridangam]]''. It originates from the Indian ~~state~~ of [[West Bengal]] ~~from elite class-caste groups who brought it to the culture of~~ [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]] ~~with the spread of the Vaishnavite sect~~. The drum is played with palms and fingers of both hands.		The '''khol''' is a [[terracotta]] two-sided drum used in northern and [[eastern India]] for accompaniment with [[devotional music]] (''[[bhakti]]''). It is also known as a '''mridanga''' (< [[Sanskrit]] {{transl\|sa\|mrit}} + {{transl\|sa\|anga}}, {{lit\|clay limb}}), not to be confused with ''[[mridangam]]''. It originates from the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]]. The drum is played with palms and fingers of both hands.


	== Description ==		== Description ==
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	==History==		==History==

	There are so many histories about its origin. Different types of Khol are available in north eastern India. [[Odisha]], Manipur, Bengal and Assamese Khol are commonly found in different forms. The wooden khol ~~of Bengal~~ was made into terracotta by the Assamese polymath [[Sankardev]] ~~who brought the culture of Vaishnavism from Bengal into Northeastern India~~.<ref name="Indian Literature">{{cite book\|title=Indian Literature\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmVjAAAAMAAJ\|access-date=23 December 2012\|year=1970\|publisher=Sähitya Akademi.\|page=84}}</ref>		There are so many histories about its origin. Different types of Khol are available in north eastern India. [[Odisha]], Manipur, Bengal and Assamese Khol are commonly found in different forms. The wooden khol was made into terracotta by the Assamese polymath [[Sankardev]].<ref name="Indian Literature">{{cite book\|title=Indian Literature\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmVjAAAAMAAJ\|access-date=23 December 2012\|year=1970\|publisher=Sähitya Akademi.\|page=84}}</ref>

	==Use==		==Use==

2409:4065:E16:77FF:76A5:72DB:3E1E:6E18 at 22:06, 31 May 2021

2021-05-31T22:06:25Z

New page

{{other uses|Khol (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the clay drum of eastern India|the wooden drum of southern India|mridangam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Khol
| names = Mridanga
| image = Mridanga 1.jpg
| image_capt = Mridangam also termed as Khol in Assam and Pung in Manipur
| background = [[Percussion]]
| classification = [[Membranophones]]
| inventors =
| developed =
| range =
| related =[[Tabla]], [[Dholak]]
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}
[[File:Mridanga 2.jpg|right|thumb]]

The '''khol''' is a [[terracotta]] two-sided drum used in northern and [[eastern India]] for accompaniment with [[devotional music]] (''[[bhakti]]''). It is also known as a '''mridanga''' (< [[Sanskrit]] {{transl|sa|mrit}} + {{transl|sa|anga}}, {{lit|clay limb}}), not to be confused with ''[[mridangam]]''. It originates from the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] from elite class-caste groups who brought it to the culture of [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]] with the spread of the Vaishnavite sect. The drum is played with palms and fingers of both hands.

== Description ==
The khol is regarded as resembling to the ancient ''gopuchha'' shape of drums, as described in [[Natya Shastra]]. The right face of the drum has a high pitch and produces a metallic sound, whereas the left face, produces a lower bass sound.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india-instruments.com/encyclopedia-khol.html|title=Khol - India Instruments|website=www.india-instruments.com|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mridangams.com/2007/09/yathi.html|title=Yathi and Jathi - Classical Music Mridangam|website=www.mridangams.com|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>

==Construction==
[[File:Mridanga parts by Jan Kraus.jpg|thumb|right|Parts of the khol (mridanga)]]
The khol is a drum with a hollow earthen body, with drumheads at both ends, one far smaller than the other. The drumheads are made of cow or goat skin, and are three-layered and treated with a circle of rice paste, glue, and iron known as ''[[syahi]]''. Some modern instruments are made with a fibreglass body and synthetic drumheads.

==History==

There are so many histories about its origin. Different types of Khol are available in north eastern India. [[Odisha]], Manipur, Bengal and Assamese Khol are commonly found in different forms. The wooden khol of Bengal was made into terracotta by the Assamese polymath [[Sankardev]] who brought the culture of Vaishnavism from Bengal into Northeastern India.<ref name="Indian Literature">{{cite book|title=Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmVjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 December 2012|year=1970|publisher=Sähitya Akademi.|page=84}}</ref>

==Use==
The khol is considered an integral part of the [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma]] culture and is used in ''[[bhaona]]'' (plays), ''[[gayan-bayan]]', ''prasanga-[[kirtan]]'' and ''[[borgeet]]''s (lyrical songs). Assamese polymath [[Sankardev]]a is known to have adapted and evolved the tradition of ''gayan-bayan'' by using musical instruments like the khol and [[Taal (instrument)|taal]]. According to Assamese [[Vaishnavites|Neo-Vaishnavites]], playing the khol is regarded as a holy activity and it is also considered to be one of the most important traditional percussion instruments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/on-the-khol-trail/article21212672.ece|title=Soul of kirtans|last=Nandini|first=Dr M. Lalitha & M.|date=2017-11-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is also a key musical instrument that accompanies a [[Sattriya]] performance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|last=Barthakur|first=Dilip Ranjan|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2003|isbn=81-7099-881-6}}</ref>

The instrument is used in every Visnu (Jagannath, Radha Krishna) temple in Odisha during [[arati]] rituals.
The drum is used to accompany Odia, Bengali [[kirtan]]s by medieval poets like [[Chandidas]], [[Govindadasa]] and [[Gyanadas]]. It is also used to accompany [[Gaudiya Nritya]], one of the nine [[Indian classical dance]]s (as recognized by Ministry of Culture, and not recognized by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]).

In the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON, "Hare Krishnas") and in [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] societies, the khol is the primary drum for [[bhajan]] and kirtan.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Mridangam]]
*[[Tabla]]
*[[Thavil]]
*[[Karatalas]]
*[[Maddale]], an instrument used in [[Yakshagana]]
*[[Dholak]]
*[[Manoj Kumar Das]]
*[[Samphor]]
*[[Taphon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mridanga}}
* [http://www.mridanganet.blogspot.com Mridanganet.blogspot.com]

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]