61.3.51.115 at 07:40, 21 August 2021

2021-08-21T07:40:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 21 August 2021
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	{{Short description\|Islamic dynasty of Afghan origin who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290–1320}}		{{Short description\|Islamic dynasty of Turko-Afghan origin who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290–1320}}
	{{About\|the Khalji dynasty centered in Delhi between 1290 and 1320\|the Khalji dynasty in Bengal between 1204 and 1227\|Khalji dynasty of Bengal}}		{{About\|the Khalji dynasty centered in Delhi between 1290 and 1320\|the Khalji dynasty in Bengal between 1204 and 1227\|Khalji dynasty of Bengal}}
	{{Redirect\|Khalji\|the village in Iran\|Khalji, Iran\|the Pashtun tribe\|Ghalji}}		{{Redirect\|Khalji\|the village in Iran\|Khalji, Iran\|the Pashtun tribe\|Ghalji}}
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	\|image_map = Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty - based on A Historical Atlas of South Asia.svg		\|image_map = Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty - based on A Historical Atlas of South Asia.svg
	\|image_map_caption = Territory controlled by the Khaljis (dark green) and their tributaries (light green).<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=147, map XIV.3 (i)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>		\|image_map_caption = Territory controlled by the Khaljis (dark green) and their tributaries (light green).<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Schwartzberg \|first1=Joseph E. \|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia \|date=1978 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=147, map XIV.3 (i)\|isbn=0226742210 \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
	\|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]		\|religion =
			*[[Sunni Islam]] (official)
			*[[Hinduism]]
	\|capital = [[Delhi]]		\|capital = [[Delhi]]
	\|government_type = [[Sultanate]]		\|government_type = [[Sultanate]]
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	\|today = [[India]]<br/>[[Pakistan]]		\|today = [[India]]<br/>[[Pakistan]]
	}}{{Delhi Sultanate}}		}}{{Delhi Sultanate}}
	The '''Khalji''' or '''Khilji'''{{efn\|name=different_names}} dynasty was a [[Turkic languages\|Turko]]-[[Pashtun\|Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book \|last1=Khan \|first1=Yusuf Husain \|title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) \|year=1971 \|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Historical Society">{{cite book \|last1=Society \|first1=Pakistan Historical \|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society \|year=1995 \|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPltAAAAMAAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji \|language=en \|quote=Bengal long before the formal Turco - Afghan conquest conducted by Bakhtiyar Khalji * at the end of the twelfth century . Although Islamic state power came to Bengal by ...}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book \|last1=Fisher \|first1=Michael H. \|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century \|date=18 October 2018 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 \|language=en \|quote=In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty}}</ref><ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd">{{cite book \|last1=Bose \|first1=Saikat K. \|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare \|date=20 June 2015 \|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PT311 \|language=en \|quote=... by the Turco–Afghan dynasty of the Khiljis.5 Aybak and Iltutmish, who campaigned with ambivalent success in Rajputana, had encouraged an independent adventurer called Muhammad b. Bakhtyar Khilji (different from the Khilji sultans and ..}}</ref> dynasty which ruled on the [[Delhi sultanate]], covering large parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for nearly three decades between 1290 and 1320.<ref name="Khalji Dynasty">{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty \|title=Khalji Dynasty \|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] \|access-date=2014-11-13 \|quote=This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.}}</ref><ref name=gazet>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif Dynastic Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 2, ''p. 368.''</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=80–89}}</ref> Founded by [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] as the second dynasty to rule the [[Delhi Sultanate\|Delhi Sultanate of India]],<ref>{{cite journal \|author= Mohammad Aziz Ahmad \|title= The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.) \|journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|publisher= Indian History Congress \|date= 1939 \|volume= 3 \|pages= 832–841 \|jstor= 44252438 }}</ref> it came to power through a revolution that marked the transfer of power from the monopoly of Turkic nobles to [[Afghan\|Afghans.]]<ref name="Ashirbadi2">{{~~cite book~~\|~~author=~~Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava\|~~url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ\|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.