Khamti language - Revision history

PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI: brief reworked citations for clarity and corrected details for accuracy

2026-02-17T18:16:48Z

brief reworked citations for clarity and corrected details for accuracy

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-06-19T04:24:46Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:54, 19 June 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Short description\|Kra–Dai language spoken in Myanmar and India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2020}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
Line 15:		Line 16:
	\|glotto=kham1290		\|glotto=kham1290
	\|glottorefname=Khamti		\|glottorefname=Khamti
	\|script=[[Burmese script]]<br>(Khamti variation, <br>called Lik-Tai)<ref name=diller>{{cite journal \|last1=Diller \|first1=Anthony \|title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts \|date=1992 \|pages=16\|journal=Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures}}</ref>		\|script=[[Burmese script]]<br />(Khamti variation, <br />called Lik-Tai)<ref name=diller>{{cite journal \|last1=Diller \|first1=Anthony \|title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts \|date=1992 \|pages=16\|journal=Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures}}</ref>
	}}		}}
	[[File:Tai Khampti diorama.JPG\|thumb\|Diorama of Khamti people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]].]]		[[File:Tai Khampti diorama.JPG\|thumb\|Diorama and [[wax figures]] of Khamti people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]].]]

	'''Khamti language''' is a [[Southwestern Tai languages\|Southwestern Tai language]] spoken in Myanmar and India by the [[Khamti people]].		'''Khamti language''' is a [[Southwestern Tai languages\|Southwestern Tai language]] spoken in Myanmar and India by the [[Khamti people]].

	==Demographics==		==Demographics==
	In Burma, Khamti is spoken by 3,500 in [[Sagaing Region]], near [[Myitkyina]] and by 4,500 in [[Kachin State]], Putao District (both reported in 2000). In India, it is spoken by 5,000 in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], in the Dikrong Valley, Narayanpur, and north bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] (reported in 2007).{{~~fact~~\|date=February 2020}}		In Burma, Khamti is spoken by 3,500 in [[Sagaing Region]], near [[Myitkyina]] and by 4,500 in [[Kachin State]], Putao District (both reported in 2000). In India, it is spoken by 5,000 in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], in the Dikrong Valley, Narayanpur, and north bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] (reported in 2007).{{citation needed\|date=February 2020}}

	Three dialects of Khamti are known: North Burma Khamti, Assam Khamti, and Sinkaling Khamti. All speakers of Khamti are bilingual, largely in Assamese and Burmese.<ref name="Khamti Language Meta Data" />		Three dialects of Khamti are known: North Burma Khamti, Assam Khamti, and Sinkaling Khamti. All speakers of Khamti are bilingual, largely in Assamese and Burmese.<ref name="Khamti Language Meta Data" />
Line 30:		Line 31:

	==History==		==History==
	The language seems to have originated around [[Mogoung]] in Upper Burma.<ref name="Khamti">{{cite web\|title=Khamti\|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm\|website=Khamti - A Language of Siamese-Chinese sub-family\|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Mung Kang was captured, a large group of Khamtis moved to the north and east of [[Lakhimpur district\|Lakhimpur]]. In the year 1850, 300–400 Khamtis settled in Assam.<ref name="Government Printing, Burma">{{cite book\|last1=Needham\|first1=J.F.\|title=Outline Grammar of the Khamti Language\|date=1894\|publisher=Government Printing, Burma\|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081855326;view=1up;seq=9}}</ref>		The language seems to have originated around [[Mongkawng\|Mogoung]] in Upper Burma.<ref name="Khamti">{{cite web\|title=Khamti\|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm\|website=Khamti - A Language of Siamese-Chinese sub-family\|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Mung Kang was captured, a large group of Khamtis moved to the north and east of [[Lakhimpur district\|Lakhimpur]]. In the year 1850, 300–400 Khamtis settled in Assam.<ref name="Government Printing, Burma">{{cite book\|last1=Needham\|first1=J.F.\|title=Outline Grammar of the Khamti Language\|date=1894\|publisher=Government Printing, Burma\|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081855326;view=1up;seq=9}}</ref>

