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{{Indic glyph |letname = Kha |previousletter = Ka |nextletter = Ga |devacp = 0916 |devaimg = Devanagari kh.svg |bengcp = 0996 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Kha.svg |oryacp = 0B16 |gurucp = 0A16 |gujrcp = 0A96 |tamlcp = 2d |telucp = 0C16 |kndacp = 0C96 |mlymcp = 0D16 |sinhcp = 0D9B |thaicp = 0E02 |thai2cp = 0E03|laoocp = 0E82 |tibtimg = Tibetan Kha.svg |tibtcp = 0F41 |mymrcp = 1001 |khmrcp = 1781 |tglgcp = 2d |hanocp = 2d |buhdcp = 2d |tagbcp = 2d |bugicp = 2d |balicp = 1B14
|sundcp = 1BAE |limbcp = 1902 |talecp = 1951 |tale2cp = 1960 |talucp = 1983 |lepccp = 1C02 |saurcp = A893 |rjngcp = 2d |javacp = A991 |chamcp = AA07 |lanacp = 1A21 |lana2cp = 1A22 |tavtcp = AA82 |tavt2cp = AA83 |kalicp = A90B|phagcp = A841
|mahjcp = 11156 |khojcp = 11209 |sindcp = 112BB |sylocp = A808
|mteicp = ABC8 |modicp = 1160F |tirhcp = 11490 |kthicp = 1108E
|soracp = 2d |grancp = 11316 |cakmcp = 11108 |shrdcp = 11192 |takrcp = 1168B |kharcp = 10A11

|brahcp = 11014 |ashokaimg = Brahmi kh.svg |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka kh.svg |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad kh.svg
|tochimg = Tocharian letter kha.gif
|siddcp = 1158F |siddimg = Siddham kh.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Kha'
|ipa = kʰ |iast = kha |iscii = B4


|multcp = 11285 |newacp = 1140F |ahomcp = 11701 |dogrcp = 1180B |diakcp = 1190D |nandcp = 119AF |zanbcp = 11A0C |soyocp = 11A5D |pauccp = 11ACA |bhkscp = 11C0F |marccp = 11C73 |marcalt = 11C93 |gonmcp = 11D0D |gongcp = 11D72
}}

'''Kha''' is the second consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, kha is derived from the Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|kha]], which is [[Brahmi script#Aramaic hypothesis|probably]] derived from the Aramaic [[File:Qoph.svg|10px]] ("Q").

==Mathematics==

===Āryabhaṭa numeration===

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]].
The values of the different forms of {{lang|hi|ख}} are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
* {{lang|hi|ख}} {{IPA-hi|kə|}} = 2 (२)
* {{lang|hi|खि}} {{IPA-hi|kɪ|}} = 200 (२००)
* {{lang|hi|खु}} {{IPA-hi|kʊ|}} = 20,000 (२० ०००)
* {{lang|hi|खृ}} {{IPA-hi|kri|}} = 2,000,000 (२० ०० ०००)
* {{lang|hi|खॢ}} {{IPA-hi|klə|}} = 2{{e|8}} (२×१०८)
* {{lang|hi|खे}} {{IPA-hi|ke|}} = 2{{e|10}} (२×१०१०)
* {{lang|hi|खै}} {{IPA-hi|kɛː|}} = 2{{e|12}} (२×१०१२)
* {{lang|hi|खो}} {{IPA-hi|koː|}} = 2{{e|14}} (२×१०१४)
* {{lang|hi|खौ}} {{IPA-hi|kɔː|}} = 2{{e|16}} (२×१०१६)





==Historic Kha==
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoshthi, and Tocharian, the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Kha as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kha]] was a simple geometric shape, with slight variations toward the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad kh.svg|13px|Kha]]. The Tocharian Kha [[Image:Tocharian letter kha.gif|18px|Kha]] did not have an alterante [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. The third form of kha, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква KHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter KHA.svg|15px|Kha]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Kha===

The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kha]], Kha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Qoph]] [[Image:Qoph.svg|13px|Q]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[Q]] and Greek [[Koppa (letter)|Koppa]]. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Kha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Kha historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi kh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar kh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka kh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat kh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad kh.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Kha===

The Tocharian letter[[Image:Tocharian letter kha.gif|25px|Kha]]is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Kha with vowel marks
|-
! Kha !! Khā !! Khi !! Khī !! Khu !! Khū !! Khr !! Khr̄ !! Khe !! Khai !! Kho !! Khau !! Khä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khii.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter khuu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter khe.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter kho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khä.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoshthi Kha===

The Kharoshthi letter [[file:Буква KHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter KHA.svg|15px|Kha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Qoph]] [[Image:Qoph.svg|12px|]], and is thus related to [[Q]] and [[Koppa (letter)|Koppa]], in addition to the Brahmi Kha.