\|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala\|year=~~1966\|~~edition=Second\|page~~=98~~\|oclc=575452554\|postscript=~~:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2">{{cite book\|author=Abraham Eraly\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178\|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate\|publisher=Penguin Books\|year=2015\|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8\|page=126\|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."\|author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref> Its rule is known for conquests into present day South India<ref name="Khalji Dynasty"/> and successfully fending off the repeated [[Mongol invasions of India]].<ref name="Mikaberidze">{{Cite book\|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia \|last1=Mikaberidze \|first1=Alexander \|year=2011\|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-5988-4337-8\|page=62\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA62\|access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The state at war in South Asia \|last1=Barua \|first1=Pradeep \|year=2005\|publisher=U of Nebraska Press \|isbn=0-8032-1344-1 \|page=437\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC \|access-date=2010-08-23}}</ref>		The '''Khalji''' or '''Khilji'''{{efn\|name=different_names}} ({{lang-ps\|غلجيان}}) dynasty was a [[Turkic languages\|Turko]]-[[Pashtun\|Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book \|last1=Khan \|first1=Yusuf Husain \|title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) \|year=1971 \|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Historical Society">{{cite book \|last1=Society \|first1=Pakistan Historical \|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society \|year=1995 \|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPltAAAAMAAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji \|language=en \|quote=Bengal long before the formal Turco - Afghan conquest conducted by Bakhtiyar Khalji * at the end of the twelfth century . Although Islamic state power came to Bengal by ...}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book \|last1=Fisher \|first1=Michael H. \|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century \|date=18 October 2018 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 \|language=en \|quote=In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty}}</ref><ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd">{{cite book \|last1=Bose \|first1=Saikat K. \|title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare \|date=20 June 2015 \|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd \|isbn=978-93-84464-54-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PT311 \|language=en \|quote=... by the Turco–Afghan dynasty of the Khiljis.5 Aybak and Iltutmish, who campaigned with ambivalent success in Rajputana, had encouraged an independent adventurer called Muhammad b. Bakhtyar Khilji (different from the Khilji sultans and ..}}</ref> dynasty which ruled on the [[Delhi sultanate]], covering large parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for nearly three decades between 1290 and 1320.<ref name="Khalji Dynasty">{{cite web \|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty \|title=Khalji Dynasty \|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] \|access-date=2014-11-13 \|quote=This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.}}</ref><ref name=gazet>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif Dynastic Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 2, ''p. 368.''</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=80–89}}</ref> Founded by [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] as the second dynasty to rule the [[Delhi Sultanate\|Delhi Sultanate of India]],<ref>{{cite journal \|author= Mohammad Aziz Ahmad \|title= The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.) \|journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress \|publisher= Indian History Congress \|date= 1939 \|volume= 3 \|pages= 832–841 \|jstor= 44252438 }}</ref> it came to power through a revolution that marked the transfer of power from the monopoly of Turkic nobles to [[Afghan\|Afghans.]]<ref name="Ashirbadi2">{{harvnb\|Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava\|1966\|p=98}}: "His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."</ref><ref name="Eraly2">{{cite book\|author=Abraham Eraly\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178\|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate\|publisher=Penguin Books\|year=2015\|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8\|page=126\|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."\|author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref> Its rule is known for conquests into present day South India<ref name="Khalji Dynasty"/> and successfully fending off the repeated [[Mongol invasions of India]].<ref name="Mikaberidze">{{Cite book\|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia \|last1=Mikaberidze \|first1=Alexander \|year=2011\|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-5988-4337-8\|page=62\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA62\|access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=The state at war in South Asia \|last1=Barua \|first1=Pradeep \|year=2005\|publisher=U of Nebraska Press \|isbn=0-8032-1344-1 \|page=437\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC \|access-date=2010-08-23}}</ref>