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
Line 132:		Line 133:

	-[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.<ref name=diller/>		-[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.<ref name=diller/>

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	The Khamti language as found in Myanmar uses the following vowels:<ref name=inglis2017/>		The Khamti language as found in Myanmar uses the following vowels:<ref name=inglis2017/>
Line 189:		Line 191:
	===Syntax===		===Syntax===
	Unlike other Tai languages that display SVO word order, Khamti has SOV word order.<ref>Wilaiwan Kanittanan. 1986. Kamti Tai: From an SVO to an SOV language. In Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, 174-178. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref>		Unlike other Tai languages that display SVO word order, Khamti has SOV word order.<ref>Wilaiwan Kanittanan. 1986. Kamti Tai: From an SVO to an SOV language. In Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, 174-178. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref>

	===Nouns===		===Nouns===
	Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.<ref name="inglis">{{cite web \|last1=Inglis \|first1=Douglas \|title=Nominal Structure in Tai Khamti \|date=2007 \|website=www.academia.edu \|url=https://www.academia.edu/35155172 \|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>		Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.<ref name="inglis">{{cite web \|last1=Inglis \|first1=Douglas \|title=Nominal Structure in Tai Khamti \|date=2007 \|website=www.academia.edu \|url=https://www.academia.edu/35155172 \|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

	====Common nouns====		====Common nouns====
	Common nouns can pluralized by adding /nai1 khau/ behind the noun. Common nouns are class categorized by using classifiers such as the generic /an3/, /ko1/ for people and /to1/ for animals.<ref name="inglis"/>		Common nouns can pluralized by adding /nai1 khau/ behind the noun. Common nouns are class categorized by using classifiers such as the generic /an3/, /ko1/ for people and /to1/ for animals.<ref name="inglis"/>

	====Proper nouns====		====Proper nouns====
	People's names and place names are classified as proper nouns. Khamti prefixes people's names, depending on the social class or status of that person. These prefixes are gender specific. The prefix for Miss is /na:ng4/ and the prefix for Mr is /tsa:i3/. A prefix for Mr used to respectfully address a male of higher status is /tsau2/ or /tsau2 nuai/.<ref name="inglis"/>		People's names and place names are classified as proper nouns. Khamti prefixes people's names, depending on the social class or status of that person. These prefixes are gender specific. The prefix for Miss is /na:ng4/ and the prefix for Mr is /tsa:i3/. A prefix for Mr used to respectfully address a male of higher status is /tsau2/ or /tsau2 nuai/.<ref name="inglis"/>

	===Pronouns===		===Pronouns===
	Khamti uses a triparte pronoun system, consisting of singular, dual and plural forms. The dual form and the first person plural form are further divided between inclusive and exclusive forms. The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Khamti language:<ref name="inglis"/>		Khamti uses a triparte pronoun system, consisting of singular, dual and plural forms. The dual form and the first person plural form are further divided between inclusive and exclusive forms. The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Khamti language:<ref name="inglis"/>
Line 229:		Line 235:
	==Writing system==		==Writing system==
	{{See also\|Burmese script\|Burmese alphabet}}		{{See also\|Burmese script\|Burmese alphabet}}
	The Tai Khamtis have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the [[Tai Phake people]] and [[Tai Aiton people]].<ref name=diller/> It closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, which is a variant of the [[Burmese script]], with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.<ref name=inglis2017/> Their script is evidently derived from the [[Lik Tho Ngok]] script since hundreds of years ago. There are 35 letters including 17 consonants and 14 vowels. The script is traditionally taught in monasteries on subjects like [[Tripitaka]], [[Jataka tales]], code of conduct, doctrines and philosophy, history, law codes, astrology, and palmistry etc. The first printed book was published in 1960. In 1992 it was edited by the Tai Literature Committee, Chongkham. In 2003 it was again modified with tone marking by scholars of Northern Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.{{cn\|date=June 2020}}		The Tai Khamtis have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the [[Tai Phake people]] and [[Tai Aiton people]].<ref name=diller/> It closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, which is a variant of the [[Burmese script]], with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.<ref name=inglis2017/> Their script is evidently derived from the [[Lik Tho Ngok]] script since hundreds of years ago. There are 35 letters including 17 consonants and 14 vowels. The script is traditionally taught in monasteries on subjects like [[Tripitaka]], [[Jataka tales]], code of conduct, doctrines and philosophy, history, law codes, astrology, and palmistry etc. The first printed book was published in 1960. In 1992 it was edited by the Tai Literature Committee, Chongkham. In 2003 it was again modified with tone marking by scholars of Northern Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed\|date=June 2020}}