==Devanagari Kha==
{{main|Devanagari kha}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Kha''' ('''ख''') is the second consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|kha]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad kh.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ખ''' and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘏.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, {{lang|hi|ख}} is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|kʰə|}} or {{IPAblink|kʰ}} when appropriate. Because of borrowings from languages with different phonemic inventories, Devanagari has employed the [[nukta]] to create an additional related letter {{lang|hi|ख़}} ḫa that can be used to retain non-native distinctions in Hindi texts.

{| class=wikitable
|-
! Kh !! Kha !! Khā !! Khi !! Khī !! Khu !! Khū !! Khr !! Khr̄ !! Khl !! Khl̄ !! Khe !! Khai !! Kho !! Khau
|-align=center
| <big>{{lang|hi|ख्}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|ख}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खा}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खि}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खी}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खु}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खू}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खृ}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खॄ}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खॢ}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खॣ}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खे}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खै}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खो}}</big> || <big>{{lang|hi|खौ}}</big>
|}

===Conjuncts With ख===
[[File:Devanagari Kha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Kha.]]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Like most Devanagari letters, in modern texts {{lang|hi|ख}} forms very few irregular ligatures, and assumes a half form to create most conjuncts, such as {{lang|hi|ख्}} + {{lang|hi|य}} = {{lang|hi|ख्य}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindi / हिन्दी Hindī|url=http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf|work=KNAB: Place Names Database|publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language|access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> Earlier texts show many more ligature forms, with vertically stacked conjuncts being common. The use of modern ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

====Ligature conjuncts of ख====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature rkʰa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RKha.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature rkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RKha.svg|125px]]
* ख্ (kʰa) + र (r) gives the ligature kʰra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhRa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ख====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* छ্ (cʰ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature cʰkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChKha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhKha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ḍkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdKha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature dkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DKha.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kʰba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhBa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature kʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhCa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature kʰcʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhCha.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhDda.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature kʰja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhJa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature kʰjʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhJha.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kʰjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhJNya.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature kʰka:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhKa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature kʰkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhKha.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature kʰla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhLa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature kʰna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNga.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature kʰṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNna.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kʰña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNya.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature kʰva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhVa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKha.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthKha.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ṭkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtKha.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Kha==
The Bengali script {{lang|bn|খ}} is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham kh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the lack of a horizontal head line, unlike its Devanagari counterpart, {{lang|hi|ख}}. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter {{lang|bn|খ}} will sometimes be transliterated as "kho" instead of "kha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, {{lang|bn|খো}}, gives a reading of /kho/.

Like all Indic consonants, {{lang|bn|খ}} can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali খ with vowel marks
|-
! Kha !! Khā !! Khi !! Khī !! Khu !! Khū !! Khr !! Khr̄ !! Khe !! Khai !! Kho !! Khau !! Kh
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|খ
|খা
|খি
|খী
|খু
|খূ
|খৃ
|খৄ
|খে
|খৈ
|খো
|খৌ
|খ্
|}

==={{lang|bn|খ}} in Bengali-using languages===

{{lang|bn|খ}} is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]].

===Conjuncts with {{lang|bn|খ}}===

Bengali {{lang|bn|খ}} does not exhibit any irregular conjunct ligatures, beyond adding the standard trailing forms of {{lang|bn|ব}}, {{lang|bn|য}} ''ya-phala'', and {{lang|bn|র}} ''ra-phala'', and the leading ''repha'' form of {{lang|bn|র}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723000453/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2012-07-23}}</ref>

* খ্ (kʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature kʰva, with the [[va phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct KHva.svg |100px]]

* খ্ (kʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature kʰya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct KHya.svg |100px]]

* খ্ (kʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature kʰra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct KHra.svg |100px]]

* ঙ (ng) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature ngkʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkha.svg |100px]]

* র্ (r) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature rkʰa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rkha.svg |100px]]

* র্ (r) + খ্ (kʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkʰya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rkhya.svg |100px]]

* স্ (s) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature skʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Skha.svg |100px]]

==Gurmukhi Kha==

'''Khakhaa''' {{IPA-pa|kʰəkʰːɑ|}} ('''ਖ''') is the seventh letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [kʰəkʰːɑ] and is pronounced as /kʰ/ when used in words. It is derived from the [[Laṇḍā]] letter ''kha'', ultimately from the Brahmi ''kha''. Gurmukhi kha does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern [[Punjabi (language)|Punjabi]] texts does not take a half form or [[halant]] to indicate the bare consonant /kʰ/, although Gurmukhi [[Sanskrit]] texts may use an explicit halant.