	=={{anchor\|Origin of the dynasty}}Origins==		=={{anchor\|Origin of the dynasty}}Origins==
	[[File:Copper coin of Alauddin Khilji.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Copper coin of [[Alauddin Khalji]]\|alt=Front and back of copper coin with raised inscription, against a red background]] The Khaljis of the Khalji Dynasty were of [[~~Pashtun~~\|Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study"/><ref name="Pakistan Historical Society"/><ref name="Cambridge University Press"/><ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd"/> origin whose ancestors, the [[Khalaj people\|Khalaj]], are said to have been initially a [[Turkic peoples\|Turkic people]] who migrated together with the [[Huna people\|Iranian Huns]] and [[Hephthalites]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan\|access-date=2021-01-15\|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day [[Afghanistan]] as early as 660CE where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist [[Turk Shahis\|Kabul Shahis]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Rezakhani\|first=Khodadad\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165\|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity\|date=2017-03-15\|publisher=Edinburgh University Press\|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5\|location=\|pages=165\|language=en\|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-}}</ref> The Khalaj were from the very beginning going through a process of assimilation into the [[Pashtun tribes\|Pashtun tribal system]], during their reign in India they were already treated entirely as [[Pashtuns\|Afghans]] by the Turkic nobles of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Ashirbadi">{{cite book\|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ\|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.\|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala\|year=1966\|edition=Second\|page=98\|oclc=575452554\|postscript=:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."~~}}<~~/~~ref~~><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book\|author=Abraham Eraly\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178\|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate\|publisher=Penguin Books\|year=2015\|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8\|page=126\|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."\|author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book\|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC\|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.\|publisher=Atlantic\|year=2002\|isbn=81-269-0123-3\|page=28\|postscript=:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."}}</ref>		[[File:Copper coin of Alauddin Khilji.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Copper coin of [[Alauddin Khalji]]\|alt=Front and back of copper coin with raised inscription, against a red background]] The Khaljis of the Khalji Dynasty were of [[Turkic peoples\|Turko]]-[[Pashtuns\|Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study"/><ref name="Pakistan Historical Society"/><ref name="Cambridge University Press"/><ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd"/> origin whose ancestors, the [[Khalaj people\|Khalaj]], are said to have been initially a [[Turkic peoples\|Turkic people]] who migrated together with the [[Huna people\|Iranian Huns]] and [[Hephthalites]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan\|access-date=2021-01-15\|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> from Central Asia, into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day [[Afghanistan]] as early as 660CE where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist [[Turk Shahis\|Kabul Shahis]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Rezakhani\|first=Khodadad\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165\|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity\|date=2017-03-15\|publisher=Edinburgh University Press\|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5\|location=\|pages=165\|language=en\|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-}}</ref> The Khalaj were from the very beginning going through a process of assimilation into the [[Pashtun tribes\|Pashtun tribal system]], during their reign in India they were already treated entirely as [[Pashtuns\|Afghans]] by the Turkic nobles of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Ashirbadi2" /><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book\|author=Abraham Eraly\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178\|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate\|publisher=Penguin Books\|year=2015\|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8\|page=126\|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."\|author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book\|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC\|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.\|publisher=Atlantic\|year=2002\|isbn=81-269-0123-3\|page=28\|postscript=:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."}}</ref>