	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
Line 272:		Line 278:
	* ꩵ - qn - qn - [qⁿ]		* ꩵ - qn - qn - [qⁿ]
	* ꩶ - hm - hm - [mʰ]		* ꩶ - hm - hm - [mʰ]
	* ဢ - a - a - [ʔ]<ref>{{cite web \|title=Khamti alphabet and language \|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm \|website=Omniglot \|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>		* ဢ - a - a - [ʔ]<ref name="Khamti alphabet and language">{{cite web \|title=Khamti alphabet and language \|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm \|website=Omniglot \|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
	</div>		</div>

Line 286:		Line 292:
	* ေ - e - [eː]		* ေ - e - [eː]
	* ူဝ် - o - [oː]		* ူဝ် - o - [oː]
	* ဲ - ai - [ai]<ref>http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf</ref>		* ဲ - ai - [ai]<ref>http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref>
	* ၢဲ - aai - [aːi]		* ၢဲ - aai - [aːi]
	* ဝ် - au - [au]		* ဝ် - au - [au]
	* ်ွ - au - [au]		* ်ွ - au - [au]
	* ၢဝ် - aau - [aːu]		* ၢဝ် - aau - [aːu]
	* ံ - aṁ - [(a)ŋ̊]<ref~~>{{cite web \|title~~=Khamti alphabet and language ~~\|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm \|website=Omniglot \|access-date=26 January 2021}}<~~/~~ref~~>		* ံ - aṁ - [(a)ŋ̊]<ref name="Khamti alphabet and language"/>
	* ႄ - ae - [ɛ]		* ႄ - ae - [ɛ]
	* ေႃ - aw - [ɔ]		* ေႃ - aw - [ɔ]
Line 324:		Line 330:
	** for short open syllable - ဢႚ [44] (rare usage)		** for short open syllable - ဢႚ [44] (rare usage)
	** for else - ဢ [55] (unmarked)		** for else - ဢ [55] (unmarked)
	* ဢ် - [[Virama\|asat]] - final consonant, silences inherent vowel<ref~~>{{cite web \|title~~=Khamti alphabet and language ~~\|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm \|website=Omniglot \|access-date=26 January 2021}}<~~/~~ref~~>		* ဢ် - [[Virama\|asat]] - final consonant, silences inherent vowel<ref name="Khamti alphabet and language"/>
	* ꩰ - duplication		* ꩰ - duplication
	</div>		</div>

->Eievie: /* Phonology */ IPA links and condensing table

2021-07-12T19:34:57Z

Phonology: IPA links and condensing table

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Khamti
|nativename={{lang|kht|(တဲး)ၵမ်းတီႈ / (တဲး)ၵံးတီႈ}}
|region=[[Burma]], [[India]]
|ethnicity=[[Khamti people]]
|speakers=13,000
|date=2000–2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Kradai
|fam2=[[Tai languages|Tai]]
|fam3=[[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]]
|fam4=Northwestern
|iso3=kht
|glotto=kham1290
|glottorefname=Khamti
|script=[[Burmese script]]<br>(Khamti variation, <br>called Lik-Tai)<ref name=diller>{{cite journal |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts |date=1992 |pages=16|journal=Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Tai Khampti diorama.JPG|thumb|Diorama of Khamti people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]].]]

'''Khamti language''' is a [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai language]] spoken in Myanmar and India by the [[Khamti people]].

