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{{Short description|Invasion of Mithila from the Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Alauddin Khalji's invasion of Mithila
| partof =
| image = File:Map of the Khalji Sultanate.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Map of the [[Khalji dynasty]] of the Delhi Sultanate
| date = 1297–1298
| place = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], Bihar
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Mithila becomes an ally or vassal of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| result = Dehli Sultanate victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Karnats of Mithila]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = Sheikh Ismail
| commander2 = Shaktisimhadeva{{POW}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Khalji invasion of Mithila''' took place between 1297–1298 as a military expedition led by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] against the [[Karnats of Mithila]] in present-day Northern [[Bihar]].

The only source for the conflict between the Delhi Sultanate and Mithila is Mulla Taqia. According to him, the Mithila king Shaktisimhadeva defeated the Delhi army in the first three battles, fought at Maqbara and Sakkuri. In the final battle, the Mithila king was defeated and arrested.{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|p=111}}{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|pp=44-45}} According to the Mithila tradition, Shaktisimharadeva subsequently served as a commander of the Delhi army during [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore]], but this tradition is not supported by any reliable evidence.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1967|p=398}}{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|p=45|ps=: "It is true that there is not much of truth in these tales"}} Nevertheless, the Mithila king likely became an ally or a vassal of Alauddin Khalji:{{sfn|Rosa Maria Cimino|1986|p=1|ps=:"Sakrasimha or Śaktisimha who was defeated by Alā-ud-din Khaljī , becoming his vassal or his ally"}} according to Mulla Taqia, he financially supported Alauddin Khalji.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|p=46}} Mithila appears to have regained its independent status as an ally of the Delhi Sultanate, until its annexation by the [[Tughluq dynasty]] in 1324.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|pp=46-47}}

== Background ==
After annexing most of Western India, [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin]] set his sight eastwards and eventually moved to [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] where his army encountered with [[Shaktisimhadeva]] of the [[Karnat dynasty|Karnat Dynasty]] of Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505783/page/n3/mode/2up |title=History of Mithila (Circa 3000BC-1556AD) |year=1956|publisher=Bhola Nath Mishra Acharya At Sudhakar Press. }}</ref> Shaktisimhadeva's main strength was in his minister Vireshvara,{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|p=111}} who himself was the father of [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshvara Thakur.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=DR.Rajiv |date=2019 |title=Vidyapati : a Great Devotional Poet |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1907O21.pdf |page=1}}</ref>

== Battles ==
The Khalji army eventually encountered Northern Bihar in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. There, the army was immediately confronted by Shaktisimhadeva, the successors to [[Ramasimhadeva|Ramasimhadeva's]] rule. Four battles occurred between them with reports from Mulla Taqia indicating that the Khalji army suffered defeat twice in the first two skirmishes at the hands of [[Karnat dynasty|Karnat]] King and his commander from [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. However, in the third battle, [[Alauddin Khalji|Khalji]] sent his commander, Seikh Ismail, to capture the King and was successful, capturing numerous territories of Mithila as well.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|pp=44-45}} but this proved short lived as Shaktisimhadeva regained those territories against Alauddin's strength when they became independent in their final verdict - all according to accounts provided by Mulla Taqia himself.{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|pp=111-112}}

== Aftermath ==
Amir Khusrav records that [[Alauddin Khalji]] proceeded to the Bihar garden after his victory in Karra, with an intention of staining the soil there red like a tulip with blood. According to Mulla Taqia and the prevailing [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] tradition advocating for independence, it is justifiable to conclude that Tirhut (Mithila) triumphed by all measures in safeguarding its autonomous position against Alauddin's imperial power. Amongst numerous other states at the time, Tirhut (Mithila) was able to maintain its freedom from Alauddin's rule.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|p=46}}

After the arrest of Mithila king Shaktisimhadeva, He was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Alauddin's army against his enemies. His imprisonment was short-lived, He and his commander Vireshvara were able to gain independence again and maintained alliance with the Alauddin Khalji.{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|p=112}} The [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] regime subsequently took over with [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshvara Thakur]], son of Vireshvara Thakur serving as commander for the [[Karnat dynasty|Karnat Dynasty]] later. While attempting to rescue people in the [[Nepal|Nepal region]] from hostile Tughlaq generals; he had some skirmishes but ultimately succeeded against them. During this era, King [[Harisimhadeva]] ascended to power after Shaktisimhadeva passed away as his successor.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1967|p=398}}

== See also ==
*[[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite book |author=C.P.N. Sinha |title=Mithila Under the Karnatas (C. 1097—1325 A.D.) |url=https://archive.org/details/72754/page/109/mode/2up |year=1979 }}
* {{Cite book |editor=R.C. Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/398/mode/1up |title=The Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1967 |edition=2nd |volume=6 |page=398}}
* {{Cite book |author=Radhakrishna Choudhary |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut |title=History Of Muslim Rule In Tirhut |date=1970 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Rosa Maria Cimino |title=Simraongarh: The Forgotten City and its Art |year=1986 |journal=Contribution to Nepalese Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |publisher=Tribhuvan University |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0MAQAAMAAJ |quote=}}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalji invasion of Mithila}}
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1297]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1298]]
[[Category:1297 in Asia]]
[[Category:1298 in Asia]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]

Khalji invasion of Mithila - Revision history

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