==Gujarati Kha==
[[File:Gujarati letter Kha.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Kha.]]
'''Kha''' ('''ખ''') is the second consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Kha [[Image:Devanagari kh.svg|13px|Kha]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kha]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ખ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|kʰə|}} or {{IPAblink|kʰ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Kha !! style="width:7%;"| Khā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Khi !! style="width:7%;"| Khī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Khu !! style="width:5%;"| Khū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Khr !! style="width:5%;"| Khl !! style="width:5%;"| Khr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Khl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Khĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Khe !! style="width:5%;"| Khai !! style="width:7%;"| Khŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Kho !! style="width:6%;"| Khau !! style="width:7%;"| Kh
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Kha Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Kha syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ખ===
[[File:Gujarati letter Kha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Kha.]]
Gujarati ખ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.

* ખ્ (kʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KhRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct KhRa.svg|100px]]

* ર્ (r) + ખ (kʰa) gives the ligature RKha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RKha.svg|100px]]

* ખ્ (kʰ) + ન (na) gives the ligature KhNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct KhNa.svg|100px]]

==Odia Kha==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Kha.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Kha
| image2 = Odia subjoined Kha.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Kha
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Kha.
}}

The Odia letter '''kha''' ('''ଖ''') is the second letter of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham kh.svg|x15px|Kha]] ''Kha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all. Like other Oriya letters with an open top, ଖ takes the subjoined matra form of the vowel ''i'' (ଇ):

{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Kha with vowel matras
|-
! Kha !! Khā !! Khi !! Khī !! Khu !! Khū !! Khr̥ !! Khr̥̄ !! Khl̥ !! Khl̥̄ !! Khe !! Khai !! Kho !! Khau !! Kh
|-
| {{big|ଖ}} || {{big|ଖା}} || {{big|ଖି}} || {{big|ଖୀ}} || {{big|ଖୁ}} || {{big|ଖୂ}} || {{big|ଖୃ}} || {{big|ଖୄ}} || {{big|ଖୢ}} || {{big|ଖୣ}} || {{big|ଖେ}} || {{big|ଖୈ}} || {{big|ଖୋ}} || {{big|ଖୌ}} || {{big|ଖ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଖ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଖ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgKha.svg]]
* ର୍ (r) + ଖ (kʰa) gives the ligature rkʰa:
[[File:Odia conjunct RKha.svg]]
* ଖ୍ (kʰ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kʰra:
[[File:Odia conjunct KhRa.svg]]

==Telugu Kha==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Kha.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Kha
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Kha.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Kha
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Kha.
}}
'''Kha''' ('''ఖ''') is the second letter of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kh]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಖ'''. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఖ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape:

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Kannada Kha==

Kannada '''kha''' ('''ಖ''') is the second letter of its script, and like its closely related Telugu counterpart ఖ, is derived from the [[Bhattiprolu script|Bhattiprolu]] letter ''kha''. Like its Telugu counterpart, it is generally unchanged by matras, and its subjoined form is the same as its full form:

<big><big><big><big>ಖ್ಖ</big></big></big></big>

==Malayalam Kha==
[[File:Malayalam letter Kha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Kha]]

'''Kha''' ('''ഖ''') is the second letter of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi kh.svg|13px|Kh]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Kha.svg|x15px|Kha]] ''kha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

[[File:Malayalam Kha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Kha matras: Kha, Khā, Khi, Khī, Khu, Khū, Khr̥, Khr̥̄, Khl̥, Khl̥̄, Khe, Khē, Khai, Kho, Khō, Khau, and Kh.]]

===Conjuncts of ഖ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Kha does not exhibit ligation in conjuncts with other letters, does not have a chillu (bare consonant) form, and uses the explicit virama unless coupled with the normal post-base and repha consonant forms. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].

* ഖ് (kʰ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kʰra:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KhRa.svg]]

==Sinhala Kha==

The Sinhala '''Suddha ka''' ('''ඛ'''), called '''mahaapraana kayanna''' in [[Unicode]], is the second letter of [[Sinhala script]], and is part of the [[Sinhala script#Miśra set|Miśra set]] of Sinhala consonants. Although it is derived from the Grantha letter ''kha'', modern Sinhala no longer distinguishes between aspirated (Miśra) and unaspirated (Śuddha) consonants, and ඛ is pronounced the same as ක, ''ka'', but is used for loanwords and in higher [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] writing. ඛ does not have any unique ligatures or conjunct forms, and displays an explicit virama as the first member of a conjunct cluster.