==Demographics==
In Burma, Khamti is spoken by 3,500 in [[Sagaing Region]], near [[Myitkyina]] and by 4,500 in [[Kachin State]], Putao District (both reported in 2000). In India, it is spoken by 5,000 in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], in the Dikrong Valley, Narayanpur, and north bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] (reported in 2007).{{fact|date=February 2020}}

Three dialects of Khamti are known: North Burma Khamti, Assam Khamti, and Sinkaling Khamti. All speakers of Khamti are bilingual, largely in Assamese and Burmese.<ref name="Khamti Language Meta Data" />

==Name==
"Khamti" has been variously rendered ''Hkamti, Khampti, Khamti Shan, Khampti Shan, Khandi Shan, Kam Ti, Tai Kam Ti, Tai-Khamti, Kamti, Hkampti Shan,'' and ''Khampti Sam''.<ref name="Khamti Language Meta Data">{{cite web|title=Khamti|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1425|website=Endangered Languages Project|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> The name "Khamti" means "place of gold".

==History==
The language seems to have originated around [[Mogoung]] in Upper Burma.<ref name="Khamti">{{cite web|title=Khamti|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm|website=Khamti - A Language of Siamese-Chinese sub-family|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Mung Kang was captured, a large group of Khamtis moved to the north and east of [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]. In the year 1850, 300–400 Khamtis settled in Assam.<ref name="Government Printing, Burma">{{cite book|last1=Needham|first1=J.F.|title=Outline Grammar of the Khamti Language|date=1894|publisher=Government Printing, Burma|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081855326;view=1up;seq=9}}</ref>

==Phonology==
===Initial consonants===
Khamti has the following initial consonants:<ref name=diller/><ref name="inglis2017">{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306| journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|c}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Semi-vowel]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
Note: only the variety found in Myanmar uses the palatal nasal /ɲ/ and the rhotic /r/.<ref name=inglis2017/>

===Final consonants===
Khamti has the following final consonants:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! [[Plosive]]
! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Semi-vowel]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

-[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.<ref name=diller/>
===Vowels===
The Khamti language as found in Myanmar uses the following vowels:<ref name=inglis2017/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=1 rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=4 | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
! colspan=2 | [[Unrounded vowel|unr.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Unrounded vowel|unr.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Rounded vowel|rnd.]]
|- class=small
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|i:}}
| {{IPA|ɯ}}
| {{IPA|ɯ:}}
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA|u:}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
|
| {{IPA|ɤ}}
|
| {{IPA|o}}
|
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
|
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|a:}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|
|-
! [[Diphthong]]
| {{IPA|ia}}
|
| {{IPA|aɯ}}
|
| {{IPA|ua}}
|
|}

===Tones===
Khamti uses five tones, namely: low falling /21/, mid rising /34/, mid falling /42/, high falling /53/~[33], and high level /55/~[44].<ref name="inglis2017"/>

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
Unlike other Tai languages that display SVO word order, Khamti has SOV word order.<ref>Wilaiwan Kanittanan. 1986. Kamti Tai: From an SVO to an SOV language. In Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, 174-178. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref>
===Nouns===
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.<ref name="inglis">{{cite web |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Nominal Structure in Tai Khamti |date=2007 |website=www.academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/35155172 |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>
====Common nouns====
Common nouns can pluralized by adding /nai1 khau/ behind the noun. Common nouns are class categorized by using classifiers such as the generic /an3/, /ko1/ for people and /to1/ for animals.<ref name="inglis"/>
====Proper nouns====
People's names and place names are classified as proper nouns. Khamti prefixes people's names, depending on the social class or status of that person. These prefixes are gender specific. The prefix for Miss is /na:ng4/ and the prefix for Mr is /tsa:i3/. A prefix for Mr used to respectfully address a male of higher status is /tsau2/ or /tsau2 nuai/.<ref name="inglis"/>
===Pronouns===
Khamti uses a triparte pronoun system, consisting of singular, dual and plural forms. The dual form and the first person plural form are further divided between inclusive and exclusive forms. The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Khamti language:<ref name="inglis"/>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | 1st person !! rowspan="2" | 2nd person !! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
|-
! <small>inclusive</small> !! <small>exclusive</small>
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" | /kau3/ || /maeu4/ || /man4/
|-
! dual
| /ha:4/ || /hang4 khe:u/ || /suang khe:u/ || /suang kha:/
|-
! plural
| /haw1/ || /tu:3/ || /su3/ || /khau/
|-
|}