	The modern [[Pashto language\|Pashto]]-speaking [[Ghilji]] Pashtuns, who make up the majority of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, are the modern result of the Khalaj assimilation into the Pashtuns. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, some sources refer to the Khalaj people as of Turkic, but some others do not.{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=36}} Minorsky argues that the early history of the Khalaj tribe is obscure and adds that the identity of the name ''Khalaj'' is still to be proved.{{sfn\|Ahmad Hasan Dani\|1999\|pp=180-181}} [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] (11th century) does not include the Khalaj among the [[Oghuz Turks\|Oghuz]] Turkic tribes, but includes them among the Oghuz-Turkman (where Turkman meant "Like the Turks") tribes. Kashgari felt the Khalaj did not belong to the original stock of Turkish tribes but had associated with them and therefore, in language and dress, often appeared "like Turks".{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=36}} The 11th century ''[[Tarikh-i Sistan]]'' and the Firdausi's ''[[Shahnameh]]'' also distinguish and differentiate the Khalaj from the Turks.{{sfn\|Ahmad Hasan Dani\|1999\|pp=180}} [[Minhaj-i-Siraj\|Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani]] (13th century) never identified Khalaj as Turks, but was careful not to refer to them as Pashtuns. They were always a category apart from Turks, Tajiks and Pashtuns.{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=36}} Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's ''Jahan-nama'' explicitly describes them as Turkic,{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=31}} although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to the Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect. The modern historian [[Irfan Habib]] has argued that the Khaljis were not related to the Turkic people and were instead ethnic Pashtuns. Habib pointed out that, in some 15th-century Devanagari Sati inscriptions, the later [[Malwa Sultanate\|Khaljis of Malwa]] have been referred to as "Khalchi" and "Khilchi", and that the 17th century chronicle ''Padshahnama'', an area near [[Lashkargah\|Boost]] in Afghanistan (where the Khalaj once resided) as "Khalich". Habib theorizes that the earlier Persian chroniclers misread the name "Khalchi" as "Khalji" . He also argues that no 13th century source refers to the Turkish background of the Khalji. However, Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's ''Jahan-nama'' (c. 1200-1220) described the Khalaj people as a "tribe of Turks" that had been going through a [[language shift]].{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=31}}		The modern [[Pashto language\|Pashto]]-speaking [[Ghilji]] Pashtuns, who make up the majority of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, are the modern result of the Khalaj assimilation into the Pashtuns. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, some sources refer to the Khalaj people as of Turkic, but some others do not.{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=36}} Minorsky argues that the early history of the Khalaj tribe is obscure and adds that the identity of the name ''Khalaj'' is still to be proved.{{sfn\|Ahmad Hasan Dani\|1999\|pp=180-181}} [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] (11th century) does not include the Khalaj among the [[Oghuz Turks\|Oghuz]] Turkic tribes, but includes them among the Oghuz-Turkman (where Turkman meant "Like the Turks") tribes. Kashgari felt the Khalaj did not belong to the original stock of Turkish tribes but had associated with them and therefore, in language and dress, often appeared "like Turks".{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=36}} The 11th century ''[[Tarikh-i Sistan]]'' and the Firdausi's ''[[Shahnameh]]'' also distinguish and differentiate the Khalaj from the Turks.{{sfn\|Ahmad Hasan Dani\|1999\|pp=180}} [[Minhaj-i-Siraj\|Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani]] (13th century) never identified Khalaj as Turks, but was careful not to refer to them as Pashtuns. They were always a category apart from Turks, Tajiks and Pashtuns.{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=36}} Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's ''Jahan-nama'' explicitly describes them as Turkic,{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=31}} although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to the Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect. The modern historian [[Irfan Habib]] has argued that the Khaljis were not related to the Turkic people and were instead ethnic Pashtuns. Habib pointed out that, in some 15th-century Devanagari Sati inscriptions, the later [[Malwa Sultanate\|Khaljis of Malwa]] have been referred to as "Khalchi" and "Khilchi", and that the 17th century chronicle ''Padshahnama'', an area near [[Lashkargah\|Boost]] in Afghanistan (where the Khalaj once resided) as "Khalich". Habib theorizes that the earlier Persian chroniclers misread the name "Khalchi" as "Khalji" . He also argues that no 13th century source refers to the Turkish background of the Khalji. However, Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's ''Jahan-nama'' (c. 1200-1220) described the Khalaj people as a "tribe of Turks" that had been going through a [[language shift]].{{sfn\|Sunil Kumar\|1994\|p=31}}

Khalji dynasty - Revision history

Swertvver: fix information and corrected details

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61.3.51.115 at 07:40, 21 August 2021

103.28.132.73: /* Origins */