==Thai High Kho==

'''Kho khai''' ('''ข''') and '''kho khuat '''('''ฃ''') are the second and third letters of the [[Thai script]]. They fall under the [[Thai script#Tone|high]] class of Thai consonants. In [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], kho khai and kho khuat are pronounced as [kʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [k̚] at the end of a syllable. Both kho khwai and kho khuat are derived from the old Khmer ''kha.'' The next three letters of the alphabet, ''kho khwai'' (ค), ''kho khon'' (ฅ), and ''kho ra-khang'' (ฆ), are also named ''kho'', however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the [[Thai alphabet#Pinthu|pinthu]]''—''an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

=== Kho Khai ===
In the acrophony of the Thai script, ''khai ''(ไข่) means ‘egg’. ''Kho khai'' corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ख’.

=== Kho Khuat ===
In the [[acrophony]] of the Thai script, ''khuat ''(ขวด) means ‘bottle’. [[Kho khuat]] (ฃ) represents the [[voiceless velar fricative]]<nowiki/>sound /x/ that existed in [[Thai language#Old Thai|Old Thai]] at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exists in Modern Thai. When the Thai script was developed, the voiceless velar fricative sound did not have a Sanskrit or Pali counterpart so the character ''kho khai'' was slightly modified to create ''kho khuat''. During the Old Thai period, this sound merged into the aspirated stop /kʰ/, and as a result the use of this letters became unstable. Although ''kho khuat'' is now obsolete, it remains in dictionaries, preserving the traditional count of 44 letters in the Thai alphabet. When the first Thai typewriter was developed by [[Edwin Hunter McFarland]] in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus ''kho khuat'' was of the two letters left out along with ''kho khon''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org/smithpremier/smithpremierorigin.html
|title = The origins of the Thai typewriter
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/63hZRNfcn?url=http://www.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org/smithpremier/smithpremierorigin.html
|archive-date = 5 December 2011
|access-date = 5 December 2011
}}</ref> Although ''kho khuat'' does not appear in modern Thai orthography, some writers and publishers are trying to reintroduce its usage.

==Lao Kha==

'''Kho sung''' or '''kʰāi''' ('''ຂ''') is the second letter of the Lao script. It is derived from the old Khmer ''kha'', and is essentially a fossil of Thai kho khai as it existed in the 14th century. Like its Thai counterpart, it is a high tone letter and does not form ligatures or conjuncts.

==Tibetan Kha==

'''Kha''' ('''ཁ''') is the second letter of the Tibetan script, and is derived from the equivalent [[Siddhaṃ]] letter. As with all Tibetan letters, it can appear as a head consonant or subjoined to a head consonant. Like many Indic scripts, the halant - an explicit virama - can be used for indicating a bare consonant, although subjoined forms are used to form consonant conjuncts. The subjoined form of ''kha'' is essentially identical to its head form:

<big><big><big><big><big>ཁྑ</big></big></big></big></big>

==Burmese Kha==

'''Kha''' ('''{{my|ခ}}''') is the second letter of the Burmese (Myanmar) script, and is probably derived from the Grantha letter ''kha''. Like many Burmese letters, it is not seen with the virama, as /kh/ does not occur syllable finally. It can form conjuncts with other velar letters in abbreviations and foreign terms:

<big><big><big><big><big>{{my|က္ခ}}</big></big></big></big></big>



==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book|title=The Unicode Standard|date=February 2011|publisher=the Unicode Consortium|location=Chapter 9 South Asian Scripts-I, chapter 10 South Asian Scripts-II|isbn=978-1-936213-01-6|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/}}
* Kurt Elfering: ''Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar''. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, {{ISBN|3-7705-1326-6}}
* Georges Ifrah: ''The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer''. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-39340-1}}.
* B. L. van der Waerden: ''Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik''. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, {{ISBN|3-7643-0399-9}}
* {{Cite journal
| issn = 0035-869X
| pages = 109–126
| last = Fleet
| first = J. F.
| title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers
| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
| date = January 1911
| jstor = 25189823
}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| author1 = Fleet | first1 = J. F.}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

[[Category:Bengali language]]
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Kha (Indic) - Revision history

>Paul 012: link Edwin Hunter McFarland