===Demonstratives===
Khamti uses the following demonstratives:<ref name="inglis"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Demonstratives !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Near || /an3 nai1/, 'this' || /an3 nai1 nai1 khau/, 'these'
|-
| Approximate || /amaeu4 nai1/, 'that near you' || /amaeu4 nai1 khau/, 'those by you'
|-
| Distal || /an3 pu:n nai1/, 'that over there' || /an3 pu:n nai1 nai1 khau/, 'those over there'
|}

==Writing system==
{{See also|Burmese script|Burmese alphabet}}
The Tai Khamtis have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the [[Tai Phake people]] and [[Tai Aiton people]].<ref name=diller/> It closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, which is a variant of the [[Burmese script]], with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.<ref name=inglis2017/> Their script is evidently derived from the [[Lik Tho Ngok]] script since hundreds of years ago. There are 35 letters including 17 consonants and 14 vowels. The script is traditionally taught in monasteries on subjects like [[Tripitaka]], [[Jataka tales]], code of conduct, doctrines and philosophy, history, law codes, astrology, and palmistry etc. The first printed book was published in 1960. In 1992 it was edited by the Tai Literature Committee, Chongkham. In 2003 it was again modified with tone marking by scholars of Northern Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

===Consonants===
<div lang=kht>
* က - ka - k - [k]
* ၵ - kha - kh - [kʰ]
* ꩠ - ga - g - [g]
* ၷ - gha - gh - [gʱ]
* င - nga - ng - [ŋ]
* ꩡ - ca - c - [t͡ʃ], [t͡s]
* ꩢ - cha - ch - [t͡ʃʰ]
* ꩣ - ja - j - [ɟ]
* ꩤ - jha - jh - [ɟʱ]
* ꩥ - nya - ny - [ɲ]
* ꩦ - ṭa - ṭ - [ʈ]
* ꩧ - ṭha - ṭh - [ʈʰ]
* ꩨ - ḍa - ḍ - [ɖ]
* ꩩ - ḍha - ḍh - [ɖʱ]
* ၼ - ṇa - ṇ - [ɳ]
* တ - ta - t - [t]
* ထ - tha - th - [tʰ]
* ၻ - da - d - [d]
* ꩪ - dha - dh - [dʱ]
* ꩫ - na - n - [n]
* ပ - pa - p - [p]
* ၸ - pha - ph - [pʰ]
* ၿ - ba - b - [b]
* ၹ - bha - bh - [bʱ]
* မ - ma - m - [m]
* ယ - ya - y - [j]
* ꩳ or ရ - ra - r - [r~ɹ]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20162-notes-khamti.pdf |website=20162-notes-khamti.pdf |access-date=26 January 2021 |title=Notes on Khamti |author=Ben Mitchell}}</ref>
** ြ ([ɾ]) medially, such as ၸြႃ (phraa, "Buddha")
* လ - la - l - [l]
* ဝ - wa - w - [w~v]
* ꩬ - sa - s - [s]
* ꩭ - ha - h - [h]
* ꩮ - ḷa - ḷ - [ɭ]
* ꩯ - fa - f - [f]
* ꩲ - za - z - [z]
* ꩱ - xa - x - [x]
* ꩴ - oay - oay - [oaʲ]
* ꩵ - qn - qn - [qⁿ]
* ꩶ - hm - hm - [mʰ]
* ဢ - a - a - [ʔ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Khamti alphabet and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
</div>

===Vowels===
<div lang=kht>
* ႊ - a - [a]
* ၢ - ā, aa - [aː]
* ႃ - ā - [aː]
* ိ - i - [i]
* ီ - ī - [iː]
* ု - u - [u]
* ူ - ū - [uː]
* ေ - e - [eː]
* ူဝ် - o - [oː]
* ဲ - ai - [ai]<ref>http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf</ref>
* ၢဲ - aai - [aːi]
* ဝ် - au - [au]
* ်ွ - au - [au]
* ၢဝ် - aau - [aːu]
* ံ - aṁ - [(a)ŋ̊]<ref>{{cite web |title=Khamti alphabet and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
* ႄ - ae - [ɛ]
* ေႃ - aw - [ɔ]
* ွ - aw - [ɔ]
* ိဝ် - iu - [iu]
* ႅ - ia - [ia]
* ႅဝ် - iau - [iau]
* ျႃ - iaa - [iaː]
* ိူ - oe - [ɤ]
* ွဲ - oi - [oi]
* ွ - ua - [ua]
* ဴွ - uai - [uai]
* ွႃ - uaa - [uaː]
* ေူ - ui - [ui]
* ို - ue - [ɯ]
* ိုဝ် - uee - [ɯː]<ref>{{cite web |last1=INGLIS |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306/_2017_Myanmar_based_Khamti_Shan_Orthography |website=Academia.edu |publisher=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
* ုဝ် - uo - [wo]
* ႂ် - aue - [aɯ]
* ိုဝ် - uea - [ɯa]</div>

===Tones and other diacritics===
<div lang=kht>
Displaying with the dummy letter ဢ,

* tone 1 [21]:
** for checked syllable, including single consonant - ဢႉ
** for else - ဢႇ
* tone 2 [34] - ဢႛ
* tone 3 [42] - ဢႈ
* tone 4 [53] - ဢး - In speaking, it may become [33].
* tone 5:
** for short open syllable - ဢႚ [44] (rare usage)
** for else - ဢ [55] (unmarked)
* ဢ် - [[Virama|asat]] - final consonant, silences inherent vowel<ref>{{cite web |title=Khamti alphabet and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
* ꩰ - duplication
</div>

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190420224836/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm Thai Khamti Grammar]
* Inglis, Douglas. (forthcoming) Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction: a Tibeto-Burman influence? Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40(2).
* Inglis, Douglas. 2014. [https://www.academia.edu/9831142/PhD_dissertation._This_here_thing_Specifying_Morphemes_an3_nai1_mai2_in_Tai_Khamti_Reference-point_Constructions This here thing: Specifying Morphemes an3, nai1, and mai2 in Tai Khamti Reference-point Constructions]. PhD Dissertation. The University of Alberta.
* Inglis, Douglas. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/7152890/Oral_stop_consonants_in_Tai_Khamti_An_acoustic_study_in_voice_onset_time Oral stop consonants in Tai Khamti: An acoustic study in voice onset time]. Paper presented at ISCTLL46. Dartmouth College.
* Inglis, Douglas. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/12925697/Deictic_mai2_here_as_an_object_marker_in_Khamti_Shan_A_Tibeto-Burman_influence_in_TaiDeictic_mai2 Deictic mai2 'here' as an object marker in Khamti Shan: A Tibeto-Burman influence in Tai?]. Paper presented at ISCTLL46. Dartmouth College.
* Inglis, Douglas. 2004. [https://www.academia.edu/7152885/Preliminary_report_Khamti_Shan_wordlist_and_lexicostatistical_results Preliminary report: Khamti Shan wordlist and lexicostatistical results]. Payap University. Chiang Mai.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm The Khamti language] at Omniglot
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHlwxaXNUd0&index=18&list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C Mung huw Tai Khamti Song]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSKwfipAIZ0&index=10&list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C Tai-Khamti Song - Tai-Khamti Girls]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt2yyKqIQks&list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C&index=9 Tai-Khamti Talk]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsvfPoI214 Words of Life Khamti People/Language Movie Trailer]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulZqwsFXG6s Tai Khamti Song - Mung hau]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgwjrhDojgs Tai Khamti Song - panlong sau]

{{Languages of Burma}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Tai languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kra–Dai languages]]